In the Matter of the Termination of Parental Rights of: G.C. (Minor Child) and C.C. (Mother) v. The Indiana Department of Child Services (mem. dec.)

MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be FILED
regarded as precedent or cited before any Aug 20 2020, 8:28 am
court except for the purpose of establishing
CLERK
the defense of res judicata, collateral Indiana Supreme Court
Court of Appeals
estoppel, or the law of the case. and Tax Court
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Kimberly A. Jackson Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
Indianapolis, Indiana Attorney General of Indiana
Robert J. Henke
Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
In the Matter of the Termination August 20, 2020
of Parental Rights of: Court of Appeals Case No.
19A-JT-1982
G.C. (Minor Child) Appeal from the Adams Circuit
and Court
C.C. (Mother), The Honorable Chad E. Kukelhan,
Judge
Appellant-Respondent,
Trial Court Cause No.
v. 01C01-1806-JT-31
The Indiana Department of
Child Services,
Appellee-Petitioner,
Robb, Judge.
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Case Summary and Issue
[1] C.C. (“Mother”) appeals the termination of her parental rights to her minor
child and presents the sole issue of whether the juvenile court’s order
terminating her parental rights was clearly erroneous. Concluding it was not,
we affirm.
Facts and Procedural History
[2] Mother and A.K. are the biological parents of G.C. (“Child”), born November
30, 2016. Mother’s husband, K.C., is Child’s legal father.1 Mother has another
child, R.C., who is not the subject of this appeal, but is relevant. In 2014, the
Wells County Department of Child Services (“DCS”) opened a child in need of
services (“CHINS”) case regarding R.C. due to Mother’s drug use. Mother was
not compliant with services throughout the case and, around June 2016,
Mother voluntarily terminated her parental rights as to R.C.
[3] Months later, on November 30, 2016, the local DCS office in Adams County
received a report from Bluffton Regional Hospital that Mother had just given
birth to Child and the hospital had concerns about Mother’s ability to care for
Child. Mother tested negative for drugs upon admission to the hospital and
Child’s meconium test was negative. Mother had been arrested in February
1
Ultimately, Child’s biological and legal fathers both voluntarily relinquished their parental rights to Child.
See Appellant’s Appendix, Volume II at 29-31, 35-36. Accordingly, we have limited our recitation of the facts
to those pertaining solely to Mother except as necessary.
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2016 for possession of a hypodermic needle, possession of paraphernalia, and
resisting law enforcement. Mother was incarcerated from April to August
2016. Ultimately, she pleaded guilty, was sentenced, and placed on probation.
However, shortly after her release, Mother was arrested for possessing
marijuana, heroin, and paraphernalia and was incarcerated until mid-
November, about three weeks prior to Child’s birth.
[4] At the time Child was born, Mother’s previous CHINS case remained open and
DCS family case managers (“FCM”) Danielle Reed and Taylor Evans
contacted Mother’s prior case manager to obtain background information
before visiting Mother in the hospital. The case manager advised them that
Mother failed to complete any services in the CHINS case and voiced concerns
over Mother’s drug use and missed drug screens. Reed and Evans also learned
from hospital staff that Mother had a positive drug screen,2 had been recently
arrested for possession of marijuana and heroin while pregnant with Child, and
during several prenatal visits, Mother stated she intended to give Child up but
later stated she planned to give custody of Child to a friend in Ohio. In
addition, Child had stopped gaining weight toward the end of Mother’s
pregnancy due to substance abuse.
[5] On December 1, the day after Child was born, Reed and Evans went to the
hospital to speak with Mother; however, Mother was extremely hostile and
2
It is unclear from the record when Mother had the positive drug screen.
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initially refused to speak with them – stating that “her past doesn’t matter and
that she was not going to give [them] any information.” Transcript, Volume 1
at 49. Eventually, Mother agreed to speak with them. Mother stated she was
living on First Street in Decatur, which was different from the Ohio address she
provided to the hospital, did not have a job, and was serving a three-year
probation sentence. Mother told the case managers it was “not any of [their]
business” who she was living with or how she was going to provide for Child.
Id. She also refused to tell them what supplies she had for Child and indicated
she would not participate in their Healthy Families program and would refuse
any service. During the conversation, Mother’s behavior escalated, and
hospital staff asked Reed and Evans to leave.
[6] After talking with Mother, the case managers went to the residence in Decatur
where Mother had reported she was living. An unknown man answered the
door and refused to let them inside the house; he was unaware of Mother’s
whereabouts but believed she had last been at the house on November 30.
