Robert Morris Endris v. Jennifer Lynn Endris

Pursuant to Ind.Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not
be regarded as precedent or cited
before any court except for the purpose Mar 25 2014, 6:13 am
of establishing the defense of res
judicata, collateral estoppel, or the law
of the case.
APPELLANT PRO SE: ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:
ROBERT M. ENDRIS THOMAS W. VANDER LUITGAREN
Akron, Ohio SHELLI S. ANDERSON
Van Valer Law Firm, LLP
Greenwood, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
ROBERT MORRIS ENDRIS, )
)
Appellant-Petitioner, )
)
vs. ) No. 41A01-1303-DR-130
)
JENNIFER LYNN ENDRIS, )
)
Appellee-Respondent. )
APPEAL FROM THE JOHNSON SUPERIOR COURT
The Honorable Cynthia S. Emkes, Judge
Cause No. 41D02-1102-DR-96
March 25, 2014
MEMORANDUM DECISION - NOT FOR PUBLICATION
BROWN, Judge
Robert Morris Endris (“Father”), pro se, appeals the trial court’s order related to
child support, parenting time, and contempt. Father raises four issues which we revise
and restate as:
I. Whether the trial court abused its discretion when it ordered that all
parenting time between Father and his daughter stop immediately
and ordered specific parenting time between Father and his other
children;
II. Whether the trial court erred in denying Father’s motion to modify
child support;
III. Whether the trial court erred in making certain findings of fact and
conclusions;
IV. Whether the trial court erred when it ordered paternal grandmother’s
visitation with the parties’ children; and
V. Whether the trial court abused its discretion when it found Father in
contempt of court.
Mother requests appellate attorney fees pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 66(E). We affirm
in part, reverse in part, and remand.1
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Jennifer Lynn Endris (“Mother”) and Father were married in 2002, and at some
point Father adopted Mother’s two children, J. and D. Mother and Father also had two
1
In the standard of review portion of his brief, Father states that he also appeals the trial court’s
order for Father to pay Mother’s attorney fees, but fails to discuss the issue further or present a cogent
argument. Consequently, this argument is waived. See, e.g., Loomis v. Ameritech Corp., 764 N.E.2d
658, 668 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002) (holding argument waived for failure to cite authority or provide cogent
argument), reh’g denied, trans. denied. Further, in his reply brief, Father “concedes this issue is moot
since he has fully paid the entire amount of arrears and attorney’s fees ordered . . . .” Appellant’s Reply
Brief at 10-11.
2
children, M. and E.2 In June 2010, Father quit his job at Fellon McCord that he had held
for less than a month.
On February 10, 2011, Father filed a verified petition for dissolution of marriage.
That same day, the parties agreed to the terms of a Divorce Decree Settlement
(“Settlement”). Father, an attorney, prepared the Settlement, which stated in part that he
would pay child support in the amount of $500 weekly or $2,000 monthly, whichever is
more. The Settlement also stated: “Payments shall begin February 2011, continuing
indefinitely even if a court orders a lower payment amount.” Appellant’s Appendix at
78. Father also agreed to Mother and the children relocating to Texas, to Mother
choosing the place of residence in the event of future moves, and to pay an annual
educational allowance of $1,750. Additionally, the Settlement states that Mother shall
consent to reasonable visitation upon request and cooperate with planning to effectuate
visitation. On April 11, 2011, the court entered a dissolution decree and approved the
Settlement.
In April 2011, Mother moved with the children to Texas, and Father helped with
the move, making two trips to Texas himself. Father also visited the children in Texas
twice and had regular communication with the children until April 2012.
On April 30, 2012, Father filed a Petition to Modify/Motion to Enforce Final
Decree. Father alleged that his employment was terminated due to no fault of his own, he
had no income, and he could not sustain the weekly support amount or the educational
allowance. The petition alleged that the parties were no longer able to decide between
2
At the time of the hearing in December 2012, M. was eight years old, J. was fifteen years old,
and D. was twelve years old. The parties do not point to and our review of the record does not reveal E.’s
age.
3
themselves what was reasonable visitation, and that it was “necessary for the Court to
issue a more specified Order, including long distance parenting time under the Indiana
Supreme Court Parenting Time Guidelines, video contact via the Internet, and frequent
phone contact.” Id. at 18. Father also requested “an Order modifying the children’s
physical custody if necessary to prevent [Mother] from eliminating/alienating the
children from his life.” Id.
