Brian Vukadinovich v. Kallie Lolkema and Donald Webb (mem. dec.)

MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be FILED
regarded as precedent or cited before any Nov 17 2020, 7:58 am
court except for the purpose of establishing
CLERK
the defense of res judicata, collateral Indiana Supreme Court
Court of Appeals
estoppel, or the law of the case. and Tax Court
APPELLANT PRO SE ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Brian Vukadinovich KALLIE LOLKEMA
Wheatfield, Indiana Shawn C. Swope
Kelsie M. Plesac
Swope Law Offices, LLC
Dyer, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Brian Vukadinovich, November 17, 2020
Appellant/Cross-Appellee/Plaintiff, Court of Appeals Case No.
19A-CT-2353
v. Appeal from the LaPorte Superior
Court
Kallie Lolkema and Donald The Honorable Michael S.
Webb,1 Bergerson, Judge
Appellees/Cross- Trial Court Cause No.
Appellants/Defendants. 46D03-1611-CT-1809
1
Webb does not participate in this appeal. However, pursuant to Indiana Appellate Rule 17(A), a party
below is a party on appeal.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CT-2353 | November 17, 2020 Page 1 of 32
Bradford, Chief Judge.
Case Summary
[1] Brian Vukadinovich initiated the underlying lawsuit after his vehicle was rear-
ended by a vehicle being driven by Kallie Lolkema. Following trial, the jury
found in favor of Lolkema. Vukadinovich raises numerous contentions on
appeal. On cross-appeal, Lolkema contends that the trial court abused its
discretion by denying her request for attorney’s fees. We affirm.
Facts and Procedural History
[2] On August 14, 2016, Lolkema rear-ended Vukadinovich’s vehicle while
Vukadinovich was stopped at a traffic light. Lolkema, who was driving a
vehicle owned by Donald Webb, was in the process of stopping at the time of
the contact and was moving at a speed of approximately “[t]wo to three miles
per hour.” Tr. Vol. III p. 129. The contact caused minor damage to
Vukadinovich’s vehicle, leaving a small dent in the rear bumper. 2
Vukadinovich subsequently fixed the dent by pushing it out with his hand.
[3] On November 10, 2016, Vukadinovich filed suit, claiming to have been injured
by the accident. Vukadinovich filed a motion for default judgment, which was
2
The responding officer also noted seeing a scratch on the bumper, but Vukadinovich could not remember
whether the scratch was there prior to the accident.
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granted with respect to both Lolkema and Webb on March 23, 2017. The
default judgment against Lolkema was vacated on July 11, 2017. 3 Lolkema’s
counsel subsequently tendered a qualified settlement offer, which was rejected
by Vukadinovich. The matter proceeded to trial on June 24–25, 2019, after
which the jury found for Lolkema and Webb. The trial court denied
Vukadinovich’s subsequent motions for judgment notwithstanding the verdict
and to correct error following a hearing. The trial court also denied Lolkema’s
request for attorney’s fees.
Discussion and Decision
I. Direct-Appeal Issues
[4] Vukadinovich raises numerous contentions on direct appeal which we restate as
whether (A) the trial court and opposing counsel demonstrated bias or
committed reversible error during voir dire; (B) the trial court abused its
discretion with regard to the admission/exclusion of certain evidence; (C) the
trial court abused its discretion in instructing the jury; (D) the jury committed
misconduct; (E) the evidence is insufficient to support the jury’s verdict; and (F)
the trial court abused its discretion in denying Vukadinovich’s motion to correct
error.
3
The default judgment against Webb remained in effect.
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A. Voir Dire
[5] Vukadinovich contends that the trial court and opposing counsel committed
reversible error by allegedly making visible gestures or audible comments
during his questioning of prospective jurors during voir dire. Vukadinovich
claims that these alleged gestures and comments, together with the trial court’s
failure to formally admonish opposing counsel from making such gestures or
comments, demonstrates bias by the trial court. Vukadinovich, the trial court,
and opposing counsel discussed the alleged gestures and comments outside of
the presence of the jury. Vukadinovich alleged that both the trial court and
opposing counsel made improper audible comments during his questioning of
prospective jurors. The record, however, does not support Vukadinovich’s
claim that either the trial court or opposing counsel made any improper audible
comments. Both the trial court and opposing counsel flatly denied making any
such comments and the transcript supports their denials.
[6] As for the alleged gestures, Vukadinovich has failed to describe the alleged
gestures in his appellate brief and the record contains no description of the
alleged gestures. The trial court acknowledged making some kind of gesture in
response to a general question asked by Vukadinovich, indicating that it
“thought that generally [Vukadinovich] invited that response. That’s how I
took it.” Tr. Vol. II p. 72. The trial court apologized for making the gesture and
indicated that it would refrain from making any further gestures. Opposing
counsel denied making any gestures and the record contains no proof that
opposing counsel made any gestures. Vukadinovich has failed to prove that this
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nondescript alleged gesture by the trial court indicated bias or constituted
reversible error.
[7] As for the trial court’s failure to formally admonish opposing counsel from
making any gestures or comments while Vukadinovich was questioning the
prospective jurors, the record does not support Vukadinovich’s assertion that
the trial court inappropriately protected opposing counsel. When
Vukadinovich requested the formal admonishment, the following exchange
occurred:
MR. VUKADINOVICH: … Because he made a physical and
verbal comment and that’s inappropriate and he needs to be told
not to do that anymore.
