Timothy A. Cooper v. State of Indiana (mem. dec.)

MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be FILED
regarded as precedent or cited before any Oct 19 2020, 9:04 am
court except for the purpose of establishing CLERK
the defense of res judicata, collateral Indiana Supreme Court
Court of Appeals
estoppel, or the law of the case. and Tax Court
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Bruce W. Graham Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
Graham Law Firm P.C. Attorney General of Indiana
Lafayette, Indiana
Courtney L. Staton
Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Timothy A. Cooper, October 19, 2020
Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No.
20A-CR-855
v. Appeal from the
Tippecanoe Superior Court
State of Indiana, The Honorable
Appellee-Plaintiff. Steven P. Meyer, Judge
Trial Court Cause No.
79D02-1907-F5-123
Kirsch, Judge.
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[1] Timothy A. Cooper (“Cooper”) appeals his conviction for failure to register as a
sex or violent offender with a prior conviction1 as a Level 5 felony. Cooper
raises the following restated issues for our review:
I. Whether the trial court abused its discretion by admitting
evidence of Cooper’s prior conviction for failure to register;
II. Whether the evidence was sufficient to support Cooper’s
conviction for Level 5 felony failure to register as a sex or violent
offender with a prior conviction; and
III. Whether Cooper’s due process rights were violated because
he claims that the jury observed him in shackles.
[2] We affirm.
Facts and Procedural History
[3] On May 19, 2000, Cooper pleaded guilty to rape as a Class B felony, which
made him a sexually violent predator pursuant to Indiana Code section 35-38-1-
7.5. State’s Exs. 6-8. In 2012, Cooper filed a petition to determine his
registration status, which the trial court denied and dismissed. State’s Ex. 8. In
its denial and dismissal of Cooper’s petition, the trial court noted that because
of Cooper’s plea of guilty to rape he “was adjudged a sexually violent predator
pursuant to Indiana Code 35-38-1-7.5” and was required to register with local
law enforcement for life. Id. It also noted that the required ten-year registration
1
See Ind. Code § 11-8-8-17(a)(1), (b).
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period following Cooper’s release from incarceration had not elapsed when
Cooper filed the petition and concluded that Cooper’s petition was not yet ripe
for consideration. Id.
[4] On April 1, 2019, Officer Alexander Dehr (“Officer Dehr”) of the Lafayette
Police Department was assigned to monitor Cooper, which required Officer
Dehr to visit Cooper once per month to ensure that Cooper was residing at the
address he provided. Tr. Vol. II at 179-82. On April 13, 2019, Officer Dehr
went to 1427 North 16th Street, the address Cooper provided, but Cooper was
not there. Id. at 183. Officer Dehr returned to that same address on April 23,
2019 and May 29, 2019 and on both occasions met with Cooper. Id. at 183-84.
On June 23, 2019, Officer Dehr again arrived at 1427 North 16th Street to
confirm Cooper’s residency at that address. Id. at 184. When Officer Dehr
knocked on the door, he instead found a different individual living at the
residence. Id. at 185. Officer Dehr called Cooper, and Cooper told Officer
Dehr that he had been “kicked out” and was homeless. Id.
[5] Officer Dehr met with Cooper at the local library, and he confirmed that
Cooper had not registered his new status as homeless. Id. at 185, 188. Cooper
also told Officer Dehr that he was not “required” to register and had spoken
with Detective David Morgan (“Detective Morgan”), the officer in charge of
maintaining the sex offender registry, about the issue. Id. at 188-89. Officer
Dehr informed Cooper that he needed to update his registration and gave him
additional time to complete his paperwork. Id. at 189. On July 21, 2019,
Officer Dehr again met with Cooper to confirm that he had completed his
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required registration. Id. at 192. Cooper indicated that he had not done so but
planned to do it the next day. Id. at 193. At that point, Officer Dehr placed
Cooper under arrest. Id.