On May 21, 2012, Father filed a Motion for Rule to Show Cause/Motion to
Enforce Final Decree alleging that Mother was not complying with the order of the court
in that she cut off all communication between him and his children, thereby denying him
“reasonable visitation.” Id. at 20. The court referred the matter to mediation, but the
mediation was unsuccessful.
On August 6, 2012, Mother filed a petition for contempt alleging that Father had
failed, neglected, and refused to pay child support as ordered by the court and was $9,958
in arrears as of July 27, 2012, and had not paid the April 2011 educational allowance of
$1,750. At some point, Father moved to Ohio, and, on October 22, 2012, became
employed there and began earning $108,000 annually.
On December 4, 2012, the court held a hearing. At the beginning of the hearing,
Mother’s counsel moved for an in camera interview of the children. The court discussed
the possibility of interviewing the children and told the parties not to tell the children
what to tell the court. Father objected to the in camera interview and argued that he was
“clamoring for the children to be either evaluated or interviewed” in early May of 2012
and stated that “now after all this time and watching their attitudes toward me, turn so
4
negative, so hundred and eighty degrees from where they were before, that’s what I’m
concerned about.” Transcript at 53. The court noted Father’s objection and then
explained how it would interview the children. Father withdrew his objection, and the
court granted the motion for an in camera interview.
Mother requested that Father’s parenting time be phased in pursuant to the Indiana
Parenting Time Guidelines. Father stated: “I’m not interested in having her held in
contempt, just to have access and parenting time going forward.” Transcript at 4.
On January 4, 2013, the court entered an order which denied Father’s motion to
modify child support, denied Father’s request to find Mother in contempt, granted in part
Father’s request that the court order specific parenting time, ordered that all parenting
time between Father and D. stop immediately, found that Father intentionally and
willfully disobeyed the court-ordered terms in the decree regarding the payment of child
support and educational expenses, found an arrearage, ordered Father to pay the arrearage
in full, and ordered Father to pay Mother’s attorney $2,000. Specifically, the order states
in part:
4. The Decree did not require the support or educational support
payments be paid through the Clerk of the Courts; therefore, such
vagueness has, in part, lead to the confusion over whether said
payments are current. The Court orders that all support and
support related payments commencing December 4, 2012 be
paid by Income Withholding Order through the Clerk of the
Johnson County Circuit and Superior Courts and through
Indiana State Central Collection Unit (ISCCU). The Court
issued an Income Withholding Order on December 4, 2012
ordering child support herein paid at the rate of Five Hundred
Dollars ($500.00) per week plus the educational support
payment at the rate of Thirty Three Dollars and Sixty-Five
Cents ($33.65) per week. The parties agreed that the educational
5
support payment be paid weekly as opposed to yearly as set forth in
the Decree.
5. Both parties agreed that the Court should interview the children in
chambers and off the record, and the Court granted Mother’s Motion
for In-Camera with all four (4) children. The Court interviewed the
children individually on December 11, 2012. The In-Camera
interviews lasted a total of approximately Ninety (90) minutes.
6. Regarding Father’s Motion to Modify Child Support, the Court finds
Father has not met his burden of proof and the Court now denies his
motion. The evidence at trial indicates that the parties negotiated the
child support amount based on numerous factors, not only Father’s
income at the time. Father’s reduced wages were short-lived and at
this time pursuant to the Indiana Child Support Obligation
Worksheet (ICSOW) attached hereto and incorporated herein, it is
recommended that Father pay Six Hundred Sixty-Nine Dollars
($669.00) per week support as opposed to the sum the parties agreed
to, which is over One Hundred Fifty Dollars ($150.00) less than
what he pays now without the educational supplement (which was
agreed in addition to regular support). Although Father asked the
Court to impute wages to Mother, the Court notes the same is not
based on the evidence, the law, or common sense. Mother home-
schools the children and it would be unreasonable to impute wages
to her at the same time. Considering Father provides all
transportation for parenting time, the amount he currently pays is
reasonable. There is insufficient evidence to support a reduction in
child support, even for the specific time period Father requests. Of
particular note is that Father voluntarily terminated his employment
which was the basis for his temporary reduction in income and his
resultant motion to reduce his support payments.
7. Regarding Father’s requests to find Mother in contempt for denying
him parenting time, and for alienating the children from him, to the
extent Father did not withdraw his motion at trial (which he did at
various times, but then testified in support of the same), the Court
finds Mother did not intentionally or willfully violate the parenting
time provisions of the Decree.
