Tyler Wesley Riggle v. State of Indiana

FILED
Jul 16 2020, 10:02 am
CLERK
Indiana Supreme Court
Court of Appeals
and Tax Court
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Philip R. Skodinski Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
South Bend, Indiana Attorney General of Indiana
Caroline G. Templeton
Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Tyler Wesley Riggle, July 16, 2020
Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No.
20A-CR-357
v. Appeal from the St. Joseph
Superior Court
State of Indiana, The Honorable Jeffrey L. Sanford,
Appellee-Plaintiff. Judge
Trial Court Cause No.
71D03-1902-F6-113
Friedlander, Senior Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 20A-CR-357 | July 16, 2020 Page 1 of 15
[1] Tyler Riggle appeals his conviction of unlawful possession of a syringe, a Level
1
6 felony. We affirm.
[2] In July 2018, Riggle was found lying face down near the entrance to the Four
Winds Casino, which is located in St. Joseph County on tribal land of the
Pokagon Tribe. Riggle was blue-gray in color, unresponsive with very shallow,
occasional breathing, and his eyes had rolled back in his head. Police officers
arrived on the scene and administered a dose of Narcan. Medics arrived,
administered a second dose of Narcan, and prepared to transport Riggle to the
hospital. For the medics’ safety, one of the officers performed a pat-down
search of Riggle prior to him being transported. In Riggle’s front pants pocket,
the officer found a syringe containing liquid, two empty syringes, a metal
spoon, a cotton swab, and a cellophane wrapper. Subsequent testing revealed
that the liquid in the syringe contained heroin.
[3] Based upon this incident, the State charged Riggle with unlawful possession of
a syringe, a Level 6 felony. A jury convicted Riggle of this offense, and the
court sentenced him to 464 days. Riggle now appeals.
[4] Riggle contends the State’s evidence was not sufficient to support his
conviction. His argument is two-fold: (1) Riggle asserts the State’s evidence
was insufficient to establish that his criminal offense was governed by state law;
1
Ind. Code § 16-42-19-18 (2015).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 20A-CR-357 | July 16, 2020 Page 2 of 15
2
and (2) he claims that the State did not prove he is non-Indian. We address
these claims in turn.
[5] When we review a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, we neither
reweigh the evidence nor judge the credibility of the witnesses. Sandleben v.
State, 29 N.E.3d 126 (Ind. Ct. App. 2015), trans. denied. Instead, we consider
only the evidence most favorable to the verdict and any reasonable inferences
drawn therefrom. Id. If there is substantial evidence of probative value from
which a reasonable fact-finder could have found the defendant guilty beyond a
reasonable doubt, the verdict will not be disturbed. Labarr v. State, 36 N.E.3d
501 (Ind. Ct. App. 2015).
1. Territorial Jurisdiction
[6] Noting the offense occurred on Pokagon tribal property, Riggle argues the
State’s evidence was insufficient to establish it had jurisdiction over this offense.
Particularly, Riggle claims the State’s witness, who testified concerning whether
state law applied in this case, did not qualify as an expert.
[7] Territorial jurisdiction is the authority of the State to prosecute a person for an
act committed within the State’s territorial boundaries. Ortiz v. State, 766
N.E.2d 370 (Ind. 2002); see Ind. Code § 35-41-1-1(b)(1) (2009) (a person may be
2
We use the terms “Indian” and “non-Indian” merely to be consistent with federal statutory terms and
relevant caselaw.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 20A-CR-357 | July 16, 2020 Page 3 of 15
convicted of crime under Indiana law if either conduct or result that is element
of offense, or both, occur in Indiana). Although territorial jurisdiction is not
necessarily thought of as an element of the offense, the State is required to
prove it beyond a reasonable doubt. Ortiz, 766 N.E.2d 370.
[8] Evidence Rule 702 concerns expert witness testimony and provides:
(a) A witness who is qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill,
experience, training, or education may testify in the form of an
opinion or otherwise if the expert’s scientific, technical, or other
specialized knowledge will help the trier of fact to understand the
evidence or to determine a fact in issue.
(b) Expert scientific testimony is admissible only if the court is
satisfied that the expert testimony rests upon reliable scientific
principles.