[6] On July 22, 2019, the State charged Cooper with failure to register as a sex or
violent offender with a prior conviction as a Level 5 felony. Appellant’s App. Vol.
II at 18. On February 12, 2020, the State filed a notice of its intent to offer
404(b) evidence, in which it notified Cooper that it intended to offer evidence
related to his investigation, arrest, and prosecution for failure to register as sex
offender in Cause Number 46C01-1304-FD-1157 (“Cause No. FD-1157”);
Cause Number 46C01-1210-FD-2894 (“Cause No. FD-2894”); and 49F09-
0509-FD-167240 (“Cause No. FD-162740”). Id. at 7, 66. The State intended to
use Cause No. FD-1157, Cause No. FD-2894, and Cause No. FD-162740 to
show “[Cooper’s] knowledge of his responsibility to register as his past failures to
do so have resulted in criminal charges.” Id. at 66 (emphasis in original). The
following day, Cooper filed his objection to the State’s notice of intent to offer
404(b) evidence, principally arguing that admission of the information about
the cases under the three cause numbers involving failure to register would be
used to show propensity and would be more prejudicial than probative. Id. at 7,
72-74.
[7] At a February 18, 2020 hearing the trial court stated it was “leaning toward
allowing the conviction” in Cause No. FD-1157 and “leaving out” Cause No.
FD-2894 and Cause No. FD-162740, because neither resulted in a conviction.
Tr. Vol. II at 34, 37. At the hearing, the trial court also determined that it would
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conduct a bifurcated trial.2 Id. at 51. On February 20, 2020, the trial court
issued an order stating that it would allow the admission of Cooper’s prior
conviction for failure to register in Cause No. FD-1157 under Indiana Evidence
Rule 404(b) “for the limited purpose of proving knowledge” and excluded
Cause No. FD-2894 and Cause No. FD 162740 because neither led to a
conviction and “the probative value of such evidence is substantially
outweighed by unfair prejudice, misleading the jury, and needlessly presenting
cumulative evidence.” Appellant’s App. Vol. II at 76.
[8] On February 25, 2020, trial court held the first phase of the bifurcated jury trial.
Tr. Vol. II at 68. The State sought to admit Cooper’s prior conviction for failure
to register in Cause No. FD-1157. Tr. Vol. III at 8. Cooper renewed his
objection to the admissibility of his failure to register conviction in Cause No.
FD-1157, which the trial court overruled. Id. at 8-9. In overruling Cooper’s
objection, the trial court instructed the jury not to consider Cooper’s conviction
in Cause No. FD-1157 as evidence of “guilt or that the evidence of this prior act
creates any inference that [Cooper] acted in conformity with that prior
conduct” and emphasized that the jury was “only to consider it for evidence of
knowledge that [Cooper] is required to register as a sex offender.” Id. at 10.
2
In the first phase of the trial, the jury would determine whether Cooper committed failure to register as a
sex or violent offender as a Level 6 felony. Tr. Vol. II at 168. In the second phase of the trial, the jury would
determine whether Cooper committed failure to register as a sex or violent offender with a prior conviction as
a Level 5 felony. Tr. Vol. III at 91.
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[9] Cooper testified that he was subject to a ten-year registration period for his rape
conviction, that he filed a challenge to his lifetime registration requirement, and
that he believed he should not have to register. Id. at 37-40. He claimed that on
November 20, 2018, Detective Morgan told him he no longer had to register 3
but that he nevertheless “did what he was supposed to do” and registered his
address in April 2019. Id. at 40-41. On cross-examination, Cooper
acknowledged that he previously had initialed the sex or violent offender
registration form, which advised that it was a felony to fail to register when
required. Id. at 53; State’s Ex. 9.
[10] At the conclusion of the first phase of the trial, the jury returned a verdict of
guilty for failure to register as a sex or violent offender as a Level 6 felony. Tr.