THE COURT: I think he understands.
MR. VUKADINOVICH: Does he?
THE COURT: I believe he does.
MR. VUKADINOVICH: Can he say that or do you have to
speak for him?
THE COURT: [Opposing counsel]?
[OPPOSING COUNSEL]: I’m well aware of the rules, Your
Honor. And I did not say anything nor would I nor did I.
Actually that’s not true, I believe there was one point where I
repeated a question during voir dire, because Mr. Vukadinovich
didn’t hear from Juror 4085 on the right hand side, because he
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was proceeding along the lines of asking him, or following up on
the wrong question.
Tr. Vol. II p. 76. The exchange confirms that opposing counsel understood that
he was not to make any improper comments or gestures while Vukadinovich
was speaking to the jury. The only comment he made was to repeat a question
from a prospective juror when Vukadinovich apparently did not hear it.
Vukadinovich has failed to establish bias or reversible error with regard to the
alleged comments and/or gestures.4
B. Admission/Exclusion of Evidence
[8] Vukadinovich contends that the trial court abused its discretion in admitting
certain evidence and in excluding other evidence at trial.
Generally, the admission or exclusion of evidence is a
determination entrusted to the discretion of the trial court. Zemco
Mfg., Inc. v. Pecoraro, 703 N.E.2d 1064, 1069 (Ind. Ct. App. 1998),
trans. denied. We will reverse a trial court’s decision only for an
abuse of discretion, that is, when the trial court’s decision is
clearly erroneous and against the logic and effect of the facts and
circumstances before the court. Id. Erroneously excluded
evidence requires reversal only if the error relates to a material
matter or substantially affects the rights of the parties. Id.
Further, any error in the admission of evidence is harmless if the
4
We are unpersuaded by Vukadinovich’s claim that the trial court demonstrated bias by giving an allegedly
untruthful answer when Vukadinovich asked whether there was a security camera in the courtroom. The
trial court indicated that there was not. Vukadinovich asserts on appeal that this statement was false and that
there was a security camera in the courtroom on the day of trial. Vukadinovich, however, has failed to
provide any proof that there was a security camera in the courtroom, merely pointing to a local rule that
provides that if there is a security camera in the courtroom, the recordings from the camera are confidential
unless a court order provides otherwise.
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same or similar evidence is submitted without objection.
Homehealth, Inc. v. N. Ind. Pub. Serv. Co., 600 N.E.2d 970, 974
(Ind. Ct. App. 1992), reh’g denied.
R.R. Donnelley & Sons Co. v. N. Texas Steel Co., 752 N.E.2d 112, 126–27 (Ind. Ct.
App. 2001).
1. Admitted Evidence
[9] Vukadinovich claims that the trial court abused its discretion in admitting an
estimate for repairs to his vehicle, asserting that the estimate was not relevant to
trial because he had not included a claim for damages to his vehicle in his
request for damages. Vukadinovich, however, detailed damage to his vehicle
that he attributed to the accident on both direct and cross-examination,
including testimony regarding a spring “somewhere on the car.” Tr. Vol. III p.
28. Vukadinovich testified that he took the vehicle to an auto-repair shop to get
an estimate on the cost of fixing the spring. The estimate at issue shows that
the spring was located on the front of the vehicle, nowhere near the other
claimed damage on the rear bumper. It also detailed other related damage,
none of which Vukadinovich attributed to the accident.
[10] Lolkema argues that the trial court acted within its discretion in admitting the
estimate because it rebutted Vukadinovich’s assertion that the damage to the
spring was caused by the accident. “Rebuttal evidence is that which tends to
explain, contradict, or disprove an adversary’s evidence.” White v. White, 655
N.E.2d 523, 529 (Ind. Ct. App. 1995). “The scope of rebuttal and the order of
evidence are matters left to the discretion of the trial court.” Reed v. Bethel, 2
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N.E.3d 98, 111 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014). We agree with Lolkema that the estimate
was relevant as it rebutted Vukadinovich’s testimony. The trial court, therefore,
did not abuse its discretion in admitting the estimate at trial.5
2. Excluded Evidence
i. The Indiana Driver’s Manual
[11] Vukadinovich argues that the trial court abused its discretion in excluding his
copy of the Indiana Driver’s Manual from evidence. He claims that it was
relevant to his claim for damages in that it warns against distracted driving;
gives tips for avoiding accidents, including avoiding following too closely
behind another vehicle; and provides that if an individual is involved in an
accident, the individual should call for help before moving the vehicle.
Evidence Rule 401 provides that evidence is relevant if “(a) it has any tendency
to make a fact more or less probable than it would be without the evidence; and
(b) the fact is of consequence in determining the action.” The incident occurred
when Lolkema rear-ended Vukadinovich’s vehicle while he was stopped at a
stop light. While Vukadinovich asserted that he believed Lolkema was
following too closely, he indicated that he believed that she had been doing so
“miles back.” Tr. Vol. II p. 200. Further, Vukadinovich does not allege that
Lolkema moved or drove her vehicle before being told it was appropriate to do
5
To the extent that Vukadinovich argues on appeal that Lolkema failed to provide a sufficient foundation
for the estimate, Vukadinovich did not object on this ground at trial and has therefore waived the claim on
appeal. See Malone v. State, 700 N.E.2d 780, 784 (Ind. 1998) (providing that a party waives appellate review if
the party objects on one ground at trial and seek reversal on appeal using a different ground).
