Tywun Johnson v. State of Indiana (mem. dec.)

MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be FILED
regarded as precedent or cited before any Mar 13 2020, 10:31 am
court except for the purpose of establishing
CLERK
the defense of res judicata, collateral Indiana Supreme Court
Court of Appeals
estoppel, or the law of the case. and Tax Court
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Paula M. Sauer Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
Danville, Indiana Attorney General of Indiana
Steven J. Hosler
Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Tywun Johnson, March 13, 2020
Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No.
19A-CR-2476
v. Appeal from the Hendricks
Superior Court
State of Indiana, The Honorable Mark A. Smith,
Appellee-Plaintiff. Judge
Trial Court Cause No.
32D04-1807-CM-987
Bailey, Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-2476 | March 13, 2020 Page 1 of 10
Case Summary
[1] Tywun Johnson (“Johnson”) appeals his convictions for operating a vehicle
while impaired, endangering a person, as a Class A misdemeanor,1 and driving
while suspended, a Class A misdemeanor.2 Johson raises three issues on
appeal, which we restate as the following dispositive issue: whether the State
presented sufficient evidence to support his convictions.
[2] We affirm.
Facts and Procedural History
[3] On July 19, 2018, the State charged Johnson with Count I, operating a vehicle
while intoxicated endangering a person, as a Class A misdemeanor, and Count
II, driving while suspended, a Class A misdemeanor. On October 8, 2018, the
court granted the State’s motion to add Count III, operating a vehicle with an
ACE of .15 or more, as a Class A misdemeanor.3 Johnson waived his right to
trial by jury, and the court conducted a bench trial on August 27, 2019. At trial,
the parties stipulated to the admission of certified test results establishing that,
on July 19, 2018, Johnson had an alcohol concentration equivalent (“ACE”) of
.267, and Johnson’s driving record, which established that his license was
1
Ind. Code § 9-30-5-2(a) & (b).
2
I.C. § 9-24-19-2.
3
I.C. § 9-30-5-1(b).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-2476 | March 13, 2020 Page 2 of 10
suspended on the night of July 18, 2018. The parties stipulated that all elements
of Count I and II other than the “operating” element were met. Tr. at 6.
[4] At the bench trial, the following testimony and other evidence was presented:
Late at night on July 18, 2018, Wyatt Kintner (“Kintner”) was driving his truck
down the eastbound right lane on Interstate 74 (“I-74”) near the Brownsburg
exit for Indiana State Road 267 when he saw dust being kicked up and a car’s
headlights flashing in different directions on the westbound lanes of I-74.
Kintner then saw a car in the westbound lanes of I-74 drive into the median and
crash into the guardrail. He slammed on his brakes and saw the crashing
vehicle come to a rest with part of it on the median and part of it in the left-
hand lane of westbound I-74.
[5] Kintner parked his vehicle at the side of I-74 eastbound, exited, and crossed the
median to reach the crash location. At some point during that time, he called 9-
1-1. It took Kintner about thirty seconds from the time he parked his vehicle to
the time he reached the crash location, and he did not “have [his] eyes on the
[crashed] car that entire time. Tr. at 21-22. As he approached the crashed car,
he noticed Jairus Baird (“Baird”), who “appeared to be in a stupor,” walking
around in a circular pattern near the center, dotted line dividing the two
westbound lanes. Id. at 10. Traffic was still passing on the outer westbound
lane. Kintner, fearing for Baird’s safety, tried to help Baird away from traffic.
Kintner then heard the crashed car’s engine begin to rev, and he looked over at
the car and “realized there was someone still sitting there behind the wheel” of
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-2476 | March 13, 2020 Page 3 of 10
the car. Id. at 11. The person sitting in the driver’s seat was later identified as
Johnson.
[6] Kintner then went to the driver’s side of the crashed car. At some point, the
driver’s side door was opened, but Kintner did not recall if he opened it or if
someone else opened it. It appeared to Kintner that Johnson was “trying to
drive” but the damage to the car was preventing him from doing so. Id. at 12.
Kintner did not know whether the car was in gear while Johnson was revving
the engine or whether Johnson was wearing a seat belt. He did not see any
airbags deployed. The car had damage to the front window, but there was no
evidence that either Baird or Johnson had any kind of head injury.
[7] Kintner leaned into the driver’s side of the car and told Johnson to turn off the
engine. Johnson did not respond to Kintner, and Kintner smelled alcohol on
Johnson. At that point, Kintner noticed that Baird had followed him to the car.