Vol. III at 89; Appellant’s App. Vol. II at 131. In the second phase of the trial, the
State moved to admit the evidence that was admitted during the first phase of
the trial, including Cooper’s conviction for failure to register in Cause No. FD-
1157, which the trial court granted. Tr. Vol. III at 95. The State rested its case-
in-chief, and the jury found Cooper guilty of failure to register as a sex or
violent offender with a prior conviction as a Level 5 felony. Id. at 95, 99;
Appellant’s App. Vol. II at 130.
[11] At the outset of the March 23, 2020 sentencing hearing, Cooper stated to the
trial court that during his trial when he was “coming upstairs to your
3
Detective Morgan indicated that he did not recall telling Cooper that Cooper did not have to register. Tr.
Vol. III at 24, 26.
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courtroom” he was “shown in shackles and cuffed up in front of the jury on the
third floor.” Tr. Vol. III at 109. Cooper told the trial court that the jury saw
him “chained up like a slave” and that he believed the jury seeing him shackled
and chained “had a lot to do” with the guilty verdict. Id. No one else at the
sentencing hearing corroborated Cooper’s account, and Cooper did not move
for any particular remedy in response. Id. at 109-10. The trial court sentenced
Cooper to a four-year sentence with three hundred and twenty-eight days
executed in the Department of Correction; however, it suspended three years
and thirty-seven days of the sentence and ordered Cooper to serve one and one-
half years on Community Corrections as a condition of probation. Appellant’s
App. Vol. II at 12-17. Cooper now appeals.
Discussion and Decision
I. Admission of Evidence
[12] Cooper argues the trial court abused its discretion when it admitted evidence of
Cooper’s prior conviction in Cause No. FD-1157 during the first phase of his
trial. A trial court has broad discretion in ruling on the admissibility of
evidence, and we disturb those rulings only upon an abuse of that discretion.
Chambless v. State, 119 N.E.3d 182, 188 (Ind. Ct. App. 2019), trans. denied. “An
abuse [of discretion] occurs only where the trial court’s decision is clearly
against the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances.” Id. There is a
strong presumption that the trial court properly exercised its discretion. Id. “In
determining the admissibility of evidence, we will only consider evidence that
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favors the trial court’s ruling and unrefuted evidence that favors a defendant.”
Id.
[13] Indiana Evidence Rule 404(b) prohibits a trial court from admitting evidence of
another crime, wrong, or act “to prove a person’s character in order to show
that on a particular occasion the person acted in accordance with the
character.” Ind. Evidence Rule 404(b)(1). “The purpose of the rule is to protect
against the ‘forbidden inference -- that the defendant acted badly in the past,
and that the defendant’s present, charged actions conform with those past bad
acts . . . .’” Erickson v. State, 72 N.E.3d 965, 973-74 (Ind. Ct. App. 2017)
(quoting Nicholson v. State, 963 N.E.2d 1096, 1099-100 (Ind. 2012) (citation
omitted)), trans. denied. Evidence of crimes, wrongs, or other acts are
admissible if offered for another purpose, such as to prove “motive,
opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, absence of mistake,
or lack of accident.” Evid. R. 404(b)(2). In assessing the admissibility of 404(b)
evidence, we: (1) determine whether the evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or
acts is relevant to a matter at issue other than the defendant’s propensity to
commit the charged act; and (2) balance the probative value of the evidence
against its prejudicial effect pursuant to Rule 403. Erickson, 72 N.E.3d at 974.
[14] In the first phase of the trial, the State sought to introduce Cooper’s prior
conviction for failure to register in Cause No. FD-1157 to show his knowledge
of the registration requirement. Appellant’s App. Vol. II at 66. The trial court
admitted the prior conviction over Cooper’s objection, instructing the jury not
to consider the conviction in Cause No. FD-1157 as evidence of “guilt or that
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the evidence of this prior act creates any inference that [Cooper] acted in
conformity with that prior conduct” and emphasized that the jury was “only to
consider it for evidence of knowledge that [Cooper] is required to register as a
sex offender.” Tr. Vol. III at 10.