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so by the responding officer. Vukadinovich fails to explain how the portions of
the Indiana Driver’s Manual that he cites are relevant to his claim that he was
injured when his vehicle was rear-ended at the stoplight by the vehicle being
driven by Lolkema. The trial court, therefore, did not abuse its discretion in
excluding Vukadinovich’s copy of the Indiana Driver’s Manual from evidence.
ii. After-Visit Summary
[12] Vukadinovich also claims that the trial court abused its discretion in excluding
an after-visit summary (“the AVS”) that was given to him after he visited the
emergency room following the accident. Lolkema objected to the AVS on the
foundational grounds. The trial court sustained Lolkema’s objection but
allowed Vukadinovich to testify about his condition following the accident and
his treatment in the emergency room. Vukadinovich asserts that the AVS
should have been admitted because it was a medical record. While medical
records may be admissible when a proper foundation is made, Vukadinovich
failed to provide a proper foundation for the AVS or establish that it qualified as
a medical record. Given the complete lack of foundation offered by
Vukadinovich, we cannot say that the trial court abused its discretion in this
regard.
iii. Payment Demands by Bill Collectors
[13] Vukadinovich also claims that the trial court abused its discretion in excluding
“evidence of payment demands from bill collectors for medical billings that
were sent to Vukadinovich several times over that would have demonstrated to
the jury Vukadinovich’s emotional and mental distress from having to deal with
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the constant demands for payment.” Appellant’s Br. p. 27. Review of the
record reveals that the trial court admitted numerous bills and collection
demands from alleged bill collectors. The trial court merely excluded a few
duplicative offerings. Given that the excluded documents were duplicates of
other admitted documents, the exclusion of these documents was, at most,
harmless error. See Spaulding v. Harris, 914 N.E.2d 820, 830 (Ind. Ct. App.
2009) (providing that the where the excluded evidence is merely cumulative of
other evidence, its exclusion is harmless error). As such, we cannot say that the
trial court abused its discretion in this regard.
iv. Cross-Examination on Categorization of Brake Failure
[14] Prior to trial, Lolkema’s counsel filed an affidavit with the trial court stating
that Webb’s insurance company had agreed that if the default were vacated, it
would waive its reservations of right for notice and cooperation and coverage
would apply. In this affidavit, counsel categorized the brake failure that
resulted in Lolkema’s failure to stop as “catastrophic.” Appellant’s App. Vol. II
p. 189. While testifying, Lolkema categorized the brake issue as a “hiccup”
rather than a “catastrophic” failure. Tr. Vol. III p. 131. Vukadinovich
attempted to cross-examine Lolkema about why her categorization differed
from her counsel’s prior categorization after she indicated that she would not
categorize the brake failure as “catastrophic.” Lolkema objected, arguing that
any attack on her counsel, including an allegation that counsel was being
untruthful when he made the prior characterization, was covered by a motion
in liminie. The trial court reviewed the applicable motion in liminie, agreed,
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and sustained Lolkema’s objection. Vukadinovich argues that the trial court
abused its discretion by not allowing him to cross-examine Lolkema on the
inconsistency between her counsel’s categorization of the failure and her
testimony. Vukadinovich, however, has failed to establish that Lolkema could
have provided any further insight to the characterization used by her counsel at
a prior stage of the trial or that the use of different characterizations impacted
his substantial rights in any way.
[15] Regardless of how the failure was characterized, there was evidence of brake
failure presented at trial. Lolkema argues that “the choice of adjectives, which
appears to be Vukadinovich’s main source of discontent, has no probative
value” as the evidence clearly demonstrates that brake failure occurred.
Appellee’s Br. p. 21. We agree. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in
this regard.
v. Cross-Examination Regarding Contributory Fault
[16] At trial, Vukadinovich attempted to cross-examine Lolkema regarding her
counsel’s contentions that she would assert contributory fault as an affirmative
defense at trial. In doing so, the following exchange occurred:
MR. VUKADINOVICH: Okay, now your lawyer, your lawyer,
now your lawyer said, when he asked you, well, why didn’t, why
did you wait for [sic] you hired me and then, and then your
lawyer said, because we conducted discovery and therefore, we
got information that, that Donald Webb is somehow at fault
here, so what information is that, [Lolkema]?
MR. SWOPE: Objection, that’s privileged.
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MR. VUKADINOVICH: No, it’s not privileged.
MR. SWOPE: Unless I get to put him on the stand and tell
everything about why I did that and I will, I will make an offer of
proof right now as to everything I know.
THE COURT: Well, we don’t have to get there, because you
don’t have to -- she does not have to disclose what she and her
lawyer, uh, discussed or information that she obtained from her
attorney as potential work product or anything else.
MR. VUKADINOVICH: I fully understand that.
THE COURT: Okay, what, what’s the nature of your question?
MR. VUKADINOVICH: Well, we’re certainly entitled to, to
the proof that since they’re going to maintain and have
maintained that, that they assert that it was Webb’s fault here
after they did discovery. I’m asking, I’m not asking about any
discussions between her and her lawyer, I’m asking what that
discovery was? What’s the evidence? What evidence is there
that it was Webb’s fault, because he said that that’s the reason
they put Webb on their defense.