8. Regarding Father’s request that the Court order specific parenting
time, the Court finds since the parties cannot agree on the same, and
since Mother joins in said request and requests in addition that any
schedule be slowly implemented, the Court grants the same in part.
The Court now modifies the Decree and orders parenting time as
6
follows based on the evidence including the lengthy in-camera
interviews with the children:
a. Regarding [J.], the Court gives greater weight to his
wishes due to his age. The Court finds it is in [J.’s]
best interest that due to his wishes, his extensive
involvement in his church, sports, musical interests,
other interests, and with his friends it would be
unreasonable to Order extensive parenting time.
Further, [J.] does not desire to have regular webcam or
face-time chats with Father, in part based on his other
commitments. Therefore, the Court orders that Father
and [J.] have one Fifteen (15) or Twenty (20) minute
conversation by telephone each week on either
Wednesday or Thursday evening at a time agreed
between [J.] and Father. Further, [J.] shall travel to
Indiana to visit with his paternal grandparents at their
home while Father is present or not (at the discretion
of Father) for Seven (7) days each June or July as
agreed between the parties and for Seven (7) days each
November or December as agreed between the parents.
During said trips Father is granted an additional period
of Five (5) days with [J.] at his home in Ohio each
time. Father shall pay for the costs of all
transportation for said parenting time.
b. Regarding [M.] and [E.], it is in their best interests that
Father exercise the same parenting time with them as
with [J.], and in addition, after Father has exercised
two (2) years of the above parenting time, he is granted
Two (2) additional periods of Seven (7) days each of
parenting time as the parties agree with at least Sixty
(60) days advance time for the agreed parenting time
to take place. Said parenting time shall be exercised at
Father’s home in Ohio or at his parents’ home in
Indiana at his discretion. Father shall pay for the costs
of all transportation for said parenting time. Father
shall be allowed to contact the children Two (2) times
each week as agreed between the parties either by
phone, web cam, face-time or otherwise and said
contacts shall be for a period of approximately Thirty
(30) minutes total for both children. If Father desires
the contact to be by web cam or face-time, he shall
7
provide the computer or telephone for the same to
Mother at his cost.
c. In regard to [D.], the Court finds that if the Court does
not terminate her parenting time with Father her
emotional and physical well-being are in jeopardy.
The Court finds there is sufficient evidence after
interviewing [D.] and the other children that [D.] is
being severely affected emotionally, mentally, and
physically under the current parenting time conditions
and it is in her best interests that the Court Order all
parenting time on the phone, by internet, and in person
stop immediately. [D.] has experienced frequent
episodes of headaches, stomach aches, intestinal
illness, lack of sleep, loss of appetite, depression,
anxiety, fear, and distress before, during, and after
parenting time which are directly related to her
discomfort with parenting time.
d. When Father visits the area where Mother resides, if
he provides reasonable notice of the same, the parties
shall agree to a period of reasonable parenting time,
and failing to agree, the Court orders that Father shall
have parenting time with [J.], [M.] and [E.] for Three
(3) days and Three (3) nights as long as appropriate
accommodations can be made for said parenting time
at a nearby hotel and as long as the same does not
interfere with prior arranged events the children have.
9. Regarding Mother’s Motion for Contempt, the Court finds Father
intentionally and willfully disobeyed the Court ordered terms in the
Decree in regard to the payment of child support and educational
expenses. The Court recognizes Father’s reduced income during
several months; however, Father was gainfully employed during
several weeks that he failed to pay support in the agreed amount.
The Court is allowing Father a credit on child support for the
payments he made directly to Mother for her relocation or made on
her behalf for her relocation as the Court has the discretion as a
matter of law to do. The Court finds the arrearage as of December 4,
2012 on child support and educational expenses totaled Eight
Thousand Two Hundred Forty Eight Dollars ($8,248.00) for support
due since February 2011. The Court orders Father to pay said
support in full by paying the sum of One Thousand Dollars
8
($1,000.00) through the Clerk of the Court and ISCCU each month
commencing on March 1, 2013 until paid in full.
Appellant’s Appendix at 11-13.