[7] Ultimately, DCS had “a lot of concerns with [Mother’s] previous history and
not being able to ensure safety once [C]hild left” the hospital. Id. at 51. As a
result, DCS determined that Child needed to be removed and filed a petition for
an emergency custody order with the juvenile court. On December 2, the
juvenile court granted DCS’ petition; Child was removed and placed in foster
care.
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[8] On December 6, DCS filed a petition alleging Child was a CHINS. An
initial/detention hearing was held the same day during which the juvenile court
entered a denial on behalf of Mother. At a fact-finding hearing on February 7,
2017, Mother admitted Child was a CHINS and agreed she would benefit from
services. The juvenile court adjudicated Child a CHINS and appointed a
guardian ad litem (“GAL”).
[9] Following a hearing on May 16, the juvenile court entered a dispositional order
requiring Mother to (among other things): successfully complete an Intensive
Family Preservation Program; participate in home based counseling; complete
a parenting assessment, substance abuse assessment, and domestic violence
assessment and complete all recommendations and treatment; complete a
psychological evaluation and any recommendations; meet with
medical/psychiatric personnel and take the proper dosage of all prescribed
medications; maintain suitable housing and income; attend all scheduled
visitation; refrain from using illegal substances or alcohol; obey the law; submit
to random drug screens; and follow all terms of her probation. See Exhibits,
Volume 1 at 62-67. DCS referred Mother to case management services,
supervised visitation, psychological assessment, family centered treatment
(“FCT”), and a batterer’s intervention program with the Center for
Nonviolence. DCS did not refer Mother to substance abuse treatment because
she had already been referred through the probation department, which sent its
reports to DCS.
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[10] Mother completed her substance abuse assessment through Park Center in
Wells County, as well as the required two NA or AA meetings. Mother later
moved to Adams County where she continued treatment. Adams County
required an additional three NA or AA meetings, but Mother refused to
participate in the extra meetings. Park Center recommended that Mother
participate in and complete the accepting responsibility group and sixteen-week
recovery group. Mother failed to complete both programs.
[11] Mother completed the clinical interview and assessment portion of the
psychological assessment but never completed the psychological testing.
Mother also began FCT, a four-phase program focusing on changing family
interactions. Mother completed the first phase, but then missed appointments
and had fewer visits with Child. Mother was often angry and defensive, which
interfered with treatment. Ultimately, FCT was unsuccessfully closed out
sometime during the summer of 2017.
[12] On May 30, Mother tested positive for THC during a random drug screen for
probation. See id. at 73. Mother’s probation was revoked in June and she was
arrested. Months later, Mother tested positive for Ultram, for which she did not
have a prescription; her probation was revoked again, and she was arrested.
Mother was sentenced to serve the remainder of her two- and one-half-year
sentence at the Indiana Department of Correction. Mother was initially placed
in the Madison Correctional Facility through the Department of Correction;
however, she was written up fifteen times for various conduct issues and was
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later transferred to maximum security at the Indiana Women’s Prison for
failing to acclimate.
[13] Following a review hearing on November 3, 2017, the juvenile court issued an
order finding that Mother had been partially compliant with the case plan “until
she violated her probation[,] a warrant was issued for her arrest[,]” and she was
reincarcerated. Id. at 54. Another review hearing was held on March 9, 2018.
The juvenile court found that Mother had not been compliant with the Child’s
case plan as she remained incarcerated and unable to complete services. The
juvenile court also found that the conditions that led to Child’s removal from
Mother had not been alleviated and Mother had not enhanced her ability to
fulfill her parental obligations. In June 2018, the juvenile court issued an order
finding the same but also that Mother has continued to struggle with substance
abuse and has failed to demonstrate she is able to meet Child’s needs. See id. at
33-34.
[14] On September 11, the juvenile court held a permanency hearing and
subsequently entered an order changing Child’s permanency plan from
reunification to adoption. DCS filed its Verified Petition for Involuntary
Termination of Parent-Child Relationship between Mother and Child on
November 7.
[15] Mother was released from prison in March 2019. She had been incarcerated for
approximately sixteen months during which time she completed several classes
addressing various topics such as parenting, substance abuse, anger, and
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improving your life. Following Mother’s release, DCS referred Mother to
supervised visitation, home based case management, substance abuse classes,
and medication valuation. Mother complied with services by attending her
appointments, submitting to random drug screens, re-engaging in home based
casework, completing a substance abuse evaluation, and attending visitation
with Child. Prior to and after being incarcerated, Mother maintained
employment with EP Graphics. Mother did not, however, enroll in a batterer’s
intervention program.