THE COURT: Well, there’s a police report that says, that she
said it in her own testimony as well as to the police at the day
that the, the brakes failed.
MR. VUKADINOVICH: But the, but the police stepped up and
the police didn’t say this.
MR. SWOPE: Can I ask you a question? Can we, appro -- this is
the problem.
MR. VUKADINOVICH: But did the police --
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THE COURT: Hold on a second.
MR. VUKADINOVICH: -- the police report doesn’t say that
Donald Webb was at fault in this accident?
THE COURT: No.
MR. VUKADINOVICH: She says that.
THE COURT: It’s up to -- it’s up to the Jury to decide what
percentage to apportion to the Defendants. End of story. Move
on.
Tr. Vol. III pp. 201–02. This exchange demonstrates that Vukadinovich was
attempting to question Lolkema about privileged work product, i.e., documents
that counsel relied on to craft trial strategy.
[17] Indiana Trial Rule 26(B)(3) defines the work-product privilege. It
provides that a party may obtain discovery of documents and
tangible things otherwise discoverable and prepared in
anticipation of litigation or for trial by or for another party or by
or for that other party’s representative only upon a showing that
the party seeking discovery: 1) has a substantial need for the
materials in the preparation of his case; and 2) is unable without
undue hardship to obtain the substantial equivalent of the
materials by other means.
Brown v. Katz, 868 N.E.2d 1159, 1166 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007). Vukadinovich
indicated that he wished to know what evidence Lolkema’s counsel relied on in
raising an affirmative defense of contributory fault. Vukadinovich, however,
has failed to show that he had a substantial need for any of the requested
information or that he could not otherwise obtain the materials. As the trial
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court pointed out, the evidence of brake failure, which Lolkema’s counsel relied
upon in arguing contributory fault, was known to all parties at all stages of this
case, beginning with Lolkema’s claim of brake failure in the police report. The
trial court did not abuse its discretion in sustaining Lolkema’s objection to this
line of questioning.
C. Jury Instructions
[18] Vukadinovich takes issue with the manner in which the trial court instructed the
jury, referring to it as an “injudicious train wreck.” Appellant’s Br. p. 33.
The manner of instructing a jury is left to the trial court’s
discretion. Kimbrough v. Anderson, 55 N.E.3d 325, 339 (Ind. Ct.
App. 2016), trans. denied. We consider whether: (1) the
instruction correctly states the law; (2) the record contains
evidence to support the instruction; and (3) the substance of the
tendered instruction is covered by the other instructions that are
given. Id. An instruction is properly rejected if it could mislead
or confuse the jury. Miller v. Ryan, 706 N.E.2d 244, 248 (Ind. Ct.
App. 1999), trans. denied.
To determine whether sufficient evidence exists to support an
instruction given by the trial court, we look only at the evidence
most favorable to the appellee and any reasonable inferences to
be drawn therefrom. Foddrill v. Crane, 894 N.E.2d 1070, 1078
(Ind. Ct. App. 2008), trans. denied. When a jury is given an
incorrect instruction, we will not reverse the judgment unless the
party seeking a new trial shows a reasonable probability that its
substantial rights were adversely affected. Kimbrough, 55 N.E.3d
at 339.
Burdick v. Romano, 148 N.E.3d 335, 340 (Ind. Ct. App. 2020).
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1. Attack on the Trial Court’s Competence
[19] Vukadinovich first argues that the trial court “woefully failed” to perform its
duties competently. Appellant’s Br. p. 34. In raising this argument,
Vukadinovich makes a series of inflammatory and personal attacks on the trial
court. Lolkema asserts that the tenor of Vukadinovich’s argument mirrors his
behavior at trial where his “shouting, interruptions, [and] attacks on everyone
in the court room who disagreed with him” caused him difficulty and apparent
confusion. Appellee’s Br. p. 23. Without commenting on the tenor of
Vukadinovich’s argument on appeal, we conclude that Vukadinovich has failed
to provide any proof that the trial court did not perform its duties competently
or that the alleged incompetence adversely affected his substantial rights.
2. Proposed Instruction #2
[20] Vukadinovich argues that the trial court abused its discretion in refusing to give
his proposed jury instruction #2, which reads as follows:
At all relevant times when the events in this case happened, there
were in full force and effect Indiana statutes that provided in part
as follows:
Ind. Code Sec. 9 21 5 1.
A person may not drive a vehicle on a highway at a speed greater
than is reasonable and prudent under the conditions, having
regard to the actual and potential hazards then existing. Speed
shall be restricted as necessary to avoid colliding with a person,
vehicle, or other conveyance on, near, or entering a highway in
compliance with legal requirements and with the duty of all
persons to use due care.
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I.C. Sec. 9 21 5 4
The driver of each vehicle shall, consistent with section l [IC 9 21
5 1] of this chapter, drive at an appropriate reduced speed as
follows:
…
(1) When approaching and crossing an intersection or railway
grade crossing.
Indiana Code Title 9. Motor Vehicles Sec. 9-21-8-l4
A person who drives a motor vehicle may not follow another
vehicle more closely than is reasonable and prudent, having due
regard for the speed of both vehicles, the time interval between
vehicles, and the condition of the highway.
If you decide from the greater weight of the evidence that Kallie
N. Lolkema violated any of these Indiana Codes, and that the
violation was not excused, then you must decide that Defendant
Kallie N. Lolkema was negligent.