[9] Evidence Rule 701, on the other hand, provides: “If a witness is not testifying
as an expert, testimony in the form of an opinion is limited to one that is: (a)
rationally based on the witness’s perception; and (b) helpful to a clear
understanding of the witness’s testimony or to a determination of a fact in
issue.” Rule 701 encompasses persons whom the courts have labeled “skilled
witnesses.” A.J.R. v. State, 3 N.E.3d 1000, 1003 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014). A skilled
witness is a person who possesses specialized knowledge short of that necessary
to be declared an expert under Evidence Rule 702 but beyond that possessed by
an ordinary juror. Id. Not only can skilled witnesses testify about their
observations, but also they can testify to opinions or inferences that are based
solely on facts within their own personal knowledge. Hawkins v. State, 884
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 20A-CR-357 | July 16, 2020 Page 4 of 15
N.E.2d 939 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008), trans. denied. It is within the trial court’s
discretion to determine whether a witness is qualified to give an opinion. Id.[10] Here, the State never contended its witness, Sergeant Schaaf, was an expert.
Therefore, his opinion must be examined under Rule 701. Accordingly, as
indicated by the rule, the Sergeant’s opinion must be rationally based on his
perception of the facts—this simply means that the opinion must be one that a
reasonable person could normally form from the perceived facts, which are facts
received by the witness directly through any of his own senses. Satterfield v.
State, 33 N.E.3d 344 (Ind. 2015).
[11] At trial, once the State rested, defense counsel moved for a judgment on the
evidence on the basis that the State’s evidence was not “sufficient to establish
the crime alleged and defined by statute.” Tr. Vol. 2, p. 73. After response by
the State, the court denied the motion and asked defense counsel if he had
another basis for the motion. Counsel responded that “the only other basis is
whether or not the offense occurred in the State of Indiana or whether it
occurred on an Indian[ ] reservation.” Id. The court then clarified:
THE COURT: So your argument is that the Pokagon Tribe, the
Indian tribe, is a separate, distinct nation, and that had this
offense occurred on tribal land that the proper venue or for[u]m
would have been the tribal courts; is that your argument in a
nutshell?
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Yes, basically yes.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 20A-CR-357 | July 16, 2020 Page 5 of 15
THE COURT: And that the State lacks jurisdiction to prosecute
this case because the crime, Possession of Syringe, was
committed not in the State of Indiana but in the Pokagon
Nation?
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Yes.
Id. at 75.
[12] Over defense objection, the court allowed the State to reopen its case and recall
one of its witnesses to address the defense motion. The State recalled Sergeant
Schaaf, an officer with the Pokagon Band Tribal Police Department. As the
State began to question Sergeant Schaaf, defense counsel objected to his
testimony on the basis that there was “no indication that he’s an expert on tribal
jurisdiction and law.” Id. at 89. The court ruled, “I guess the objection would
be sustained” and instructed the State to “lay a better foundation.” Id. at 89,
90. The State then questioned Sergeant Schaaf as follows:
Q How long have you been a law enforcement officer for
Pokagon?
A Over five years.
Q And have you received any training or experience related to
the enforcement of laws on Pokagon property?
A Yes. We have an extensive field training process I was put
through which lays a basic foundation. In terms of specialized
training, the U.S. Attorney’s Office up in Grand Rapids puts on a
class called Criminal Jurisdiction in Indian Country which
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 20A-CR-357 | July 16, 2020 Page 6 of 15
provides information as to specific jurisdiction considerations
when enforcing law on reservation land.
Q Did you take that class?
A I did.
Q And based upon your knowledge from that class, can you
describe to the jury what that means as far as imposing the law
on Pokagon land?
A It’s a complicated situation. There’s a lot of moving parts as
far as it goes. In any given case we have three courts that may
have jurisdiction or may not have jurisdiction over a matter.
There’s the Pokagon Tribal courts. There is[sic] the state courts
of Michigan or Indiana respectively depending on where we’re
working. And there’s also the federal courts. We take into
account whether the suspect is [N]ative or non-[N]ative, the
victim is Native or non-Native, and the specific offense that’s in
question to determine which court has exclusive jurisdiction or
concurrent jurisdiction over that particular case.