[16] The juvenile court held a fact-finding hearing on May 3, 2019, and took the
matter under advisement. Several weeks later, DCS filed its Motion to Reopen
Case in Chief alleging that since the May 3 hearing, Mother had been arrested
in Ohio and was being held for the illegal conveyance of drugs of abuse into jail
and possession of criminal tools. The juvenile court granted DCS’ motion and
held a hearing on July 17 during which additional evidence concerning
Mother’s recent criminal charges was presented. See id. at 120-124. On July 24,
the juvenile court issued its order terminating Mother’s parental rights and
finding, in pertinent part and including the specific findings that Mother
challenges:
A. Facts Relating to Initial Removal of Child, CHINS
Adjudication & Dispositional Order
***
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6. During the course of the assessment regarding Child’s
wellbeing by DCS in November/December 2016 Mother was
combative and hostile toward DCS staff. Mother did not have a
plan to care for [C]hild and when DCS visited the home
[M]other identified there were no supplies located in the home
for [C]hild.
***
B. Facts Relating to Child’s Continued Removal from
Parent’s Home and Care[.]
***
3. Mother has an extensive history of drug use; [M]other
testified that she has used illegal drugs for seventeen years.
4. Mother has a history of criminal activity and criminal
convictions, including:
a. Purchase of More Than 9 Grams of Precursor in a
Month[.]
b. Battery[.]
c. Possession of Paraphernalia, Resisting Law
Enforcement, and Unlawful Possession of a Syringe[.]
d. Failure to Appear[.]
***
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7. On December 1, 2016 DCS went to the home Mother
identified as her address and there were no supplies or
preparations for the Child.
8. On December 1, 2016 DCS attempted to address Child’s
weight loss and feeding concerns with Mother and she
disregarded the concerns. Mother reported she had
discussed Child’s care with his pediatrician but could not
identify who the Child’s pediatrician was. DCS attempted
to connect Mother with Healthy Families and she reported
she was unwilling to participate in community resources.
Mother’s behavior escalated and the Child had to be taken
from Mother’s arms due to her behavior.
***
10. Mother initially participated in [FCT], one of the most
intensive services DCS can offer a parent. The service
began in March 2017 and was closed unsuccessfully in
June 2017. The FCT worker, Megan Cox, testified that
Mother was discharged due to progress not being made in
the FCT program. Mother was slow to complete the first
of four phases of FCT due to her aggression and
defensiveness. The second phase addresses making
change and Mother was unable to progress through the
second phase. Mother began missing appointments, had a
brief incarceration and had a positive drug screen. Ms.
Cox testified that due to the slow progress by Mother and
the lack of consistency FCT was closed out.
***
12. Mother last participated in the supervised visitation during
the first week of September 2017. On September 18, 2017
Mother cancelled her visitation. The foster parents
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cancelled the visit on September 22, 2017 due to Child
having a fever. On September 26, 2017 the caseworker
transported Child to the visit and Mother called to cancel
the visit. On September 28, 2017 Mother reported she had
a warrant and was unsure of the visit, she did not confirm
the visit.
***
18. Mother was released from incarceration on March 11,
2019 and attended the termination hearing originally
scheduled for March 19, 2019. Mother completed a drug
screen on March 21, 2019 and attended intake evaluations
for substance abuse treatment and medication
management. The Court ordered DCS to provide
visitation following Mother’s compliance for two weeks
with services. Mother has not participated in a
psychological evaluation and has not participated in
batterer’s intervention services.
19. Mother has a history of methamphetamine and heroin use.
Mother testified that she is currently receiving the vivitrol
shot and received the pill form of vivitrol while
incarcerated. Mother reports that the vivitrol blocks her
cravings for opiates as long as she continues to receive the
shots. Mother reports she does not have cravings for
methamphetamine.
20. Mother contends that she had been sober for two years
during her incarceration. Mother has only demonstrated
two months of sobriety since her release from
incarceration.
21. On cross examination of Mother by her attorney, Mother
reported that her anger is not a problem for her. Mother
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has not addressed her history of domestic violence and
ongoing conduct issues. [FCMs], service providers and
the [GAL] testified that Mother was extremely combative
and they were unable to ensure child safety or move
forward with services during periods when Mother was
free from incarceration.
22. During the time Mother was free from incarceration she
did not maintain stable housing. During the first ten
months of the case Mother had four different homes she
reported staying at. Mother maintained employment at
EP Graphics prior to her incarceration and resumed
employment following incarceration. Despite the steady
employment Mother was unable to maintain independent
or stable housing. Mother is currently residing in a
friend’s home.