Appellant’s App. Vol. III p. 73 (brackets in original).
[21] In arguing that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by refusing to give
Vukadinovich’s tendered instruction, Lolkema stated the following:
The accident did not occur while Lolkema was allegedly
following too closely or speeding — it occurred miles later while
Vukadinovich was stopped at a stoplight and Lolkema rolled into
him at 2-3 mph.
Further, Vukadinovich testified that he did not know what
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Lolkema’s speed was before the accident. This evidence,
combined with Lolkema’s testimony that “I was [also] coming to
a gradual stop… [going] two to three miles an hour” that the
brakes “hiccupped as I was trying to gradually stop” and the cars
met with an impact that caused “an indentation on the bumper”
that Vukadinovich himself “pushed out” do not support a jury
instruction for following too closely or speeding. As there existed
no evidence that Lolkema was following too closely or speeding
at the time of the occurrence, there was no legal or factual basis
to give the instruction.
Appellee’s Br. p. 24 (internal record cites omitted). We agree with Lolkema
and accordingly conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by
refusing to give Vukadinovich’s proposed instruction.
3. Proposed Instruction #6
[22] Vukadinovich also argues that the trial court abused its discretion by giving
final instruction #15 rather than his proposed instruction #6. Proposed
instruction #6 reads: “An injury is ‘foreseeable’ when a person should realize
that her act or failure to act might cause that injury.” Appellant’s App. Vol. III
p. 74. Final instruction #15 reads: “An injury and/or Property damage are
‘foreseeable’ when a person should realize that his or her act or failure to act
might cause that injury and/or property damage.” Appellant’s App. Vol. II p.
55. Because the substance of Vukadinovich’s proposed instruction was
included in and covered by final instruction #15, we conclude that the trial
court did not abuse its discretion in this regard. See Smith v. State, 981 N.E.2d
1262, 1269 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013) (providing that the trial court did not abuse its
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discretion in refusing to use a tendered instruction because the substance of the
instruction was covered by other instructions given by the court).
4. Proposed Instruction #8
[23] Vukadinovich argues that the trial court abused its discretion by failing to give
his proposed jury instruction #8, which reads:
The law recognizes two kinds of damages when a person is
harmed due to negligence. The first are “special damages” for
the economic losses suffered by plaintiff as a result of defendant’s
negligence, such as wage loss and medical expenses. The second
are “general damages” for the human loss resulting from
defendant’s negligence such as pain, disability, suffering or
disfigurement. Your verdict should include money for both the
economic or “special damages” and the human loss or “general
damages” proven by the greater weight of the evidence to have
resulted from defendant’s negligence.
Appellant’s App. Vol. III p. 75.
[24] While the trial court did not give the proposed instruction, it did instruct the
jury at length as to damages and what damages were recoverable, if proven, by
Vukadinovich. Specifically, final instruction #23A, which was read to the jury,
covered the types of damages available, instructing the jury as follows:
If you decide from the greater weight of the evidence that a
Defendant is liable to the Plaintiff, then you must decide the
amount of money that will fairly compensate the Plaintiff.
In deciding the amount of money you will award, you may
consider the nature and extent of the injury and the effect of the
injury on the Plaintiff’s ability to function as a whole person;
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Two, the physical pain and mental suffering of the Plaintiff as a
result of the, of his injuries;
And three, the reasonable value of necessary medical care,
treatment, and medic -- and services Plaintiff was provided as a
result of the injury.
Tr. Vol. IV pp. 90–91. The instructions given covered the substance of the
proposed instruction. As such, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its
discretion by refusing to give the proposed instruction. See Smith, 981 N.E.2d at
1269.
5. Final Instruction #18
[25] Vukadinovich argues that the trial court abused its discretion in giving final
instruction #18, which reads as follows:
It is the duty of the court to give you instructions on all phases of
the case. Thus, the fact that the court gives you instructions on
damages is not to be taken by you as any intimation by the court
that the plaintiff is entitled to recover damages or that defendants
are liable for such damages. Moreover, the attorneys for the
defendants have the right to discuss damages in their closing
argument and such discussion is not to be taken by you as an
admission that the plaintiff is entitled to recover damages or that
the defendants are liable.
You are to consider the question of damages only if you have
decided that a defendant was negligent and that such negligence
was the cause of plaintiff’s damages.
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Appellant’s App. Vol. II p. 58. Vukadinovich challenges this instruction by
asserting that it “unfairly implied” that only Lolkema’s attorneys had the right
to argue damages during closing argument. Appellant’s Br. p. 38. While we do
not read the instruction as implying that only Lolkema’s attorneys could discuss
damages during closing argument, we conclude that even if one did read the
instruction in such a way, any error in giving the instruction was, at most,
harmless.
[26] The record reveals that Vukadinovich was permitted to, and in fact did, argue
damages during his closing argument. Vukadinovich has failed to prove that
there was a reasonable probability that his substantial rights were adversely
affected by the giving of this instruction. Any error in giving the instruction,
therefore, does not warrant reversal. See Burdick, 148 N.E.3d at 340.