Kintner became concerned that he might upset Johnson and Baird, so he
backed away from the crashed car and began to help direct traffic around it to
prevent another crash. After he backed away from the car, Kintner became
aware of a third individual walking on the shoulder of the median, westbound,
away from the crashed car.
[8] While Kintner was attempting to direct traffic, Officer Michael Gillman
(“Officer Gillman”) of the Brownsburg Police Department (“BPD”) arrived.
Kintner informed Officer Gillman that the car had crashed and the occupants of
the car had “[taken] off running westbound.” Id. at 37. Officer Gillman then
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-2476 | March 13, 2020 Page 4 of 10
noticed one individual running westbound, and Officer Gillman pursued in his
vehicle. Officer Gillman caught up with Baird and was questioning him when
he heard someone rustling in the trees along the embankment. Officer Gillman
yelled for the person to come out of the trees, and Johnson eventually did so.
Johnson and Baird informed Officer Gillman that a woman had also been in
the car with them. Both individuals appeared to Officer Gillman to be
intoxicated. Johnson’s speech was slurred, he was “incomprehensible for the
most part,” and Officer Gillman “could not understand what [Johnson] was
telling [him].” Id. at 42. Johnson and Baird began to argue about who had
been driving the car when it crashed, but Officer Gillman could not determine
from that conversation which of them had actually been driving.
[9] Meanwhile, Officer Christopher Nelson (“Officer Nelson”) of the BPD had
arrived at the scene and was questioning Kintner. By that time, no suspects
were at the scene and it appeared to Officer Nelson that “everyone had fled the
vehicle.” Id. at 30. Officer Nelson wore a body camera while at the scene
which recorded his interactions there. The DVD from that body camera was
admitted into evidence, without objection, as State’s Exhibit 3 and was played
for the trial court. The DVD recorded Officer Nelson’s interview of Kintner at
the scene. In the DVD, Kintner confirmed that he was “one hundred percent
positive” that Johnson was “the driver” and stated that Johnson “couldn’t
communicate properly” when Kintner had asked him to turn off the car engine.
State’s Ex. 3 at 6:29. Officer Gillman brought Johnson and Baird back to the
scene of the crash, where Kintner identified Johnson as the driver. The BPD
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-2476 | March 13, 2020 Page 5 of 10
did not investigate further into the identity of the woman who had allegedly
also been in the car when it crashed. The State did not present evidence of who
owned the crashed car or to whom it was registered.
[10] Following the bench trial, the trial court found Johnson guilty of Counts I and
II. In reaching that determination, the trial court specifically found that
Johnson operated the vehicle at the time “it left the roadway.” Tr. at 55. The
court stated: “based upon that level of intoxication I don’t find it reasonable
that he would have had enough judgment, control over his faculties to be able
to decide in that moment I need [leave the passenger seat] to move this vehicle
because it’s a necessity, it’s an emergency and that just doesn’t make logical
common sense to me.” Id. The court also found Johnson guilty of Count III
but vacated that conviction on double jeopardy grounds. The court sentenced
Johnson to identical sentences of 365 days incarceration with 363 days
suspended for each count and ordered the sentences to run concurrently. This
appeal ensued.
Discussion and Decision
[11] Johnson challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to support his convictions.
Specifically, he contends that the evidence did not prove that he was driving the
vehicle when it crashed; rather, he contends the evidence showed that he could
have moved out of one of the passenger seats and into the driver’s seat in order
to move the car when he realized it was in the way of on-coming traffic after it
crashed.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-2476 | March 13, 2020 Page 6 of 10
[12] Our standard of review of the sufficiency of the evidence is well-settled.
When an appellate court reviews the sufficiency of the evidence
needed to support a criminal conviction, it neither reweighs
evidence nor judges the credibility of witnesses. Bailey v. State,
907 N.E.2d 1003, 1005 (Ind. 2009). The appellate court only
considers “the evidence supporting the judgment and any
reasonable inferences that can be drawn from such evidence.” Id.
(quoting Henley v. State, 881 N.E.2d 639, 652 (Ind. 2008)). A
conviction will be affirmed if there is substantial evidence of
probative value supporting each element of the offense such that
a reasonable trier of fact could have found the defendant guilty
beyond a reasonable doubt. Bailey, 907 N.E.2d at 1005. A
[determination] of guilt may be based upon an inference if
reasonably drawn from the evidence. See Drane v. State, 867
N.E.2d 144, 147 (Ind. 2007).
