Aug 07 2013, 5:39 am
FOR PUBLICATION
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:
ANDREW M. SUMERFORD JAMES R. WILLIAMS
Meils Thompson Dietz & Berish SCOTT E. SHOCKLEY
Indianapolis, Indiana MATTHEW L. KELSEY
DeFur Voran LLP
Muncie, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
WESTMINSTER PRESBYTERIAN )
CHURCH OF MUNCIE, an Indiana )
Non-Profit Corporation, )
)
Appellant-Defendant, )
)
vs. ) No. 18A02-1210-CT-791
)
YONGHONG CHENG and )
HONGJUN NIU, Husband and Wife, )
as parents of )
MATTHEW CHENG, deceased, )
)
Appellees-Plaintiffs. )
)
INTERLOCUTORY APPEAL FROM THE DELAWARE CIRCUIT COURT
The Honorable John Feick, Judge
Cause No. 18C04-1003-CT-02
August 7, 2013
OPINION - FOR PUBLICATION
VAIDIK, Judge
Case Summary
After the death of their four-month-old son while under the care of a babysitter
recommended by a pastor at their church, Yonghong Cheng and Hongjun Niu (“June”)
(collectively, “the Chengs”) brought suit against Westminster Presbyterian Church
(“Westminster”) for wrongful death, invasion of privacy, and intentional infliction of
emotional distress. Westminster moved for summary judgment on all counts; the trial
court denied the motion in regards to the wrongful death and invasion of privacy claims,
but it granted the motion in regard to the intentional infliction of emotional distress claim.
Westminster appeals, and the Chengs cross-appeal.
Under a Webb v. Jarvis analysis, we find that there was no duty of care as a matter
of law in this case, when a pastor recommended a babysitter to a parishioner and the child
died while in the babysitter’s care. We also find that when the church issued a press
release about the death that included the family and child’s names, there was no invasion
of privacy because the church did not intrude upon the family’s physical seclusion or
profit off of the family’s name, and no intentional infliction of emotional distress because
the conduct did not rise to the level of outrageous. We therefore affirm in part, reverse in
part, and remand with instructions for the trial court to enter summary judgment in favor
of Westminster on all counts.
Facts and Procedural History
Westminster, located in Muncie, Indiana, has approximately 425 members. Dr.
Gary Cox is the Pastor, and Kristofer Holroyd is the Associate Pastor. There is also a
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Chinese Christian fellowship at Westminster that uses the facility, but it has its own
pastor, worship service, and fellowship time.
The Chengs began attending Westminster in 2005. They attended Westminster’s
regular Sunday services and June sang in the choir; they were not members of the
Chinese Christian fellowship. Their son, Matthew, was born in September 2009, and due
to their fears Matthew would contract the flu, Matthew and Yonghong would usually stay
home from services on Sundays.
Around January 1, 2010, June got a job with Love’s Tax Service and was expected
to start on January 4, resulting in a search for a babysitter for Matthew. June contacted
Joy Wegener, a woman she knew through Bible study at Westminster, and asked if she
would babysit. Wegener initially agreed, but she later changed her mind and called June
to decline. Wegener mentioned Tina Byrd as a possible alternative, telling June that Byrd
was also from Westminster. Wegener gave Byrd’s phone number to June, and June
called and left a message for her that day. However, June was still hoping that Wegener
would change her mind, so she went over to Wegener’s house to talk to her. Wegener
still declined; she then called another woman from Westminster who also declined. At
this point, according to June, Wegener called Holroyd and told him that “June is here
trying to find child care for Matthew.” Appellee’s App. p. 691. However, according to
Holroyd, Wegener told him that her “Chinese friend” was looking for someone to babysit
her baby and asked him if he knew anyone to recommend. Appellant’s App. p. 110.
Holroyd said “Tina is taking babies.” Id. at 122. Wegener then asked Holroyd if any
college students from Westminster could babysit, and Holroyd said he would send out an
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email to check. Holroyd testified he did not know that June was with Wegener at the
time of the call, and he did not mention that a baby had died while in Byrd’s care just two
months before. Id. at 110. Holroyd also did not think that he was making a
recommendation to anyone to use Byrd as a babysitter, nor did he consider the phone call
to be one seeking pastoral advice. Id. at 112-13.