6. Final Instruction #24/Verdict Form A
[27] Vukadinovich argues that the trial court abused its discretion in giving final
instruction #24 to the jury and by providing the jury with verdict form A. Final
instruction #24 reads as follows:
If Brian Vukadinovich is entitled to recover damages from Kallie
Lolkema, or Donald Webb, or both, and if so, the amount of
those damages, you must apportion the fault of Kallie Lolkema
and Donald Webb on a percentage basis. Do this as follows:
First, if Kallie Lolkema or Donald Webb are not at fault for
causing damages, return your verdict for Kallie Lolkema and
Donald Webb and against Brian Vukadinovich and deliberate no
further. (Use Verdict Form A)
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If Kallie Lolkema or Donald Webb are at fault for causing
damages, you must decide Kallie Lolkema’s, Kallie Lolkema or
Donald Webb and Donald Webb’s, percentages of fault that
caused the plaintiff’s damages. These percentages must total 100
percent. Do not apportion fault to any other person or entity.
(Use Verdict Form B)
If you decide that Brian Vukadinovich’s [sic] is entitled to recover
damages from Kallie Lolkema or Donald Webb, then:
(1) Decide the total amount of Brian
Vukadinovich’s damages, if any. Do not consider
fault when you decide this amount.
(2) Multiply the total damages by each
Defendants’ percentage of fault.
(3) Return your verdict for Brian Vukadinovich
and against each Defendant in the amount of the
product of that multiplication. (Use Verdict Form B).
I will give you verdict forms that will help guide you through this
process.
Appellant’s App. Vol. II p. 88. Verdict form A reads as follows:
VERDICT FORM A, FOR BOTH DEFENDANTS
We, the Jury, decide that the Defendants, Kallie Lolkema and
Donald Webb were not at fault for causing damages, and
therefore decide in favor of the Defendants, Kallie Lolkema and
Donald Webb and against the Plaintiff, Brian Vukadinovich.
Appellant’s App. Vol. II p. 89. Vukadinovich argues that the trial court abused
its discretion in providing the instruction and form A to the jury because it
“confusingly implied that the liability issue was ‘all or nothing.’” Appellant’s
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Br. p. 39. Vukadinovich fails to recognize, however, that the jury was
instructed to only use verdict form A if they found for the defendants. The trial
court also provided verdict form B to the jury, which reads as follows:
VERDICT FROM [sic] B, FOR THE PLAINTIFF
We, the Jury, assign the following percentage of fault:
Kallie Lolkema _______________%
Donald Webb _______________%
Total 100%
(The fault percentages listed in the blanks must total 100%)
We decide that the total amount of damages the Plaintiff, Brian
Vukadinovich, is entitled to recover, without considering the
fault percentages, is $_______________. (Enter this amount
below as Total Damages)
We therefore calculate the Plaintiff’s Verdict Amount as follows:
Total damages: $_______________
Kallie Lolkema’s percentage of fault ______________%
Plaintiff’s verdict against Kallie Lolkema $_____________
Total damages: $_______________
Donald Webb’s percentage of fault _____________%
Plaintiff’s verdict against Donald Webb $_______________
Appellant’s App. Vol. II p. 90. Again, the trial court instructed the jury to use
verdict form B if they found for Vukadinovich. When read together, we cannot
agree that the instruction and verdict forms imply that liability was “all or
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none.” The instruction clearly informs the jury that they could find for either
the defendants or Vukadinovich and instructs them as to which verdict form is
appropriate for each potential finding. Vukadinovich has failed to prove that
the trial court abused its discretion by giving final instruction #24 and the
verdict forms to the jury.
7. Final Instruction #2
[28] Vukadinovich also argues that the trial court abused its discretion by failing to
give final instruction 2, which reads as follows: “Do not base your verdict on
sympathy, bias or prejudice.” Appellant’s App. Vol. II p. 42. In its order
denying Vukadinovich’s motion to correct error, the trial court acknowledged
that it had inadvertently failed to give the instruction, noting:
The failure to give the missing instruction was inadvertent; but
the substance of said missing instruction was covered in multiple
other preliminary and final instructions which required the jury
to base their verdict soley [sic] on the evidence admitted and the
instructions as to the law. Any error was harmless.
Appellant’s App. Vol. II p. 36 n.1. After reviewing all of the trial court’s
instructions to the jury, we agree with the trial court that the substance of final
instruction #2 was covered by the other instructions as the jury was instructed
to base its verdict solely on the evidence. As such, the trial court’s inadvertent
failure to give final instruction #2 was harmless and did not affect
Vukadinovich’s substantial rights. See Smith, 981 N.E.2d at 1269.
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8. Final Reading
[29] Vukadinovich argues that the trial court abused its discretion by erroneously
reading the final jury instructions. In support of this argument, Vukadinovich
relies on the fact that the trial court noticed just prior to the reading of the final
instructions that final instruction #23A had inadvertently been left out of the
instructions that the trial court was going to read to the court. The record
reveals, however, that prior to instructing the jury, the trial court noticed that
final instruction #23A was not initially included in its set of instructions. The
trial court added final instruction #23A to its set of instructions and included it
in its final instructions to the jury. Vukadinovich has failed to show how the
trial court’s actions in this regard affected his substantial rights. We therefore
conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in this regard.
D. Jury Misconduct
[30] Vukadinovich alleged jury misconduct in his motion to correct error, arguing
that he learned of the alleged misconduct after a friend approached the jury
foreman after the conclusion of trial and spoke with him about the jury’s
verdict. With respect to post-trial testimony from a juror regarding the
workings of the jury, Indiana Evidence Rule 606(b)(1) provides as follows:
Prohibited Testimony or Other Evidence. During an inquiry into the
validity of a verdict or indictment, a juror may not testify about
any statement made or incident that occurred during the jury’s
deliberations; the effect of anything on that juror’s or another
juror’s vote; or any juror’s mental processes concerning the
verdict or indictment. The court may not receive a juror’s
affidavit or evidence of a juror’s statement on these matters.