*******
Q If Mr. Riggle was not a [N]ative to the Pokagon property,
would there be any ability to prosecute him under the tribal laws
for a victimless offense?
A There would not be. The Pokagon Tribal Court and any tribal
court for that matter has no criminal jurisdiction over a non-
[N]ative person.
Q So describe how – we started talking about being sworn in
multiple jurisdictions. How does that relate to your ability to
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 20A-CR-357 | July 16, 2020 Page 7 of 15
enforce the laws of the State of Indiana on a non-[N]ative
person?
A We are special deputies in the County of St. Joseph, and that’s
an authority bestowed onto us by the current sheriff. That special
deputization is the only tool that we have to enforce [the] law on
a non-[N]ative person outside of our federal jurisdiction.
*******
Q So in the case of unlawful possession of a syringe, where
would the jurisdiction lie for that based upon your training?
A State court.
Id. at 90-91, 92.
[13] Defense counsel lodged no further objection to Sergeant Schaaf’s testimony,
and cross examined him, in part, as follows:
Q Are any of these principles laid down in cases or statutes?
A Yes. Specifically the fact that a tribal court does not have
criminal jurisdiction over a non-[N]ative, that’s based on case
law to the best of my understanding.
*******
Q Where in the Pokagon law does it say that it doesn’t apply to
a non[-][N]ative?
A It would be a case law situation rather than —
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 20A-CR-357 | July 16, 2020 Page 8 of 15
Q Case law from where?
A I would have to look it up. It was part of our training. I don’t
have all the case law memorized.
*******
Q I’m asking you about what you were taught when you were
taught by the people from the U.S. Attorney’s Office about what
rights states had in relation to tribal lands?
A The information I have received is in the case of a non-
[N]ative state law still fully applies.
Id. at 92, 94.
[14] On redirect, the State questioned the Sergeant as follows:
Q Is one of the purposes of being cross-deputized so that you can
enforce state laws even though they occur on tribal lands?
A Correct.
Q And in that case would that apply to generally non-[N]atives
on the Pokagon property?
A That’s correct.
Q In the situation where there’s an offense such as unlawful
possession of a syringe with a non-[N]ative, would that be
something that the Tribal Police could prosecute under Pokagon
laws?
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 20A-CR-357 | July 16, 2020 Page 9 of 15
A They could not.
Id. at 95.
[15] Thus, the Sergeant testified that he had been with the Pokagon Band Tribal
Police Department for over five years and is cross-deputized as a special deputy
in the St. Joseph County Sheriff Department in order to be able to enforce state
law on tribal property. He has had extensive field training as well as specialized
training concerning criminal jurisdiction on tribal property. He testified that his
opinion was based on his personal training and experience; accordingly, his
testimony was rationally based on his perception.
[16] Further, Sergeant Schaaf’s testimony was helpful in determining a fact at
issue—namely, whether Riggle could be charged and tried under state law.
Specifically, the Sergeant testified that during his criminal jurisdiction training
they were instructed that tribal courts do not have criminal jurisdiction over
3
non-Indians for a victimless offense. Rather, caselaw dictates that state law
applies to a criminal offense that is committed by a non-Indian on tribal land
4
and either is committed against a non-Indian victim or is victimless. Without
3
While we are hesitant to describe any drug offense as a “victimless” crime, we use the term to be consistent
with the caselaw on this subject.
4
Indeed, the United States Supreme Court has long recognized, which numerous state and lower federal
court opinions have acknowledged, that state courts have jurisdiction over a crime in which a non-Indian
defendant commits a victimless offense or an offense against another non-Indian on Indian lands. See Solem
v. Bartlett, 465 U.S. 463, 465 n.2, 104 S. Ct. 1161, 1163, 79 L. Ed. 2d 443 (1984) (noting that within Indian
country, state jurisdiction is limited to crimes by non-Indians against non-Indians and victimless crimes by
non-Indians); U.S. v. Wheeler, 435 U.S. 313, 324 n.21, 98 S. Ct. 1079, 55 L. Ed. 2d 303 (1978) (crimes
committed by non-Indians against non-Indians are subject to state jurisdiction), superseded by statute on other
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 20A-CR-357 | July 16, 2020 Page 10 of 15
this testimony, the jury would not have been able to determine within which
jurisdiction Riggle’s criminal action rested.