Before June left Wegener’s house, Byrd called back and indicated that she could
babysit Matthew. Byrd asked June how old Matthew was and whether he was on
formula, and she told June that if she decided to hire her, Byrd would email her a list of
things to bring. Byrd also told June that she could start the next day, January 4. June did
not hire Byrd at this time; she discussed the matter with Yonghong and called Byrd later
to let her know that they were going to hire her. June said that they would be able to pay
Byrd $80 per week, and Byrd agreed to the amount. June did not do any other research
on Byrd, and Byrd gave June no more information.
About two months before, however, in mid-October 2009, Byrd started babysitting
the baby of another family from Westminster. On November 3, 2009, Byrd put him
down for a nap and the baby died. When the baby was discovered, he was unresponsive
in his crib, so Byrd and her daughter called 911 and Byrd performed CPR. The baby’s
death was ruled by the coroner to be “a case of Sudden Unexpected Infant Death
(SUID),” with the official manner of death being “undetermined.” Id. at 260. Byrd was
questioned by the police and the Indiana Department of Child Services, but she was never
charged. The baby’s death was well known within the Westminster community.
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After the baby’s death, Byrd did not think she would babysit again. However,
Byrd’s father had helped her financially after she got divorced, and he passed away
shortly after the baby’s death. Byrd’s ex-husband was also behind on child-support
payments, so Byrd returned to babysitting in order to start earning money again.
Byrd began babysitting Matthew on January 4, 2010. The first day, June took
Matthew to Byrd’s house, staying for thirty to forty minutes to feed him before going to
work. Around 12:30 or 1:00 p.m., Byrd called June, telling her she “couldn’t do it,” so
June called Yonghong to pick Matthew up from Byrd’s house. Id. at 132. Byrd said that
Matthew “kept on crying” and that she could not handle it and did not want to babysit
anymore. Id. at 133. When Yonghong picked Matthew up, Byrd suggested that they try
bottle feeding him, and that when Matthew was ready, they could try having her babysit
him again. The Chengs worked on weaning Matthew off of breast feeding, and the next
week they dropped him back off at Byrd’s house without issue.
On January 19, 2010, June dropped Matthew off at Byrd’s house. At 2:15 that
afternoon, when Matthew was sleeping, Byrd left the house to pick up her daughter from
school and make another stop, leaving Matthew alone in the house. She had checked on
Matthew about ten minutes before she left, and he seemed to be asleep on his side. Id. at
142. Byrd’s nineteen-year-old daughter, Kassey, worked at a preschool about five
minutes from the house, and she was expected home soon after the school let out around
2:00 p.m. When Byrd returned home with her other daughter, Kataryna, Kassey was
already there. Kataryna went into the room where Matthew had been sleeping and found
him dead in the crib. Byrd started CPR and 911 was called. June was not notified about
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Matthew’s death until she came to Byrd’s house to pick him up and was met by Byrd’s
son who told her, “your baby died.” Appellee’s App. p. 696. Byrd was questioned by the
police and initially lied about her whereabouts that afternoon, as well as how she
positioned Matthew for his nap. As a result, Byrd pled guilty to obstruction of justice.
Dr. Cox first learned of Matthew’s death around 3:00 p.m. that day, and he and his
wife first went to the police station where Byrd was. They then went to the hospital
where the Chengs were, along with Holroyd and another Westminster member. Dr. Cox
believed that the Chengs were part of the Chinese Christian fellowship, but he did not see
anyone from the Chinese ministry there, so he advised the hospital chaplain that he was
their pastor and prayed for the Chengs. Id. at 350. While at the hospital, Dr. Cox
described June’s condition as: “In all my years of pastoral ministry, I have never seen
someone that visibly distraught, wailing . . . she was inconsolable at that time.” Id. at
349. Dr. Cox then drove the Chengs to their house and left at their request so that they
could grieve as a family. Dr. Cox also gave the Chengs his phone number, telling them
that he would call the next day, which he never did.