Tin Thang v. State, 10 N.E.3d 1256, 1258 (Ind. 2014).
[13] Thus, it is not necessary that the evidence
overcome every reasonable hypothesis of innocence; … Drane v.
State, 867 N.E.2d 144 (Ind. 2007). Accordingly, the question on
appeal is whether the inferences supporting the [judgment] were
reasonable, not whether other, “more reasonable” inferences
could have been drawn. Thompson v. State, 804 N.E.2d 1146,
1150 (Ind. 2004). Because reaching alternative inferences is the
function of the trier of fact, we may not reverse a conviction
merely because a different inference might plausibly be drawn
from the evidence. [Id.].
Jones v. State, 22 N.E.3d 877, 879 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-2476 | March 13, 2020 Page 7 of 10
[14] To support Johnson’s convictions of operating a vehicle while impaired,
endangering a person, as a Class A misdemeanor, and driving while suspended,
the State was required to prove, among other things, that Johnson operated a
vehicle. Johnson challenges only the sufficiency of the evidence to prove that
he “operated” the vehicle that day. To prove that one “operated” a vehicle,
“there must be some direct or circumstantial evidence” to show that the person
expended effort to “perform a function … or produce an effect.” Henderson v.
State, 108 N.E.3d 407, 414 (Ind. Ct. App. 2018) (quotation and citation
omitted). When determining whether a defendant operated a vehicle, we
consider several factors, including:
(1) the location of the vehicle when it is discovered; (2) whether
the car was moving when discovered; (3) any additional evidence
indicating that the defendant was observed operating the vehicle
before he or she was discovered; and (4) the position of the
automatic transmission …. In addition to these four factors, any
evidence that leads to a reasonable inference should be
considered.
Crawley v. State, 920 N.E.2d 808, 812 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010) (quotation and
citations omitted), trans. denied. However, “the State does not have to prove
movement of the car” in order to show the defendant operated it. Henderson,
108 N.E.3d at 414. Thus, in Crawley, we found that it was “of no moment that
nobody observed Crawley operate the motor vehicle” where the State presented
sufficient circumstantial evidence from which a reasonable trier of fact could
infer beyond a reasonable doubt that Crawley did so. Id.; see also, e.g., Wilkinson
v. State, 70 N.E.3d 392, 401-02 (Ind. Ct. App. 2017) (holding circumstantial
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-2476 | March 13, 2020 Page 8 of 10
evidence was sufficient to prove operation of car even when no one witnessed
the defendant driving the car).
[15] Here, there was no testimony from anyone who saw Johnson driving the car.
However, Johnson was the only one the witness saw sitting in the driver’s seat
following the crash. The State presented evidence that Johnson was extremely
intoxicated, with an ACE of .267—over three times the legal limit for operation
of a vehicle.4 And both Kintner and Officer Gillman testified that Johnson
appeared to be intoxicated and was unable to communicate at the scene of the
crash. Given that evidence of Johnson’s extreme intoxication, the trial court
found it implausible that Johnson would have had the judgment or control over
his faculties to decide to move from a passenger’s seat to the driver’s seat for the
purpose of moving the car out of the lane of traffic. That is, the court
reasonably inferred from the circumstantial evidence of Johnson’s extreme
intoxication and his location in the driver’s seat following the crash that
Johnson was the driver when the vehicle crashed into the median and he simply
remained in the driver’s seat until Kintner found him there. Johnson’s
contention that one could also reasonably reach a different inference is a request
that we reweigh the evidence, which we cannot do. Jones, 22 N.E.3d at 879.5
4
I.C. § 9-30-5-1.
5
Because we conclude that the evidence was sufficient to show that Johnson operated the car at the time it
crashed, we need not address whether he operated the car when he attempted to move it out of the lane in
which it had stopped or whether he did so out of necessity.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-2476 | March 13, 2020 Page 9 of 10
[16] The State presented sufficient evidence to show that Johnson “operated” the
vehicle at the time it crashed and therefore committed one count each of the
crimes of operating a vehicle while intoxicated endangering a person and
driving while suspended, both as Class A misdemeanors.
[17] Affirmed.
Kirsch, J., and Mathias, J., concur.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-2476 | March 13, 2020 Page 10 of 10