On February 5, 2013, Father filed a Motion to Correct Errors/Motion for
Reconsideration. The court denied his motion without a hearing. On February 12, 2013,
Father filed a Motion for Expedited Rehearing and alleged that Mother informed him that
the children no longer resided in Texas and that she was moving to Arizona. The court
found Father’s motion moot because there was not a pending hearing to expedite and it
had denied Father’s motion to correct error.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
Before addressing the merits, we observe that we review a trial court’s denial of a
motion to correct error for an abuse of discretion, reversing only where the trial court’s
judgment is clearly against the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances before it or
where the trial court errs on a matter of law. Perkinson v. Perkinson, 989 N.E.2d 758,
761 (Ind. 2013).
When the trial court enters findings sua sponte, the specific findings will not be set
aside unless clearly erroneous. Id. A finding is clearly erroneous when there are no facts
or inferences drawn therefrom which support it. Id. We neither reweigh the evidence nor
judge the credibility of the witnesses. Id. We consider only the evidence and reasonable
inferences drawn therefrom that support the findings. Id. We review the trial court’s
legal conclusions de novo. Id.9
DISCUSSION
I.
The first issue is whether the trial court abused its discretion when it ordered that
all parenting time between Father and D. stop immediately and ordered specific parenting
time between Father and M. and E. With respect to D., Father contends that the
description of D.’s symptoms “was provided solely by minor children off the record with
no evidence that then-twelve year old [D.] has ever seen a medical provider for a single
one of these symptoms before, during, or after the in camera interview.” Appellant’s
Brief at 11. Father argues that if D.’s symptoms were “real symptoms and illnesses,”
then D. should have received treatment from a trained medical professional instead of the
court presuming that Father was the sole cause of the reported ailments and that his
complete removal from his daughter’s life was the remedy. Id.With respect to M. and E., Father argues that the court provided no link between
J.’s desire for involvement in extra-curricular activities and the best interests of M. and E.
Father asserts that the court did not provide any legal basis for allowing J.’s wishes for
reduced parenting time to dictate his siblings’ parenting time with Father or cite to
evidence or provide an explanation as to why limiting his parenting time with them was
in their best interest. Father contends that the extreme departure from the Parenting Time
Guidelines without a written explanation and without evidence in the record warrants
reversal. Specifically, he argues that “[i]nstead of the seven summer weeks plus one-half
of winter break and all of spring break described in the Guidelines (generally more than
10
nine weeks in total), the court restricted Father to just ten days parenting time in his home
annually for two years, and just twenty-four days annually thereafter.” Id. at 14.
Mother points to her testimony that the children did not want to communicate with
Father despite her encouraging them to have a relationship with him. She argues that
there is adequate evidence beyond the in camera interviews to support the trial court’s
parenting time order. She asserts that this situation involves a great distance, that the
children are homeschooled by her, and that she has de minimus employment while Father
has substantial income. In his reply brief, Father points out that it is unclear who
requested the termination or restriction because Mother requested only that his parenting
time be phased in. Father also argues that if the trial court’s order is allowed to stand,
then his first opportunity to present evidence against termination and restriction of his
parenting time will improperly begin with the burden on him to justify lifting termination
and restrictions.
The parties also disagree regarding whether the trial court phased in additional
visitation time for Father with respect to M. and E. Father argues that the phase-in
provision of the Parenting Time Guidelines is inapplicable to this case because his
contact has been frequent, regular, and extensive. Mother argues that the phase-in
request was reasonable and justified given that the children had seen Father only twice
for visitation in one and one-half years since the dissolution. Mother contends that the
court did not phase in any telephone conversation time and that it merely phased in in-
person parenting time by awarding Father an additional two weeks after a period of two
years.
11
When reviewing a trial court’s determination of parenting time issues, we will
grant latitude and deference to our trial courts, reversing only when the court abuses its
discretion. Tamasy v. Kovacs, 929 N.E.2d 820, 837 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010). No abuse of
discretion occurs if there is a rational basis supporting the trial court’s determination. Id.Therefore, on appeal it is not enough that the evidence might support some other
conclusion, but it must positively require the conclusion contended for by appellant
before there is a basis for reversal. Id. We will not reweigh the evidence or judge the
credibility of the witnesses. Id. In all parenting time issues, courts are required to give
foremost consideration to the best interest of the child. Id. “[T]he trial judge is in the
best position to judge the facts, to get a feel for the family dynamics, to get a sense of the
parents and their relationship with their children – the kind of qualities that appellate
courts would be in a difficult position to assess.” MacLafferty v. MacLafferty, 829
N.E.2d 938, 940 (Ind. 2005).
The landmark Supreme Court case of Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57, 120 S. Ct.