Later that night, Holroyd contacted Westminster’s media expert to craft a
proposed media statement. The next day, Dr. Cox circulated a draft to all the church
elders, and he later held a press conference, releasing the following statement to the
press:
Yesterday was a tragic and heartrendering day for the Westminster
Presbyterian Church family, and especially the Cheng family who lost their
infant son, Matthew. Our congregation knew this family through a Chinese
Christian fellowship that uses our facilities for their worship services. Tina
Byrd, Matthew’s babysitter and a member of our church, was asked by the
Chengs to care for Matthew in her home. This child care is not a ministry
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of Westminster Presbyterian Church, it is not a part of our outreach
endeavors, nor do we refer anyone to any child care ministries.
I was called to the home at 3:00 PM yesterday to provide pastoral support
and ministry to the Byrd family and then later, at Ball Memorial Hospital,
to the Cheng family. As you can imagine, both the parents and the
babysitter are devastated over the loss of Matthew, and our church family
grieves and is praying for all of those impacted by Matthew’s sudden and
unexpected death. In the days and weeks ahead our congregation will rally
around these families and their children to love them in the Lord and care
for them as much as possible. Thank you for your time.
Tr. p. 12-13. The accuracy of the facts in the statement was not checked by anyone else,
and Dr. Cox erroneously referred to the Chengs as members of Westminster’s Chinese
Christian fellowship.
An autopsy was performed on Matthew, and his cause of death was determined to
be “Sudden Unexplained Infant Death (SUID), cause undetermined.” Appellant’s App.
p. 150. The autopsy report also stated that “[r]isk factors identified for his death include
prematurity, prone sleeping position, and death under uncertain household
circumstances.” Id.
On March 15, the Chengs filed their wrongful death complaint against
Westminster and Byrd. Eight months later, they filed an amended complaint, adding a
count alleging intentional infliction of emotional distress. The parties attempted
mediation, but they were unsuccessful. Westminster then filed a motion for summary
judgment. The Chengs filed a memorandum in opposition, and Westminster moved to
strike the affidavits of three experts designated by the Chengs because they were
disclosed after the deadline for doing so. The trial court denied the motion to strike but
granted Westminster leave to depose the experts and raise the issue later. The Chengs
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filed a second amended complaint, adding Holroyd as a party defendant. Westminster
filed a reply brief and renewed its motion to strike the experts’ affidavits. Holroyd was
later dismissed as a defendant.
The trial court held a hearing on Westminster’s motion for summary judgment on
August 9, 2012. Two weeks later, it entered an order granting summary judgment for
Westminster on the Chengs’ claim of intentional infliction of emotional distress but
denying summary judgment in all other respects. The trial court also denied
Westminster’s motion to strike the Chengs’ experts’ affidavits. Westminster asked the
trial court to certify its order for interlocutory appeal, which the trial court did. This
Court accepted jurisdiction over the interlocutory appeal on November 14, 2012.
Discussion and Decision
When reviewing the entry or denial of summary judgment, our standard of review
is the same as that of the trial court: summary judgment is appropriate only where there
is no genuine issue of material fact and the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a
matter of law. Ind. Trial Rule 56(C); Dreaded, Inc. v. St. Paul Guardian Ins. Co., 904
N.E.2d 1267, 1269 (Ind. 2009). All facts established by the designated evidence, and all
reasonable inferences from them, are to be construed in favor of the nonmoving party.
Naugle v. Beech Grove City Sch., 864 N.E.2d 1058, 1062 (Ind. 2007).
Westminster contends that the trial court erred in denying its motion for summary
judgment in regards to the Chengs’ claims for wrongful death and invasion of privacy. It
also contends that the trial court erred by not striking the affidavits of the Chengs’ expert
witnesses. On cross-appeal, the Chengs contend that the trial court erred in granting
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summary judgment in favor of Westminster on their claim for intentional infliction of
emotional distress. We hold that the trial court did not err in granting Westminster’s
summary-judgment motion on the claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress,
but that the trial court did err in denying Westminster’s summary-judgment motion on the
claims for wrongful death and invasion of privacy. Since we find that summary
judgment is appropriate for Westminster on all counts, we need not address the issue
concerning the expert-witness affidavits.
I. Negligence
Westminster argues that the trial court erred in denying its motion for summary
judgment on the wrongful death claim because it did not owe a duty to the Chengs as a
matter of law.1 We agree.