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[31] In alleging jury misconduct, Vukadinovich does not rely on an affidavit from
any member of the jury. Instead, he relies on the affidavit of his friend, Carole
Wockner, who, following the conclusion of trial, questioned the jury foreman
about the jury’s verdict. Wockner averred that
Secondly, the jury foreman told me that the jury could not find
against Ms. Lolkema because she was ‘young,’ and that they
considered her attorney fees for her defense as punishment
enough. He also stated that insurance was considered by the jury
as sufficient means to compensate Mr. Vukadinovich; hence Ms.
Lolkema should not have to bear those costs.
Appellant’s App. Vol. II p. 156. For her part, Lolkema asserts that Wockner’s
affidavit, including the above-quoted portion, contained inadmissible hearsay.
[32] Hearsay is defined as “a statement that: (1) is not made by the declarant while
testifying at the trial or hearing; and (2) is offered in evidence to prove the truth
of the matter asserted.” Evid. R. 801(c). Wockner’s affidavit contained
statements attributed to a declarant, i.e., the jury foreman, that were allegedly
made after trial but were introduced in support of Vukadinovich’s motion to
correct error to prove the truth of the matter asserted. These statements were
hearsay. Hearsay statements are not sufficient to prove a claim alleged in a
motion to correct error. See Lemont v. State, 168 Ind. App. 486, 491, 344 N.E.2d
88, 91 (1976) (providing that an affidavit containing hearsay regarding a post-
trial out of court statement by a declarant is insufficient to support a motion to
correct error). As such, Wockner’s affidavit was not sufficient to support
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Vukadinovich’s claim of jury misconduct. Vukadinovich had failed to present
any admissible evidence supporting his claim of jury misconduct.
E. Sufficiency of the Evidence to Support Jury Verdict
[33] Vukadinovich also challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to support the
jury’s verdict. “‘Upon appellate review the standard by which the sufficiency of
the evidence is measured is that such evidence must have the fitness to induce
conviction; it must be adequate to support a conclusion in the mind of
reasonable persons.” West v. J. Greg Allen Builder, Inc., 92 N.E.3d 634, 643 (Ind.
Ct. App. 2017) (quoting Beaman v. Hedrick, 146 Ind. App. 404, 405, 255 N.E.2d
828, 829 (1970)). “We neither reweigh the evidence nor assess the credibility of
witnesses, but consider only the evidence most favorable to the judgment.”
Fowler v. Perry, 830 N.E.2d 97, 102 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005). Further,
[w]e define the clearly erroneous standard based upon whether
the party is appealing a negative judgment or an adverse
judgment. Garling v. Ind. Dep’t Of Natural Res., 766 N.E.2d 409,
411 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002), trans. denied. Where, as here, the party
who had the burden of proof at trial appeals, he appeals from a
negative judgment and will prevail only if he establishes that the
judgment is contrary to law. Todd Heller, Inc. v. Ind. Dep’t of
Transp., 819 N.E.2d 140, 146 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004), reh’g denied,
trans. denied. A judgment is contrary to law when the evidence is
without conflict and all reasonable inferences to be drawn from
the evidence lead to only one conclusion, but the trial court
reached a different conclusion. Id.
Id.
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[34] Vukadinovich appeals from a negative judgment, i.e., the denial of his motion
to correct error. He argues that the evidence clearly established Lolkema’s fault
and liability. While this may be true, Vukadinovich fails to point to any
evidence, other than his own self-serving testimony, establishing that he
suffered any damages as a result of the accident. In denying Vukadinovich’s
post-trial challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence to support the jury’s
verdict, the trial court found
Pure and simple, [Vukadinovich] failed to meet his burden of
proof. The jury was well within its charge to find that
[Vukadinovich] failed to present any credible evidence that he
was either injured or that the medical bills were related to the
accident. [Vukadinovich] failed to call any medical expert or
treating physician(s) and thus relied upon his own credibility, or
lack thereof, to support his claims.
Appellant’s App. Vol. II p. 37. Based on our review of the record, we agree
with the trial court that the only evidence of Vukadinovich’s alleged injuries
was his own self-serving testimony.
[35] Vukadinovich introduced medical bills into evidence. However, he failed to
introduce any evidence connecting these medical bills to the accident apart
from his own self-serving testimony that the bills were connected to the
accident. The jury, acting as the trier-of-fact, was not required to believe
Vukadinovich’s testimony regarding his alleged injuries. See Thompson v. State,
804 N.E.2d 1146, 1149 (Ind. 2004) (“As a general rule, factfinders are not
required to believe a witness’s testimony even when it is uncontradicted.”);
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Kelsie v. State, 265 Ind. 363, 367, 354 N.E.2d 219, 222 (1976) (“It is the province
of the jury to determine the credibility of witnesses and to determine whether it
will believe all, none, or any part of a witness’s testimony[.]”); Buckland v. Reed,
629 N.E.2d 1241, 1245 (Ind. Ct. App. 1994) (“The mere fact that an injured
party is of the opinion that he or she is entitled to be more amply compensated
for injuries sustained does not support the proposition that the injured party is
entitled to greater damages as a matter of law.”). Vukadinovich failed to prove
that he was entitled to damages as a result of the accident.