23. Mother has not completed domestic violence education,
substance abuse treatment, psychological evaluation or
medication evaluation.
24. The participation by Mother in services while free from
incarceration and during incarceration has been plagued
by a continued cycle of criminal activity and substance
abuse.
***
30. Based on Mother[’s] unwillingness to address underlying
issues of substance use and anger, and inability to
demonstrate stability, DCS [FCM], Gwendolyn Gaddy,
testified that adoption and termination of parental rights is
in [Child’s] best interest. [GAL], Beth Webber’s testimony
echoed that adoption and termination of parent rights is in
Child’s best interest. The GAL has ongoing concerns that
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Mother’s lack of willingness to follow rules and maintain
appropriate conduct in a structured jail setting causes
significant concern that Mother is unlikely to remedy the
concerns in a less structured setting.
Appealed Order at 2-3, 7-12 (record citations omitted). Based on these findings,
the juvenile court concluded there is a reasonable probability that the conditions
that resulted in Child’s removal and continued placement outside of Mother’s
care will not be remedied and the parent-child relationship poses a threat to
Child’s well-being. The juvenile court also concluded that termination of
Mother’s parental rights is in Child’s best interest and DCS has a satisfactory
plan for Child, namely adoption. See id. at 14. Mother now appeals.3
Discussion and Decision
I. Standard of Review
[17] The right of parents to establish a home and raise their children is protected by
the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. In re D.D., 804
N.E.2d 258, 264 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004), trans. denied. The law provides for the
3
On August 23, 2019, the juvenile court appointed the public defender’s office to represent Mother on appeal.
The same day, Mother filed her notice of appeal. However, on January 14, 2020, this court dismissed the
appeal with prejudice for failure to timely file the Appellant’s Brief. See Appellant’s App., Vol. II at 61. The
public defender’s office filed its Acceptance of Appointment and Formal Notice of Appointment of Outside
Counsel stating it had not received notice of the appointment or any communication regarding Mother’s
appeal and appointing Kimberly Jackson as counsel to seek reinstatement of and perfect Mother’s appeal.
See id. at 62-63. The juvenile court concurred and formally appointed Ms. Jackson as Mother’s appellate
counsel. Mother subsequently filed a Motion to Reinstate Appeal and this court granted the motion and
ordered Mother’s brief due within thirty days.
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termination of these rights when parents are unable or unwilling to meet their
parental responsibilities. In re R.H., 892 N.E.2d 144, 149 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008).
Although we acknowledge that the parent-child relationship is “one of the most
valued relationships in our culture,” we also recognize that “parental interests
are not absolute and must be subordinated to the child’s interests in determining
the proper disposition of a petition to terminate parental rights.” Bester v. Lake
Cty. Office of Family & Children, 839 N.E.2d 143, 147 (Ind. 2005) (internal
quotations omitted). The involuntary termination of one’s parental rights is the
most extreme sanction a court can impose because termination severs all rights
of a parent to his or her children. See In re T.F., 743 N.E.2d 766, 773 (Ind. Ct.
App. 2001), trans. denied. As such, termination is intended as a last resort,
available only when all other reasonable efforts have failed. Id. The purpose of
terminating parental rights is to protect children, not to punish parents. In re
D.D., 804 N.E.2d at 265.
[18] When reviewing the termination of parental rights, we do not reweigh the
evidence or judge the credibility of witnesses. Lang v. Starke Cty. Office of Family
& Children, 861 N.E.2d 366, 371 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007), trans. denied. Instead, we
consider only the evidence most favorable to the judgment and the reasonable
inferences that can be drawn therefrom. Id. In deference to the juvenile court’s
unique position to assess the evidence, we will set aside its judgment
terminating a parent-child relationship only if it is clearly erroneous. In re
L.S., 717 N.E.2d 204, 208 (Ind. Ct. App. 1999), trans. denied, cert. denied, 534
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U.S. 1161 (2002). Thus, if the evidence and inferences support the decision, we
must affirm. Id.
[19] The juvenile court entered findings of fact and conclusions thereon as required
by Indiana Code section 31-35-2-8(c), and we therefore apply a two-tiered
standard of review. Bester, 839 N.E.2d at 147. We first determine whether the
evidence supports the findings, then determine whether the findings support the
judgment. Id. “Findings are clearly erroneous only when the record contains
no facts to support them either directly or by inference.” Quillen v. Quillen, 671
N.E.2d 98, 102 (Ind. 1996). A judgment is clearly erroneous only if the findings
do not support the court’s conclusions or the conclusions do not support the
judgment thereon. Id.