[17] Defense counsel raised no further objection and had ample opportunity to, and
did, cross examine the Sergeant on his opinion and the source of his
knowledge. Skilled witness testimony generally need only meet a relatively low
bar in order to be admissible, Hawkins, 884 N.E.2d 939, and Sergeant Schaaf’s
testimony reaches that standard. His opinion testimony was both rationally
based on his perceptions and assisted the jury in determining a fact at issue as is
required by Evidence Rule 701. Therefore, the trial court did not abuse its
discretion when it determined Sergeant Schaaf was qualified to give an opinion,
and his testimony was sufficient to establish the authority of the state to charge
Riggle in this case.
grounds in 25 U.S.C. §1301 (2) (stating that Indian tribe has inherent power to exercise criminal jurisdiction
over all Indians); New York ex rel. Ray v. Martin, 326 U.S. 496, 66 S. Ct. 307, 90 L. Ed. 261 (1946) (recognizing
that states have jurisdiction over crimes by non-Indians against non-Indians and which do not affect Indians);
U.S. v. McBratney, 104 U.S. 621, 26 L. Ed. 869 (1881) (stating that states have jurisdiction over crimes
committed within Indian tribal land by non-Indians against non-Indians); see also U.S. v. Langford, 641 F.3d
1195, 1199 n.3 (10th Cir. 2011) (stating that states possess exclusive criminal jurisdiction over crimes
occurring in Indian country if there is neither an Indian victim, nor an Indian perpetrator; noting that
government should have been aware of its own internal guidelines and citing U.S. Dep’t of Justice, United
States Attorneys’ Manual, tit. 9–20.100, Criminal Resource Manual § 683 (1997), which notes that as a
general rule states, not federal government, have jurisdiction over victimless crimes committed by non-
Indians in Indian country); Ross v. Neff, 905 F.2d 1349, 1353 (10th Cir. 1990) (quoting Solem, 465 U.S. at 465
n.2 and stating, “The Supreme Court has expressly stated that state criminal jurisdiction in Indian country is
limited to crimes committed ‘by non-Indians against non-Indians ... and victimless crimes by non-Indians.’”);
and People v. Collins, 826 N.W.2d 175 (Mich. Ct. App. 2012) (holding that Michigan state courts have
jurisdiction over non-Indian defendants where offense is committed on Indian lands or in Indian country and
offense is either victimless or victim is not Indian).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 20A-CR-357 | July 16, 2020 Page 11 of 15
2. Subject Matter Jurisdiction
[18] Riggle next asserts the State failed to prove he is a non-Indian, and he argues
that the burden of proof is on the State to establish his status.
[19] Riggle’s claim is a challenge to the trial court’s subject matter jurisdiction,
which refers to the court’s power to hear and decide a class of cases. Alvarado v.
Nagy, 819 N.E.2d 520 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004). The question of subject matter
jurisdiction may be raised at any time. Id.[20] Courts of this state obtain subject matter jurisdiction through the Indiana
Constitution or a statute. Brown v. State, 64 N.E.3d 1219 (Ind. Ct. App. 2016),
trans. denied (2017). Superior courts in Indiana exercise “original and
concurrent jurisdiction in all civil cases and in all criminal cases.” Ind. Code §
33-29-1-1.5 (2011). An exception to this statute and to Indiana Code section
35-41-1-1(b)(1), the territorial jurisdiction statute discussed previously, is the
Indian Country Crimes Act. This Act preempts state court jurisdiction over
most criminal proceedings concerning offenses committed by an Indian against
another Indian on Indian land. See 18 U.S.C. §§1152 (1948), 1153 (2013). The
federal statutes, however, are silent on the issue of who bears the burden of
proof to establish the jurisdictional fact of Indian status so as to remove the
proceeding from state court jurisdiction.