F. Denial of Motion to Correct Error
[36] Vukadinovich last contends that the trial court abused its discretion in denying
his motion to correct error. “In general, we review a trial court’s ruling on a
motion to correct error for an abuse of discretion.” City of Indianapolis v. Hicks,
932 N.E.2d 227, 230 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010), trans. denied. However, to the extent
the issues raised are purely questions of law, our review is de novo. Id.
[37] In arguing that the trial court should have granted his motion to correct error,
Vukadinovich asserts that
Trial courts should not be in the business of protecting corrupt
insurance companies as [the trial court] did in protecting the
interests of [Webb’s insurance company], which has a
demonstrated history of corruption[6] … Courts should be in the
6
Nothing in the record even suggests that the trial court acted in a manner aimed at protecting Webb’s
insurance company and we are not swayed by Vukadinovich’s inflammatory and unsubstantiated allegation
that said insurance company has a “demonstrated history of corruption.”
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business of protecting and enforcing the fundamental rights of
litigants to have their day in court in an honest proceeding. A
trial where the judge makes inappropriate gestures while the
plaintiff is conducting voir dire is tantamount to making a
mockery of the proceedings and is not a fair trial. A trial where
the judge takes it upon himself to mysteriously remove final jury
instructions on the sly breeds contempt for the principles of
fundamental fairness to a fair trial to which Vukadinovich was
entitled to, but didn’t get.… Fundamental fairness dictates that
Vukadinovich receives a trial where the opposing counsel and
judge are not making gestures to the jury while he is addressing
the jury, and fundamental fairness dictates that Vukadinovich
receives a trial where the judge is not mysteriously removing jury
instructions. Because of the aforementioned events that took
place in Vukadinovich’s trial, justice was not administered as
there was no remedy effected by due course of law completely
and without denial. This Court should now administer justice in
this matter.
Appellant’s Br. pp. 53–54. Having concluded that Vukadinovich has failed to
prove that the trial court demonstrated bias or committed reversible error with
regard to the alleged gestures and did not abuse its discretion in instructing the
jury, we conclude that the trial court likewise did not abuse its discretion in
denying Vukadinovich’s motion to correct error on either of these grounds.
II. Cross-Appeal Issue
[38] On cross-appeal, Lolkema contends that the trial court erred in refusing her
request for attorney’s fees pursuant to Indiana Code section 34-50-1-6. Indiana
Code section 34-50-1-6(a) provides that
If:
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(1) a recipient does not accept a qualified settlement
offer; and
(2) the final judgment is less favorable to the recipient
than the terms of the qualified settlement offer;
the court shall award attorney’s fees, costs, and expenses to the
offeror upon the offeror’s motion.
(Emphasis added). An award of attorney’s fees awarded under this section
“may not total more than one thousand dollars ($1,000).” Ind. Code § 34-50-1-
6(b). A qualified settlement offer must:
(1) be in writing;
(2) be signed by the offeror or the offeror’s attorney of record;
(3) be designated on its face as a qualified settlement offer;
(4) be delivered to each recipient or recipient’s attorney of record:
(A) by registered or certified mail; or
(B) by any method that verifies the date of receipt;
(5) set forth the complete terms of the settlement proposed by the
offeror to the recipient in sufficient detail to allow the recipient to
decide whether to accept or reject it;
(6) include the name and address of the offeror and the offeror’s
attorney of record, if any; and
(7) expressly revoke all prior qualified settlement offers made by
the offeror to the recipient.
Ind. Code § 34-50-1-4.
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[39] The record reveals that Lolkema made a qualified settlement offer to
Vukadinovich on September 6, 2017. The offer, which was signed by
Lolkema’s counsel, mailed via certified mail and received by Vukadinovich,
read as follows:
Pursuant to IC 34-50-1, et seq. the Defendant hereby makes a
qualified settlement offer in the amount of $1.00 (one dollar) in
the above captioned case. All other offers of settlement are
hereby revoked. The settlement will resolve all claims and causes
of action.
Payment will be made within 60 days of acceptance. Your
acceptance must be in writing and received within 30 days of
service of this offer. After 30 days, the offer is hereby withdrawn
without further notice, and we will proceed to verdict.
Appellant’s App. Vol. II p. 105. It is undisputed that Vukadinovich rejected the
settlement offer and that the final judgment is less favorable to him than the
terms of the qualified settlement offer. However, Lolkema’s attorney’s address
is not clearly visible on the copies of the qualified settlement offer included in
the record. Lolkema’s counsel testified at the hearing on Vukadinovich’s
motion to correct error that the offer was sent on his firm’s letterhead but did
not testify that the letterhead contained his firm’s address.7 Because the record
lacks proof that the qualified settlement offer received by Vukadinovich
7
A subsequent qualified settlement offer was sent to Vukadinovich on May 15, 2019, which included
Lolkema’s counsel’s address. However, the record does not contain proof of receipt of this letter by
Vukadinovich.
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contained Lolkema’s counsel’s address as required by Indiana Code section 34-
50-1-4(6), we conclude that the trial court did not err in denying Lolkema’s
request for attorney’s fees.
[40] The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
May, J., and Brown, J., concur.
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