II. Statutory Framework for Termination
[20] To terminate parental rights, Indiana Code section 31-35-2-4(b)(2) requires
DCS to prove, in relevant part:
(B) that one (1) of the following is true:
(i) There is a reasonable probability that the conditions
that resulted in the child’s removal or the reasons for
placement outside the home of the parents will not be
remedied.
(ii) There is a reasonable probability that the continuation
of the parent-child relationship poses a threat to the well-
being of the child.
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(iii) The child has, on two (2) separate occasions, been
adjudicated a child in need of services;
(C) that termination is in the best interests of the child; and
(D) that there is a satisfactory plan for the care and treatment of
the child.
DCS must prove the foregoing elements by clear and convincing evidence. Ind.
Code § 31-37-14-2; In re V.A., 51 N.E.3d 1140, 1144 (Ind. 2016). However,
because subsection (b)(2)(B) is written in the disjunctive the juvenile court need
only find one of those three elements has been proven by clear and convincing
evidence. See, e.g., In re I.A., 903 N.E.2d 146, 153 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009). If a
juvenile court determines the allegations of the petition are true, then the court
shall terminate the parent-child relationship. Ind. Code § 31-35-2-8(a).
III. Findings of Fact
[21] As noted above, the juvenile court’s judgment contains specific findings of fact
and conclusions thereon. Therefore, we must first determine whether the
record contains evidence supporting the challenged findings either directly or by
inference. In re A.S., 17 N.E.3d 994, 1002 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014), trans. denied.
Mother argues that seven of the juvenile court’s findings are clearly erroneous.
Specifically, she challenges findings A.6., B.7., 8, 10, 12, 18, and 21.
[22] Mother only challenges the portions of findings A.6. and B.7. concerning DCS’
visit to Mother’s home on December 1, 2016 in which the juvenile court found
that there were no baby supplies at the home. Mother contends that “DCS
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agents were not allowed to enter the home” and there is no evidence in the
record that the home lacked supplies for Child. Brief of the Appellant at 17.
Mother is correct. Testimony reveals that DCS went to Mother’s home, an
unknown male answered the door, and he would not let them in. Therefore,
DCS was unable to determine whether Mother had baby supplies or not. DCS
concedes, and we agree, there is no evidence in the record to support this
portion of findings A.6. and B.7. and therefore, they are clearly erroneous.
[23] In finding B.8., the juvenile court found that when DCS visited Mother in the
hospital, Mother’s “behavior escalated and the Child had to be taken from Mother’s
arms due to her behavior.” Appealed Order at 8 (emphasis added). Mother
contends this finding is clearly erroneously because the hospital staff asked the
DCS FCMs to leave the room because they had upset Mother. FCM Reed
testified that, while talking with Mother in the hospital, Mother became “pretty
worked up, everyone was making sure, because originally she was holding
[Child], was asked to put him back into the bassinet . . . because of how she was
escalating with her behaviors[.]” Tr., Vol. 1 at 50. Contrary to the juvenile
court’s finding, the record establishes that Child was not physically removed
from Mother’s arms. This portion of the finding is clearly erroneous. However,
the substance of the finding – that hospital staff and DCS were clearly
concerned Child may be harmed as a result of Mother’s escalating behavior –
remains the same whether Child was physically removed from Mother or
whether the staff asked Mother to put him down.
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[24] Next, Mother challenges the juvenile court’s characterization of FCT,
contained in finding B.10., as “one of the most intensive services DCS can offer
a parent” as clearly erroneous because the record only supports a finding the
FCT is “intensive.” Appealed Order at 8; Br. of the Appellant at 18. We agree
this portion of the finding is erroneous as there is no evidence in the record to
show that FCT is anything other than an intensive program.
[25] Mother argues finding B.12., that Mother cancelled her September 26, 2017
visit with Child, is clearly erroneous. In September 2017, Sarah Derosett,
family consultant at Lifeline Youth and Family Services, received a referral to
supervise Mother’s visitation with Child. From the middle to end of
September, Mother had six scheduled visits. Derosett testified that of these,
Mother attended two visits but the other four were cancelled. See Tr., Vol. 1 at
75. On September 26, Derosett picked Child up for the scheduled visit;
however, she received a call from the FCM that Mother had stated “if she
didn’t get her own supervised time . . . she didn’t want to visit at all[.]” Id. at
76. As a result, Derosett transported Child back to his foster family. We
conclude the juvenile court’s finding that Mother cancelled the September 26
visit is a reasonable interpretation of this evidence. Therefore, finding B.12. is
not clearly erroneous.