[21] Although Indiana courts have not addressed this issue, we have generally held
that the party challenging subject matter jurisdiction carries the burden of
establishing that jurisdiction does not exist. L.M.A. v. M.L.A., 755 N.E.2d 1172Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 20A-CR-357 | July 16, 2020 Page 12 of 15
(Ind. Ct. App. 2001). Further, where the facts with regard to an issue lie
peculiarly in the knowledge of one party, that party is best situated to bear the
burden of proof. Smith v. U.S., 568 U.S. 106, 133 S. Ct. 714, 184 L. Ed. 2d 570(2013). In addition, generally, the defendant has the burden of proof as to a fact
relied on as justification or excuse where the subject matter thereof relates to
him personally and/or lies peculiarly within his knowledge, and proof of its
nonexistence by the prosecution would be relatively difficult or inconvenient.
23 C.J.S. Criminal Procedure and Rights of Accused § 968 (2020).
[22] To place the burden of proof on the State in this case would put it in the
difficult position of having to affirmatively prove a negative of a fact (i.e., that
Riggle is not an Indian) that is peculiarly within his knowledge and that of the
particular tribe and its members and which is more readily ascertainable by him
than by the State. Unlike territorial jurisdiction which is a requisite element,
non-Indian status is not a requisite element of establishing a criminal offense in
this state, including the offense of unlawful possession of a syringe. See Ind.
Code § 16-42-19-18. Yet, if we were to place the burden of proof in this
instance on the State, the practical effect would be to compel the State to allege
in every information negations of every conceivable exception to state court
jurisdiction. For example, in addition to non-Indian status in certain cases, the
State would have to allege in other instances that the offense did not occur on
property owned by the federal government, that property taken was not federal
property, or that an assault was not committed upon a federal officer.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 20A-CR-357 | July 16, 2020 Page 13 of 15
[23] Several courts that have addressed this issue have held that a defendant bears
the burden to show facts that would establish an exception to the state court’s
jurisdiction under the Indian Country Crimes Act. See Young v. State, 2015 WL
567012 (Iowa Ct. App. Feb. 11, 2015) (stating it was defendant’s burden to
show he was enrolled member of tribe and offense occurred on Indian
reservation in order to establish exception to state court’s jurisdiction); State v.
Verdugo, 901 P.2d 1165 (Ariz. Ct. App. 1995) (holding that defendant bears
burden of showing Indian status and that crime occurred in Indian country to
establish trial court’s lack of jurisdiction); State v. St. Francis, 563 A.2d 249 (Vt.
1989) (holding that defendant has burden of proving Indian heritage and that
offense occurred within Indian country outside state’s jurisdiction); Pendleton v.
State, 734 P.2d 693 (Nev. 1987) (holding that defendant has burden of showing
applicability of negative exceptions in jurisdictional statutes); State v. Cutnose,
532 P.2d 896 (N.M. Ct. App. 1974) (holding that defendants bear burden of
proving lack of state court jurisdiction), cert. denied.
[24] Based on the considerations we have discussed, we agree with these courts and
thus hold that the burden to show facts that would divest the trial court of
jurisdiction under the Indian Country Crimes Act is on the defendant, not the
State.
[25] Here at trial, Sergeant Schaaf testified that Riggle was “in all likelihood” not an
Indian because generally Indians carry with them a tribe identification card,
and no such card was found on Riggle. Tr. Vol. 2, p. 96. Riggle neither
objected to this evidence, nor affirmatively asserted or offered any evidence that
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 20A-CR-357 | July 16, 2020 Page 14 of 15
he is a member of the Pokagon Tribe. Riggle’s “jurisdictional defense is not
roped securely to facts proven of record but hangs by the thread of possibility”
and is therefore unavailing. Verdugo, 901 P.2d at 1169. Consequently, Riggle
did not meet his burden of alleging his membership or affiliation with the
Pokagon Tribe, or any tribe, in order to establish the trial court’s lack of
jurisdiction.
[26] Accordingly, we conclude the State’s evidence was sufficient to sustain Riggle’s
conviction.
[27] Judgment affirmed.
Najam, J., and Mathias, J., concur.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 20A-CR-357 | July 16, 2020 Page 15 of 15