Whether a duty exists is generally a question of law, Estate of Heck v. Stoffer, 786
N.E.2d 265, 268 (Ind. 2003), and in Webb v. Jarvis, 575 N.E.2d 992 (Ind. 1991), our
Supreme Court articulated a balancing test to determine whether a duty exists. In order to
impose a duty at common law, the court must balance (1) the relationship between the
parties, (2) the reasonable foreseeability of the harm to the person injured, and (3) public-
policy concerns. We hold that the trial court erred in denying Westminster’s motion for
summary judgment on the negligence claim, as a balancing of the Webb factors under
these circumstances shows that Westminster did not owe a duty of care to the Chengs as a
matter of law.
1
Westminster also argues that its actions were not the proximate cause of Matthew’s death
because the official cause of his death was Sudden Unexpected Infant Death. However, because we find
that Westminster owed no duty to the Chengs in this case, we need not address this argument.
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A. Relationship Between the Parties
It is clear that there was some relationship between the parties involved in this
case. Holroyd, an Associate Pastor at Westminster, provided Byrd’s name to the Chengs
through Wegener as a potential babysitter for Matthew. This interaction is sufficient to
create a relationship between the two parties.
The Chengs, however, contend that this created the pastor-parishioner
relationship—one that this Court has said creates a fiduciary/confidential relationship.
See, e.g., Leever v. Leever, 919 N.E.2d 118, 123 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009). Regardless of
whether Holroyd was aware that June was with Wegener during the phone conversation
in which he provided Byrd’s name as a potential babysitter, it is clear that there was no
special pastor-parishioner relationship created in this situation.
The fact that Holroyd was a pastor, standing alone, does not create a fiduciary
relationship between him and the Chengs. See J.A.W. v. Roberts, 627 N.E.2d 802, 810
(Ind. Ct. App. 1994) (“J.W. cites no authority in support of his position that status,
standing alone, creates a special relationship and our own research reveals no such
authority.”), abrogated on other grounds by Holt v. Quality Motor Sales, Inc., 776
N.E.2d 361 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002), trans. denied. “[W]hether a special relationship exists
is fact sensitive and dependent on the level of interaction or dependency between the
parties that surpasses what is common or usual.” Id. In J.A.W., for example, a child was
molested by his foster father and alleged, among other things, that three counselors and
clergy had a duty to report the molesting because of their special relationship with the
child. After first noting that status as a counselor or clergy alone did not automatically
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create a special relationship, we further evaluated the relationship between the adults and
the child. In addressing those relationships, a significant factor that was relevant in the
analysis was whether the counselor and clergy counseled the child specifically about the
molesting that he was enduring. Id. at 810-11. When the counselor or clergy merely
knew of the molesting or spoke generally to the child about the molesting, we did not
find those interactions sufficient to create a special relationship. Id. It was only where
the child sought confidential help from a clergy member specifically concerning the
molesting that we found that there was a question of fact as to whether that special
relationship was created. Id. at 811.
In this case, the relevant facts show that there was no special relationship created.
June received the information about Byrd through an intermediary, Wegener, rather than
directly and confidentially from Holroyd. There is also no showing that this advice from
Holroyd was special counseling that June was dependent on him for; rather this was
readily available public information that she could have received from any number of
people. The information sought was also general in nature, as Holroyd was asked if he
knew of anyone to recommend as a babysitter and not specifically about Byrd and her
qualifications as a babysitter. Finally, we note that the nature of the inquiry was personal
and not related to the church, as childcare was not a ministry of Westminster and its
pastors. Therefore, while there was a relationship between Holroyd acting on behalf of
Westminster and the Chengs, there is nothing to indicate that the level of interaction and
dependency between June and Holroyd was great enough to trigger a special pastor-
parishioner relationship that the Chengs contend gives rise to Westminster’s liability.
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B. Reasonable Foreseeability of the Harm
Under the Webb analysis, harm is foreseeable if “the person actually harmed was a
foreseeable victim and . . . the type of harm actually inflicted was reasonably
foreseeable.” 575 N.E.2d at 997. In this case, Matthew’s death, while tragic, was not
reasonably foreseeable.
Matthew died from “Sudden Unexplained Infant Death (SUID), cause
undetermined.” Appellant’s App. p. 150. While the autopsy provided risk factors for
Matthew’s death, the cause of death could not be definitively determined or explained.