[26] In finding B.18., the juvenile court found that Mother “has not participated in a
psychological evaluation [or] batterer’s intervention services.” Appealed Order
at 10. Mother contends that the juvenile court found that she had not
participated in these services since her release from prison, which “erroneously
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suggests [she] had the opportunity to participate [when i]n reality, the FCM
failed in her duty to refer Mother to those services” after her release. Br. of the
Appellant at 18. As part of the dispositional order, Mother was ordered to
complete a psychological evaluation and domestic violence services. See
Exhibits, Vol. 1 at 62- 67. DCS then put in referrals for these services. At the
May 3 hearing, FCM Gaddy testified that, to her knowledge, Mother had not
engaged in the batterer’s intervention program or scheduled the second part of
her psychological evaluation. See Tr., Vol. 1 at 103. Contrary to Mother’s
argument, the juvenile court did not actually find that since her release she failed
to participate in the psychological evaluation or batterer’s intervention services;
the juvenile court simply found she did not participate in these programs. The
evidence in the record supports this finding because Mother failed to complete
the second part of the psychological assessment and never engaged in batterer’s
intervention services. Therefore, this portion of the finding is not clearly
erroneous and does not erroneously suggest that the FCM failed to refer Mother
to these services.
[27] With respect to finding B.21., the juvenile court found that FCMs, service
providers, and the GAL all “testified that Mother was extremely combative and
they were unable to ensure child safety or move forward with services during
periods when Mother was free form incarceration.” Appealed Order at 11.
Mother argues she “progressed at times when she was not incarcerated,
although sometimes her negative behaviors slowed progress.” Br. of the
Appellant at 19. The following evidence in the record supports this finding:
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• Megan Cox, the FCT clinician, testified that Mother’s anger, frustration,
and defensiveness interfered with treatment and treatment goals. See Tr.,
Vol. 1 at 70.
• FCM Laurie Hoffacker handled Mother’s case until July 2017. With
respect to child and family team meetings, FCM Hoffacker testified that
“[m]ost of them ended with [Mother] being very . . . explosive, very
irritated, verbally abusive, so we were able to hold some but then they
didn’t normally end well.” Id. at 86. In general, Hoffacker stated, when
“[Mother] interacted with me or DCS staff, . . . her demeanor was very
angry, she was very verbally aggressive[.]” Id. at 87-88.
• The GAL, Beth Webber, testified Mother had trouble listening to others;
she stated that Mother “wanted to do it her way and unfortunately
because of that, she hasn’t completed any of the services that were
ordered under disposition.” Id. at 129.
Based on this evidence, we cannot conclude finding B.21. is clearly erroneous.
[28] In sum, portions of findings A.6., B.7., 8, 10 are clearly erroneous; the
remaining challenged findings are not clearly erroneous. Notwithstanding the
erroneous findings, however, as discussed below, we conclude that DCS
presented sufficient evidence to support termination of Mother’s parental rights
and the unchallenged findings support the juvenile court’s judgment. See In re
A.S., 17 N.E.3d at 1003-06 (holding that despite several clearly erroneous
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findings of fact, DCS presented sufficient evidence to support termination of
parental rights even absent the erroneous findings).
IV. Conclusions of Law
A. Remedy of Conditions
[29] The juvenile court concluded there is a reasonable probability that the
conditions resulting in Child’s continued placement outside Mother’s care will
not be remedied. Mother challenges this conclusion and argues “by the time of
the first termination of parental rights hearing, [she] had addressed the issues
which led to the initial and continued removal of” Child. Br. of the Appellant
at 20. We disagree.
[30] In determining whether such conditions will be remedied, we engage in a two-
step analysis: “First, we must ascertain what conditions led to [Child’s]
placement and retention in foster care. Second, we determine whether there is
a reasonable probability that those conditions will not be remedied.” In re
K.T.K., 989 N.E.2d 1225, 1231 (Ind. 2013) (quotation omitted). With respect
to the second step, a juvenile court assesses whether a reasonable probability
exists that the conditions justifying a child’s removal or continued placement
outside his parent’s care will not be remedied by judging the parent’s fitness to
care for the child at the time of the termination hearing, taking into
consideration evidence of changed conditions. In re E.M., 4 N.E.3d 636, 643
(Ind. 2014). The juvenile court must also balance a parent’s recent
improvements against habitual patterns of conduct to determine the likelihood
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of future neglect. Id. Habitual conduct may include criminal history, drug and
alcohol abuse, history of neglect, failure to provide support, and lack of
adequate housing and employment, but the services offered to the parent and
the parent’s response to those services can also be evidence of whether
conditions will be remedied. A.D.S v. Ind. Dep’t of Child Servs., 987 N.E.2d 1150,
1157 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013), trans. denied. DCS “is not required to provide
evidence ruling out all possibilities of change; rather, it need establish only that
there is a reasonable probability the parent’s behavior will not change.” In re
I.A., 903 N.E.2d at 154.