2054 (2000), did an extensive historical analysis of parental rights in this country.
Perkinson, 989 N.E.2d at 761. “The liberty interest at issue in this case – the interest of
parents in the care, custody, and control of their children – is perhaps the oldest of the
fundamental liberty interests recognized by this Court.” Troxel, 530 U.S. at 65, 120 S.
Ct. at 2060. “It is cardinal with us that the custody, care and nurture of the child reside
first in the parents, whose primary function and freedom include preparation for
obligations the state can neither supply nor hinder.” Prince v. Massachusetts, 321 U.S.
158, 166, 64 S. Ct. 438, 442 (1944). “The history and culture of Western civilization
12
reflect a strong tradition of parental concern for the nurture and upbringing of their
children. This primary role of the parents in the upbringing of their children is now
established beyond debate as an enduring American tradition.” Wisconsin v. Yoder, 406
U.S. 205, 232, 92 S. Ct. 1526, 1541-1542 (1972).
Ind. Code § 31-17-4-2 governs modification or denial of parenting time and
provides:
The court may modify an order granting or denying parenting time rights
whenever modification would serve the best interests of the child.
However, the court shall not restrict a parent’s parenting time rights unless
the court finds that the parenting time might endanger the child’s physical
health or significantly impair the child’s emotional development.
“Indiana recognizes that the right of a noncustodial parent to visit his or her
children is a ‘precious privilege.’” D.B. v. M.B.V., 913 N.E.2d 1271, 1274 (Ind. Ct.
App. 2009) (quoting Duncan v. Duncan, 843 N.E.2d 966, 969 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006), trans.
denied), reh’g denied. Thus, although a court may modify a parenting time order when
the modification would serve the best interests of the child or children, a parent’s
visitation rights shall not be restricted unless the court finds that the parenting time might
endanger the child’s physical health or significantly impair the child’s emotional
development. Id. Even though the statute uses the word “might,” this court has
previously interpreted the language to mean that a court may not restrict parenting time
unless that parenting time “would” endanger the child’s physical health or emotional
development. Id. (citing Stewart v. Stewart, 521 N.E.2d 956, 960 n.3 (Ind. Ct. App.
1988), reh’g denied, trans. denied). Generally, a party who seeks to restrict a parent’s
13
visitation rights bears the burden of presenting evidence justifying such a restriction. Id.
at 1275.
Ind. Code § 31-17-4-1 provides in part:
(b) The court may interview the child in chambers to assist the court in
determining the child’s perception of whether parenting time by the
noncustodial parent might endanger the child’s physical health or
significantly impair the child’s emotional development.
The provision for in-chambers interviews with minor children allows the judge to fulfill
his duty without placing the child in an adversarial position between battling parents.
Truden v. Jacquay, 480 N.E.2d 974, 978 (Ind. Ct. App. 1985). It is for the judge to
determine the weight and credibility to be accorded a child’s disclosures, and it is
obvious that this determination is facilitated by assurances to the child that his
conversations will be strictly confidential. Id. “[I]n cases where child custody is in issue,
and with the parties’ consent, confidential interviews between the court and the children
involved should be encouraged where the minors are of sufficient age and
understanding.” Blue v. Brooks, 261 Ind. 338, 342, 303 N.E.2d 269, 272 (1973). “Such
a procedure better enables the trial court to ascertain the best interests of the child,
because the constraints of open court with both parents and witnesses present are lifted.”
Id. “[A] modification may not be supported solely upon such an extrajudicial inquiry.”
Simons v. Simons, 566 N.E.2d 551, 556 (Ind. Ct. App. 1991); see also Truden, 480
N.E.2d at 979.
Mother cites Blue v. Brooks, 261 Ind. 338, 303 N.E.2d 269 (1973), for the
proposition that because Father agreed to the terms of an in camera interview of the
children, he cannot now challenge its outcome. In Blue, the appellant argued that the trial
14
court committed reversible error by not including in the record the results of its private
conversations with children in chambers. 261 Ind. at 342, 303 N.E.2d at 272. The
appellant did not attack the procedure employed by the trial court, but asserted that the
trial court based its judgment upon this extrajudicial inquiry. Id. The Court held that
“both parties consented to the private interview and, therefore, cannot now challenge its
outcome.” Id. However, the Court then went on to address the “critical issue” of
“whether the trial court based its judgment upon this confidential discussion with the
children,” and observed that “[a] judgment based upon extra judicial inquiry cannot
stand.” Id. The Court held:
As to appellant’s contention, we are persuaded that the better rule is
that so long as the trial court’s decision does not rest primarily upon the
results of a private interview, it is not error to exclude the results of said
interview from the record:
“Frequently these conferences are conducted with a promise
by the trial judge that the information is confidential, that the
child need not repeat that which has been said and the judge
will not repeat that which has been said. It is vital that this
confidence be observed.