With no answers as to how or why Matthew died, we cannot say that he was a
foreseeable victim or that his death was reasonably foreseeable. There was nothing about
Byrd’s house that the coroner was able to point to that caused Matthew’s death, so Byrd
babysitting Matthew did not foreseeably place him in danger of dying.
The Chengs also contend that Holroyd had a duty to warn them about the death of
the baby that happened two months before Matthew was placed under Byrd’s care.
While another baby had died while under Byrd’s care just a few months before Matthew,
the cause of that death was also ruled to be “a case of Sudden Unexpected Infant Death
(SUID),” with the official manner of death being “undetermined.” Id. at 260. By its very
name, the death therefore was unexpected, and the reason for the death was
undetermined. We cannot say that Westminster should have known that another baby
was likely to die from SUID while in Byrd’s care. Therefore, it would not be reasonable
to impose a duty on Holroyd to warn future parents that a child had previously died in
Byrd’s care from SUID.
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C. Public Policy Concerns
The public policy concerns at issue here are great. Society has an expectation that
liability will attach for certain actions, but not for mere recommendations that are freely
and frequently given as a part of daily life. Wegener called Holroyd and asked him if he
knew anyone to recommend for child care. In this situation, no one would expect that a
recommendation given by a church’s associate pastor would subject the church to
potential liability if the recommendation given results in any sort of harm. In order to
assume a duty, the defendant “must have specifically and deliberately undertaken the
duty.” Holtz v. Hilliard Lyons, Inc., 185 F.3d 732, 744 (7th Cir. 1999). That deliberation
is noticeably absent in a case such as this, where Holroyd was contacted and asked for
advice; Westminster did not deliberately set out to undertake the duty of insuring the
safety of a child under Byrd’s care. We therefore cannot say that it would be fair to place
such a burden on the recommender.
Indiana courts have failed to place this burden on employers who recommend
former employees to a new job, see Passmore v. Multi-Management Services, Inc., 810
N.E.2d 1022, 1028 (Ind. 2004) (“declaring employers liable for negligence in providing
employment references will lead universally to employer reluctance to provide any
information other than name, rank, and serial number”). Likewise, we will not impose a
duty on persons who merely make recommendations to others of service providers.
After analyzing the three Webb factors, we conclude that Westminster did not owe
a duty to the Chengs as a matter of law. We find that the trial court erred in denying
Westminster’s motion for summary judgment on the Chengs’ wrongful-death claim. We
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therefore reverse and remand with instructions that the trial court enter summary
judgment in favor of Westminster on the Chengs’ wrongful-death claim.
II. Invasion of Privacy Claims
Westminster also contends that the trial court erred by denying its motion for
summary judgment on the privacy claims brought by the Chengs. There are four sub-
torts under invasion of privacy: (1) false light; (2) public disclosure of private facts; (3)
intrusion upon seclusion; and (4) appropriation of likeness. Newman v. Jewish Cmty.
Center Ass’n of Indianapolis, 875 N.E.2d 729, 736 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007), trans. denied.
The Chengs abandon their claim of false light, Appellee’s Br. p. 38, and public disclosure
of private facts is not a recognized cause of action in Indiana. Doe v. Methodist Hosp.,
690 N.E.2d 681, 693 (Ind. 1997). Therefore, we need only address the Chengs’ claims
for intrusion upon seclusion and appropriation of likeness.
A. Intrusion Upon Seclusion
The Chengs allege that Westminster intruded upon their seclusion by issuing a
press release and holding a press conference concerning Matthew’s death. They claim
that these actions “interfered with [their] reasonable expectation and interest in solitude
and seclusion by publicizing . . . private affairs and concerns . . . .” Appellant’s App. p.
433-34. Westminster contends that the trial court erred in not granting summary
judgment in its favor on this claim. We agree.
Intrusion upon seclusion occurs when there is “an intrusion upon the plaintiff’s
physical solitude or seclusion as by invading his home or conducting an illegal search.”
Cullison v. Medley, 570 N.E.2d 27, 31 (Ind. 1991) (emphasis added). In order to rise to
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this level, “the intrusion must be something which would be offensive or objectionable to
a reasonable person.” Curry v. Whitaker, 943 N.E.2d 354, 358 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011).