[31] We begin with the conditions that led to removal or reasons for placement
outside of the home. Child was initially removed from Mother due to DCS’
concern that Mother had been using drugs, incarcerated for most of her
pregnancy, and was unprepared to care for Child. Child remained outside of
Mother’s care due to her substance abuse, incarceration, and non-compliance
with services. We conclude that the evidence in the record supports the
juvenile court’s conclusion that there is a reasonable probability that the
conditions that led to Child’s removal and continued placement outside of
Mother’s care will not be remedied.
[32] Although Mother had a few brief periods of compliance, overall, she was non-
compliant with services. FCM Hoffacker was assigned to Mother’s case from
December 2016 to July 2017. Hoffacker referred Mother to case management
services, supervised visitation, psychological assessment, FCT, and a batterer’s
intervention program, all of which were ordered in the dispositional decree. See
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Tr., Vol. 1 at 82. At the fact-finding hearing, Hoffacker testified that Mother
completed the first step of the psychological assessment in March 2017 but did
not complete the second step, namely the psychological testing. Id. Mother
also participated in FCT and completed the first phase; however, she then
missed several appointments and the service was unsuccessfully closed out. See
id. at 92. Mother did engage in home based counseling; however, Hoffacker
described Mother’s attendance with the home based case manager as “pretty
sporadic[.]” Id. at 89.
[33] With respect to the batterer’s intervention program, Hoffacker stated that
Mother did not engage in that program while she had the case. Instead, Mother
“had given [her] a couple of excuses saying that she couldn’t attend the classes
because of the timing of them but then she also was angry that [DCS was]
bringing up something that had happened in the past.” Id. at 82. Ultimately,
Hoffacker did not consider Mother to be in compliance with services for the
following reasons: Mother tested positive for marijuana several times; she
missed visits with Child and had not progressed to unsupervised visitation; she
violated probation and was incarcerated for a brief period; she lived in four
different homes and therefore, failed to maintain stable housing; and she failed
to complete the psychological testing and was not addressing her mental health
issues. See id. at 85-86. Similarly, FCM Gaddy, who was assigned Mother’s
case in February 2018 while Mother was still incarcerated, testified that even
prior to Mother’s incarceration, Mother did not successfully complete services.
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[34] At the fact-finding hearing, the GAL testified that she believes Mother “can
hold it together for short periods of time [but cannot] hold it together for long
periods of time and maintain that stability.” Id. at 129. She also testified that
Mother’s pattern of non-compliance was very concerning:
It’s a huge concern [because Child] has spent two and a half
years of his life in limbo in licensed foster care and so knowing
that that’s her pattern of behavior, I believe that pattern will
continue. Past behavior is the best predictor of future behavior
and so knowing that that’s what has happened and that she’s had
periods of time where she’s committed crimes and been
incarcerated, where she’s followed through with services and
then not followed through with services, that’s going to continue
most likely to be her pattern.
Id. at 131.
[35] Mother has been incarcerated throughout most of the CHINS and termination
proceedings. In fact, the record reveals that Mother was incarcerated for
eighteen of the twenty-two months that Hoffacker had the case. See id. at 96.
Furthermore, Mother was initially placed in a minimum security correctional
facility through the Department of Correction but was eventually transferred to
the Indiana Women’s Prison because she had been written up for fifteen
conduct issues. As the juvenile court found, “Mother’s lack of willingness to
follow rules and maintain appropriate conduct in a structured jail setting causes
significant concern that Mother is unlikely to remedy the concerns in a less
structured setting.” Appealed Order at 12.
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[36] In the short period of time between her release in March 2019 and the hearing
in May, FCM Gaddy put in new referrals for Mother. Mother engaged in the
substance abuse referral, attended appointments, participated in drug screens
and home based casework, and visitation. At the time of the May 3 hearing,
Mother was compliant with services and had obtained suitable housing.
However, shortly thereafter, DCS learned that Mother had been incarcerated in
Ohio and had been charged with the illegal conveyance of drugs of abuse onto
grounds of a specified governmental facility and possession of criminal tools.