“In this, one of the most difficult responsibilities of a trial
judge, the judge is privileged to consider the information so
secured in his final decision. The information given to the
trial judge during the in chambers conference may well be the
crucial and determining factor in the court’s decision. We do
not say that if the record is overwhelming in favor of one
decision that the in chambers conference alone will be
sufficient to sustain a contrary finding for that problem is not
before us. In this case, the reported evidence sustains the
decision and we must assume that the decision is fortified and
strengthened by the in chambers conference.”
Bailey v. Bailey, (1966), 3 Ariz. App. 138, 142, 412 P.2d 480, 484.
15
Id. at 342-343, 303 N.E.2d at 272. The Court concluded: “we have examined the record
in the case at bar hereinabove, and we have found substantial evidence on the record to
sustain the trial court’s judgment. Therefore, we find no error upon this issue.” Id. at
343, 303 N.E.2d at 272.
To the extent that Mother argues that there is adequate evidence beyond the in
camera interviews, we observe that Mother testified that, based upon her observation, the
children had not wanted to communicate with Father, that she had not attempted to
alienate the children from Father, and that she had not coached the children’s
communication with him. Mother also testified that Father participated in two moves to
Texas and visited Texas twice. On cross-examination, Mother did not agree that several
of the children frequently ask to call Father at various points through the week or that M.
frequently asks her if she could talk with Father or otherwise communicate with him.3
While Mother’s testimony may suggest that the children did not display an interest
in communicating with Father, we cannot say that such evidence constitutes evidence
independent of the in camera interviews that the parenting time would endanger the
children’s physical health or significantly impair the children’s emotional development.
Therefore, we are unable to affirm the trial court where the reasoning was based solely
upon the extrajudicial interviews. We conclude that the trial court abused its discretion
3
Mother also argues that Father “testified himself that he had received a text message from [D.]
after his visit in March 2012, which prompted him to file his Motion for Contempt in May, just three
weeks after his Petition to Modify/Motion to Enforce.” Appellee’s Brief at 25. Immediately prior to the
portion of the transcript cited by Mother, Father stated that D. sent him a text message telling him that she
loved him and missed him after his visit in March, and Mother objected on the basis of hearsay. The
court sustained the objection, Father then stated that it would go to his state of mind with respect to
feeling the need to file a motion for contempt, and the court stated “I won’t take the content of what was
said that you receive a text message, and based on that is why you acted the way you did.” Transcript at
45.
16
and the parenting time modification must be reversed. See McCauley v. McCauley, 678
N.E.2d 1290 (Ind. Ct. App. 1997) (holding that the trial court’s judgment may not rest
primarily upon the results of a private in camera interview and because there was no
evidence of record supporting the trial court’s decision terminating visitation, the ruling
was an abuse of discretion and must be reversed), trans. denied; Simmons, 566 N.E.2d at
556-557 (holding that a modification may not be supported solely upon an extrajudicial
inquiry, that the evidence supporting allegations was insufficient to support a
modification of the custody order, and reversing the trial court’s order).
With respect to M. and E., we find the Parenting Time Guidelines instructive.
“The Indiana Parenting Time Guidelines are based on the premise that it is usually in a
child’s best interest to have frequent, meaningful and continuing contact with each
parent.” Preamble to Ind. Parenting Time Guidelines. The purpose of the Guidelines “is
to provide a model which may be adjusted depending upon the unique needs and
circumstances of each family.” Id. Section III of the Parenting Time Guidelines
addresses parenting time when distance is a major factor and provides: “Where there is a
significant geographical distance between the parents, scheduling parenting time is fact
sensitive and requires consideration of many factors which include: employment
schedules, the costs and time of travel, the financial situation of each parent, the
frequency of the parenting time and others.” The Commentary to Section III states:
When distance is a major factor, the following parenting time
schedule may be helpful:
*****
17
(C) Child 5 Years of Age and Older. For a child 5 years of age and
older who attends a school with a traditional school calendar, seven
(7) weeks of the school summer vacation period and seven (7) days
of the school winter vacation plus the entire spring break, including
both weekends if applicable. Such parenting time, however, shall be
arranged so that the custodial parent shall have religious holidays, if
celebrated, in alternate years.