Because this tort “requires intrusion into the plaintiff’s private ‘physical’ space,” id.(citing Creel v. I.C.E. & Associates, Inc., 771 N.E.2d 1276, 1280 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002),
reh’g denied), and in this case, there was no intrusion into the Chengs’ private physical
space such as their home, this tort has no application as a matter of law.
The Chengs argue, however, that this Court has previously found that intrusion
upon seclusion can apply to intrusion into emotional solace. See Newman, 875 N.E.2d at
736. However, in that case, this Court said that “[w]hile the tort arguably embraces
intrusion into emotional solace, [t]here have been no cases in Indiana in which a claim of
intrusion was proven without physical contact or invasion of the plaintiff’s physical space
such as the plaintiff’s home.” Id. (internal quotations and citations omitted). Like in
Newman, we decline to make such an extension of the intrusion into seclusion tort in this
case, and we therefore hold that the trial court erred in denying Westminster’s motion for
summary judgment on this count because there was no invasion of the Chengs’ physical
space.
B. Appropriation of Name or Likeness
An appropriation of name or likeness claim is available when an individual uses
the plaintiff’s name or likeness for his own benefit. The most common form of this tort is
when a plaintiff’s name or likeness is appropriated “to advertise the defendant’s business
or product, or for some other similar commercial purpose.” Restatement (Second) of
Torts, § 652C cmt. b (1977). In their complaint, the Chengs contend that Westminster
15
appropriated their name in the press release and during the press conference for its
benefit. Westminster, however, contends that the trial court erred by not granting
summary judgment in its favor on this claim because the use of the Chengs’ name in the
press release was both incidental and not done for a commercial purpose. We agree.
Indiana courts have rarely examined this invasion-of-privacy tort, but our Supreme
Court did address it in the case of Felsher v. University of Evansville, 755 N.E.2d 589(Ind. 2001). While this case found that the university was not entitled to privacy because
it was a corporation, in coming to this conclusion, our Supreme Court relied on the
Restatement (Second) of Torts, § 652.
Section C of Restatement (Second) of Torts, § 652 deals with appropriation of
name or likeness. How the cause of action is evaluated depends on whether the use of the
name was incidental or for the defendant’s benefit. Westminster contends that the use of
the Chengs’ name in the press release was incidental, while the Chengs argue that their
name was used for Westminster’s benefit in distancing itself from Matthew’s death. We
agree with Westminster, however, and find that the use of the Chengs’ name in the press
release was incidental. Their name was merely mentioned in the press release as part of a
story of public concern; it was not used in any way except to identify the parties that were
involved in the situation surrounding Matthew’s death.
Comment (d) concerns situations in which the use is incidental. It states in
relevant part:
No one has the right to object merely because his name or his appearance is
brought before the public, since neither is in any way a private matter and
both are open to public observation. It is only when the publicity is given
for the purpose of appropriating to the defendant’s benefit the commercial
16
or other values associated with the name or the likeness that the right of
privacy is invaded.
Restatement (Second) of Torts, § 652C (1977) (emphasis added). The Chengs therefore
have no right not to have their name used in the press release, since their name is not a
private matter. Despite the fact that the incident at issue was sensitive as it involved the
death of an infant, that does not change the fact that there is no privacy right in one’s
name such that it can be kept out of the public’s view. Therefore, there must have been
some sort of commercial value appropriated to Westminster as a result of its use of the
Chengs’ name for the Chengs’ claim under this cause of action to be viable.
We find that there was no commercial value appropriated to Westminster due to
its use of the Chengs’ name in the press release. The press release identified the parties
involved and explained the situation, and we fail to see how that use was intended to
create a commercial advantage from the use of the Chengs’ name. We therefore hold that
the trial court erred in denying Westminster’s summary-judgment motion on this count as
well because there has been no appropriation of name or likeness as a matter of law.
We reverse the trial court’s denial of Westminster’s summary-judgment motion on
the Chengs’ invasion-of-privacy claims, and we remand with instructions to grant
summary judgment in favor of Westminster on these claims.
IV. Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress
Finally, the Chengs contend that the trial court erred by granting Westminster’s
summary-judgment motion on their intentional infliction of emotional distress (IIED)
claim. We disagree.