[15] Cooper asserts that he did not place his knowledge of the registration
requirement at issue during the trial, and his prior conviction should not have
been admitted during the first phase of the trial. Instead, he contends that his
defense was that he was not required to register and that his prior conviction
was “completely and totally irrelevant.” Appellant’s Br. at 16. We disagree.
[16] In Whitehair v. State, 654 N.E.2d 296, 302 (Ind. Ct. App. 1995), this court
concluded that, with respect to a defendant’s knowledge of the wrongfulness of
his actions, evidence of a defendant’s prior bad acts is only admissible when the
defendant puts his knowledge in issue. See also Baker v. State, 997 N.E.2d 67, 71
(Ind. Ct. App. 2013) (citing Whitehair and noting that where the record did not
indicate that knowledge was at issue “evidence of Baker’s prior bad acts was
not admissible under the knowledge exception to Evidence Rule 404(b)”).4
4
Cooper cites Christian-Hornaday v. State, 649 N.E.2d 669 (Ind. Ct. App. 1995) for the proposition that he is
first required to place his knowledge in issue before the evidence of prior conviction for failure to register in
Cause No. FD-1157 could be admitted. Christian-Hornaday addressed the intent exception to Indiana Rule of
Evidence 404(b) not knowledge. We also note that Christian-Hornaday used the Seventh Circuit’s four-part
test for assessing 404(b) claims, which the Indiana Supreme Court declined to adopt. See Hicks v. State, 690
N.E.2d 215, 219 (Ind. 1997) (“We see no persuasive reason to adopt the Seventh Circuit test.”).
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[17] Here, Cooper’s knowledge of the registration requirement was at issue. At trial,
Officer Dehr testified that during his interaction with Cooper, Cooper indicated
that he had not registered his address and that “he was not required” to do so.
Tr. Vol. II at 188. In addition, Detective Morgan testified that Cooper had
disputed his registration status in the past, indicating “several times” that
Cooper did not want to register and that Cooper felt that he “shouldn’t have to
be on the registry at all.” Id.at 244. Cooper’s own testimony concerning his
belief that he did not have to register along with his cross-examination of
Detective Morgan as to Cooper’s complaints about having to register and
changes in the law with respect to ten-year and lifetime registration also showed
that his knowledge of his registration obligation was at issue. Tr. Vol. III at 21-
22, 37-40. Cooper’s letters challenging his status as a sexually violent predator
and requesting to be removed from the registry also demonstrated that his
knowledge was at issue. State’s Exs. 17-18. Thus, the trial court properly
admitted the evidence of Cooper’s prior conviction in Cause No. FD-1157
under the knowledge exception. Cooper’s prior conviction was used only for its
probative value in showing that Cooper was aware of the requirement to
register, demonstrating that the trial court sought to protect against the jury
indulging in the “forbidden inference” that Cooper’s “prior wrongful conduct
suggests present guilt.” Fairbanks v. State, 119 N.E.3d 564, 568 (Ind. 2019), cert.
denied, 140 S. Ct. 198 (2019) (citation omitted). Therefore, the trial court did
not abuse its discretion when it admitted the evidence of Cooper’s prior
conviction for failure to register in Cause No. FD-1157 for the purpose of
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showing his knowledge of the registration requirement during the first phase of
the trial.