If the child attends a school with a year-round or balanced calendar,
the noncustodial parent’s parenting time should be adjusted so that the
noncustodial parent and child spend at least as much time together as they
would under a traditional school calendar.[4]
“There is a presumption that the Indiana Parenting Time Guidelines are applicable in all
cases governed by these guidelines.” Ind. Parenting Time Guidelines, Scope of
Application, § 2 (subsequently amended January 4, 2013 (effective March 1, 2013;
August 26, 2013)).5 Deviations from the Guidelines by the court “that result in parenting
time less than the minimum time set forth below must be accompanied by a written
explanation indicating why the deviation is necessary or appropriate in the case.” Id.
“The written explanation need not be as formal as Findings of Fact and Conclusions of
Law; however, it must state the reason(s) for the deviation.” Commentary to § 2
(subsequently amended January 4, 2013 (eff. March 1, 2013; August 26, 2013)).
The trial court ordered that M. and E. travel to Indiana for seven days each June or
July and seven days each November or December and Father is to have an additional five
4
As noted, the record does not reveal E.’s age. However, Mother does not challenge Father’s
application of subsection (C) which addresses children five years of age or older.
5
Subsection 1 of the “Scope of Application” provides that the Guidelines “are applicable to all
child custody situations, including paternity cases and cases involving joint legal custody where one
person has primary physical custody. However, they are not applicable to situations involving family
violence, substance abuse, risk of flight with a child, or any other circumstances the court reasonably
believes endanger the child’s physical health or safety, or significantly impair the child’s emotional
development.” (Subsequently amended January 4, 2013 (eff. March 1, 2013; August 26, 2013)).
18
days with them in Ohio during each trip.6 The court also ordered that “after Father has
exercised two (2) years of the above parenting time, he is granted Two (2) additional
periods of Seven (7) days each of parenting time as the parties agree with at least Sixty
(60) days advance time for the agreed parenting time to take place.” Appellant’s
Appendix at 12. The court also ordered that when Father visits the area where Mother
resides he shall have parenting time with M. and E. for three days and three nights as
long as appropriate accommodations can be made for the parenting time. Thus, the court
awarded Father an initial visitation with M. and E. of twenty-four days with additional
time if Father travels from Ohio to Texas and a total of thirty-eight days of parenting time
after two years with additional time if Father travels from Ohio to Texas. This constitutes
a deviation from the Parenting Time Guidelines of seven weeks of summer, seven days of
school winter vacation plus the entire spring break. While the court stated that it was in
M. and E.’s best interests to exercise the parenting time it awarded Father, we cannot say
that such a conclusory finding alone is sufficient to warrant the deviation. We remand to
the trial court to either enter an order pursuant to the Parenting Time Guidelines or enter
an order which provides an explanation for the deviation. See Haley v. Haley, 771
N.E.2d 743, 752 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002) (remanding a cause where the trial court provided
no explanation for its deviation from the Guidelines).
To the extent the parties disagree as to the phase-in period, we observe that the
Commentary to Section II of the Guidelines states:
Where there is a significant lack of contact between a parent and a child,
there may be no bond, or emotional connection, between the parent and the
6
We will later address more fully Father’s contention that the trial court erred by awarding him
visitation for only ten days (five days for each of the two trips) in Ohio where he now resides.
19
child. It is recommended that scheduled parenting time be “phased in” to
permit the parent and child to adjust to their situation. It may be necessary
for an evaluation of the current relationship (or lack thereof) between the
parent and the child in order to recommend a parenting time plan. A
guardian ad litem, a mental health professional, a representative from a
domestic relations counseling bureau or any other neutral evaluator may be
used for this task.
The record reveals that Father helped Mother on two occasions to move to Texas
in April 2011 and visited the children in Texas on two other occasions.7 Mother testified
that Father had a weekly phone call on Sundays with the children. Mother agreed that
Father had video web chats with the children that would last two or three hours and that
he had regular communication with the children until April 2012, which was the month
that Father filed his Petition to Modify/Motion to Enforce Final Decree. We cannot say
that prior to April 2012 there was a significant lack of contact between Father and the
children. Accordingly, we conclude that the phase-in period was improper.
II.