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Our Supreme Court has defined the tort of IIED as “one who by extreme and
outrageous conduct intentionally or recklessly causes severe emotional distress to
another.” Cullison, 570 N.E.2d at 31. The elements of the tort are that the defendant: (1)
engages in extreme and outrageous conduct (2) which intentionally or recklessly (3)
causes (4) severe emotional distress to another. Id. The requirements to prove this tort
are “rigorous.” Id. Importantly, however, “[i]t is the intent to harm the plaintiff
emotionally which constitutes the basis for the tort of intentional infliction of emotional
distress.” Id. In Bradley v. Hall, we quoted the Restatement (Second) of Torts with
approval, which says:
The cases thus far decided have found liability only where the defendant’s
conduct has been extreme and outrageous. It has not been enough that the
defendant has acted with an intent which is tortious or even criminal, or that
he has intended to inflict emotional distress, or even that his conduct has
been characterized by “malice,” or by a degree of aggravation which would
entitle the plaintiff to punitive damages for another tort. Liability has been
found only where the conduct has been so outrageous in character, and so
extreme in degree, as to go beyond all possible bounds of decency, and to
be regarded as atrocious, and utterly intolerable in a civilized community.
Generally, the case is one in which the recitation of the facts to an average
member of the community would arouse his resentment against the actor,
and lead him to exclaim, “Outrageous!”
720 N.E.2d 747, 752-53 (Ind. Ct. App. 1999) (quoting Restatement (Second) of Torts §
46 cmt. d (1965)). IIED therefore is found where conduct exceeds all bounds typically
tolerated by a decent society and causes mental distress of a very serious kind. Lindsey v.
DeGroot, 898 N.E.2d 1251, 1264 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009).
In this case, the Chengs contend that Westminster’s actions of “deceiving the
public about circumstances related to the Plaintiffs and Matthew’s death, and then
18
abandoning them thereafter despite public proclamations to the contrary,” Appellee’s Br.
p. 42, rise to the level of “outrageous.” We cannot agree.
This Court has previously found that there has to be intent to cause emotional
harm to the plaintiff. Cullison, 570 N.E.2d at 31; see also Johnson ex rel. Ind. Dep’t of
Child Servs. v. Marion Cnty. Coroner’s Office, 971 N.E.2d 151, 162 (Ind. Ct. App.
2012), trans. denied. While the Chengs argue that Westminster’s actions were
intentional, there is no evidence to conclude that Westminster had any intent to
emotionally harm the Chengs. Dr. Cox came to the hospital on the day of Matthew’s
death to console and pray with the family. Appellant’s App. p. 349-50. While he said
that he would follow-up with the Chengs and he failed to do so, there is no evidence that
shows that this was done with the intent to harm the Chengs. This may have been
insensitive, but it does not rise to the outrageous level required to succeed on an IIED
claim. Compare Cullison, 570 N.E.2d at 27 (summary judgment dismissing IIED claim
appropriate when neighbor grabbed at his holstered gun and shook it at plaintiff during an
altercation), and York v. Frederick, 947 N.E.2d 969 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011) (summary
judgment dismissing IIED claim appropriate when funeral-home personnel forced the
plaintiff’s grandmother’s casket into the vault, resulting in damage to the casket and
moisture and dirt inside the casket), trans. denied, and Lachenman v. Stice, 838 N.E.2d
451 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005) (summary judgment dismissing IIED claim appropriate when
dog owners negligently permitted their dogs to fatally attack a neighbor’s dog), reh’g
denied, trans. denied, with Bradley, 720 N.E.2d at 747 (summary judgment dismissing
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IIED claim inappropriate when employer asked employee about her menopause and
asked if her husband was impotent due to his diabetes).
The Chengs argue that Westminster should be presumed to intend the natural and
probable consequences of its actions, and that a reasonable person would know that
Westminster’s actions would result in emotional harm to the Chengs. Again, we do not
see how this conduct rises to the extreme and outrageous level required to satisfy this
particular tort such that Westminster should have known that it was going to cause such
great emotional harm to the Chengs. We therefore find this argument to be without
merit, and we find that the trial court did not err in granting Westminster’s motion for
summary judgment on the Chengs’ IIED claim.
Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded with instructions.
KIRSCH, J., and PYLE, J., concur.
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