Despite a brief period of compliance, Mother again fell back into a pattern of
criminal activity, which only serves to highlight Mother’s failure to remedy her
instability and inability to care for Child.
[37] Mother argues the juvenile court’s conclusion that there is a reasonable
probability the conditions that resulted in Child’s removal will not be remedied
is erroneous because it “was based on speculation that [she] would not maintain
her sobriety and diligence in pursuing services and a proper home environment
for [Child].” Br. of the Appellant at 21. The juvenile court’s conclusion is
rooted in Mother’s behavior over the last two and a half years illustrating her
continued substance abuse, incarceration, and instability, not speculation. In
determining whether conditions are likely to be remedied, a juvenile court is
entrusted with “balancing a parent’s recent improvements against habitual
patterns of conduct to determine whether there is a substantial probability of
future neglect or deprivation.” In re E.M., 4 N.E.3d at 643 (internal quotation
omitted). The juvenile court has the discretion to weigh a parent’s prior history
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more heavily than any recent improvement. Id. And “[r]equiring [juvenile]
courts to give due regard to changed conditions does not preclude them from
finding that parents’ past behavior is the best predictor of their future behavior.”
Id. This is exactly what the juvenile court did here. It weighed Mother’s past
behavior (i.e., her pattern of instability) more heavily and determined that it
was the best predictor of her future behavior, a task solely within its discretion.
[38] This court has often noted that evidence of a parent’s “pattern of unwillingness
to deal with parenting problems and to cooperate with those providing social
services, in conjunction with unchanged conditions, support a finding that there
exists no reasonable probability that the conditions will change.” In re L.S., 717
N.E.2d at 210. Unfortunately, such is the case here. Over the two and one-half
years, Mother has demonstrated a pattern of non-compliance with services,
incarceration, drug use, and overall instability that is unlikely to be remedied.
For these reasons, we conclude the juvenile court’s findings support its
conclusion.4
B. Best Interests
[39] “Permanency is a central consideration in determining the best interests of a
child.” In re G.Y., 904 N.E.2d 1257, 1265 (Ind. 2009). To determine the best
4
Mother also contends the juvenile court erred in finding that the continuation of the parent-child
relationship poses a threat to the well-being of Child. See Br. of the Appellant at 21-22. Having concluded
the evidence is sufficient to show a reasonable probability the conditions resulting in Child’s continued
placement outside of Mother’s care will not be remedied, we need not consider whether the parent-child
relationship poses a threat to Child’s well-being. See In re L.S., 717 N.E.2d at 209.
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interests of the child, the juvenile court must look beyond the factors identified
by DCS and to the totality of the evidence. In re D.L., 814 N.E.2d 1022, 1030
(Ind. Ct. App. 2004), trans. denied. In doing so, the juvenile court must
subordinate the interests of the parent to those of the children involved and
need not wait until a child is irreversibly harmed before terminating parental
rights. McBride v. Monroe Cty. Office of Family & Children, 798 N.E.2d 185, 203
(Ind. Ct. App. 2003). Recommendations of the FCM and the GAL that
parental rights should be terminated support a finding that termination is in the
child’s best interest. In re A.B., 887 N.E.2d 158, 170 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008).
[40] Here, the GAL and FCM Gaddy both testified that termination of Mother’s
parental rights is in Child’s best interests. See Tr., Vol. 1 at 13, 104, 129. The
GAL expressed her concern that Mother has only been able to demonstrate a
pattern of being able to maintain stability and comply with services for short
periods of time. See id. at 129. She testified that Child has been in foster care
for two and one-half years and needs permanency, which “would be adoption
by the people that he’s been with that he knows as his parents, the current
licensed foster parents and so from my perspective, it’s in the best interests of
this child that termination of parental rights occur and that he be allowed to be
adopted.” Id. In addition, FCM Gaddy echoed the GAL’s testimony, stating
that “[b]eing that it has been awhile [sic] and I know a lot of times since [Child]
has been in the foster care since day one, he has formed a bond with [his foster
parents]. He is a part of their family. My recommendation, [DCS’]
recommendation would be for him to stay with them for adoption.” Id. at 104.
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Based on this evidence, we conclude that DCS proved by clear and convincing
evidence that termination of Mother’s parental rights would be in Child’s best
interests. In re A.B., 887 N.E.2d at 170.
Conclusion
[41] DCS presented sufficient evidence to support the juvenile court’s order
terminating Mother’s parental rights. Therefore, the order was not clearly
erroneous, and the judgment of the juvenile court is affirmed.
[42] Affirmed.
May, J., and Vaidik, J., concur.
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