II. Sufficiency of the Evidence
[18] Cooper next argues that the State’s evidence was insufficient to sustain his
conviction for Level 5 felony failure to register. When we review the
sufficiency of the evidence to support a conviction, we do not reweigh the
evidence or assess the credibility of the witnesses. Lehman v. State, 55 N.E.3d
863, 868 (Ind. Ct. App. 2016), trans. denied. We consider only the evidence
most favorable to the trial court’s ruling and the reasonable inferences that can
be drawn from that evidence. Lock v. State, 971 N.E.2d 71, 74 (Ind. 2012). We
also consider conflicting evidence in the light most favorable to the trial court’s
ruling. Oster v. State, 992 N.E.2d 871, 875 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013), trans. denied. A
conviction will be affirmed if there is substantial evidence of probative value
that a reasonable trier of fact could have concluded the defendant was guilty
beyond a reasonable doubt. Wolf v. State, 76 N.E.3d 911, 915 (Ind. Ct. App.
2017).
[19] Cooper was convicted of failure to register as a sex or violent offender with a
prior conviction as a Level 5 felony. The State was required to prove that
Cooper had a prior unrelated conviction under Indiana Code section 11-8-8-17.
See Ind. Code § 11-8-8-17(b)(1). Cooper contends that the State failed to prove
that he had a prior conviction for failure to register because the evidence
admitted in the first phase of his trial was admitted only to show Cooper’s
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knowledge of the registration requirement and not as substantive evidence. We
disagree. Having found Cooper guilty of failure to register as a Level 6 felony
at the conclusion of the first phase of the trial, at the start of the second phase of
Cooper’s trial the State moved to incorporate “all the previously submitted
exhibits” from the first phase of the trial. Tr. Vol. III at 95. Cooper did not
object, and the trial court incorporated all the previously submitted exhibits,
which included the prior conviction for failure to register in Cause No. FD-
1157. Id. In the first phase of the trial, the trial court correctly limited the use
of Cooper’s prior conviction for failure to register in Cause No. FD-1157 to
show his knowledge of the registration requirement. Id. at 9-10; Appellant’s App.
Vol. II at 104. Contrary to Cooper’s assertions, the evidence of Cooper’s prior
conviction for failure to register in Cause No. FD-1157 was properly
incorporated and presented to the jury as substantive evidence during the
second phase of the trial, and the jury could rely on it as proof that he had been
previously convicted of that offense. Thus, the State presented sufficient
evidence that Cooper had a prior conviction for failure to register to sustain his
conviction for failure to register as a sex or violent offender with a prior
conviction as a Level 5 felony.
III. Due Process
[20] Cooper finally argues that his due process rights were violated because the jury
observed him “shackled and in custody” on one occasion. Appellant’s Br. at 22.
Cooper did not raise this issue until the sentencing hearing, and there is no
indication that Cooper ever objected, moved for a mistrial, or otherwise sought
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any relief at the time he alleged the jury saw him in custody at some point
during his jury trial. Tr. Vol. III at 109. Thus, Cooper has waived this issue for
our review. See Shorter v. State, 144 N.E.3d 829, 841 (Ind. Ct. App. 2020)
(quoting Washington v. State, 808 N.E.2d 617, 625 (Ind. 2004)) (concluding that
failure to raise an argument in the trial court constituted waiver on appeal
because “‘a trial court cannot be found to have erred as to an issue or argument
that it never had an opportunity to consider’”). Indeed, Cooper even
acknowledges as much in his appellant’s brief. See Appellant’s Br. at 22
(“Timothy Cooper politely insists that counsel raise this issue in his direct
appeal. Although Cooper may be a little fuzzy on preservation of error and
issue waiver – he may just have a point.”)
[21] Waiver notwithstanding, we note that the fact that a defendant has been seen by
jurors while being transported in handcuffs is not a basis for reversal, absent a
showing of actual harm. Jenkins v. State, 492 N.E.2d 666, 669 (Ind. 1986).
Moreover, our Supreme Court has also held that “reasonable jurors could
expect [defendants] to be in police custody while in the hallway of the
courthouse.” Davis v. State, 770 N.E.2d 319, 326 (Ind. 2002). Thus, we cannot
say that Cooper has demonstrated that he was harmed by the jury seeing him in
custody.
[22] Affirmed.
Pyle, J., and Tavitas, J., concur.
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