The next issue is whether the trial court erred in denying Father’s motion to
modify child support. “We place a ‘strong emphasis on trial court discretion in
determining child support obligations’ and regularly acknowledge ‘the principle that
7
The following exchange occurred during the direct examination of Mother:
Q And tell the Court, well how many times has [Father] saw the children since
April 11, 2011, other than helping you move out to Texas?
A There were two moves to Texas and two additional visits.
Q And when were they?
A They were Father’s Day, 2011, and Easter was, that was one of the moves, and
then March of this year. Father’s Day 2011, and March, 2012.
Transcript at 18.
20
child support modifications will not be set aside unless they are clearly erroneous.’” Lea
v. Lea, 691 N.E.2d 1214, 1217 (Ind. 1998) (quoting Stultz v. Stultz, 659 N.E.2d 125, 128
(Ind. 1995)). “Findings are clearly erroneous only when the record contains no facts to
support them either directly or by inference.” Quillen v. Quillen, 671 N.E.2d 98, 102
(Ind. 1996). A judgment is clearly erroneous if it relies on an incorrect legal standard.
Menard, Inc. v. Dage-MTI, Inc., 726 N.E.2d 1206, 1210 (Ind. 2000), reh’g denied. We
give due regard to the trial court’s ability to assess the credibility of witnesses. Id. While
we defer substantially to findings of fact, we do not do so to conclusions of law. Id. We
do not reweigh the evidence; rather we consider the evidence most favorable to the
judgment with all reasonable inferences drawn in favor of the judgment. Yoon v. Yoon,
711 N.E.2d 1265, 1268 (Ind. 1999).
Father argues that his voluntary termination of employment was not the basis for
his modification of support. He asserts that he testified that he left employment at Fellon
McCord on June 2, 2010, eight months before the dissolution petition, more than ten
months before the court issued its final decree, and nearly two years before Father filed
his petition to modify child support. Father also notes that he stated several times without
challenge that at the time he filed his petition to modify he had no income at all until
securing a part-time job in mid-May.
Mother contends that Father’s petition to modify child support seeks the very
action which Father agreed, and was ordered, to disregard, i.e., a court order lowering his
support obligation. The divorce decree settlement states that Father would pay child
support in the amount of $500 weekly or $2,000 monthly, whichever is more and that
21
“[p]ayments shall begin February 2011, continuing indefinitely even if a court orders a
lower payment amount.” Appellant’s Appendix at 78. Mother also argues that Father’s
claim of a change of circumstances goes against the clear language and intended
operation of the agreement and also fails factually. She maintains that even if Father did
not have any income from the time the petition was filed on April 30, 2012 until the
middle of the following month, the court properly found that the brief two-week period of
unemployment along with several months of part-time employment thereafter did not rise
to the level of substantial and continuing. Mother also points out that by the time of the
hearing, Father had been gainfully employed full time for several months. She notes that
Father offered no testimony or evidence specifying what employment his motion refers
to, when he lost the alleged employment, and why. She also argues that there was no
evidence that Father lost a job due to no fault of his own which changed his circumstance
between the entry of the decree and his motion.
Even assuming that the Settlement did not preclude Father from seeking a
modification of child support,8 we cannot say that Father has demonstrated a change in
circumstances so substantial and continuing as to make the terms unreasonable or that he
8
Courts have previously addressed this issue to some extent. See MacLafferty, 829 N.E.2d at
941 n.5 (observing that the Legislature seemed to be saying that if more than a year had passed since the
last modification and one parent’s income had changed so much that his or her obligation under the Child
Support Guidelines would change by 20%, a parent is entitled to modification, but that the result “might
well be affected by prior agreements of the parties”); Meehan v. Meehan, 425 N.E.2d 157, 160 (Ind.
1981) (“[T]he fact that a child support order has been entered pursuant to the terms of a settlement
agreement, even where, as here, it is intended as forever determinative by the parties, is of no
consequence to the question whether the order should subsequently be modified.”); Reinhart v. Reinhart,
938 N.E.2d 788, 793 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010) (holding that father was estopped to rely on that differential
under Ind. Code § 31-16-8-1(2) as the sole ground for modifying child support because father agreed to a
support amount in excess of the guideline amount, holding that father may petition to modify child
support if he could demonstrate a substantial and continuing change in circumstances so as to warrant
modification of his child support obligation, and noting that Meehan construed a prior version of the
modification statute, which did not provide for modification if the support amount differed by twenty per-
cent from the Guideline amount).
22
has been ordered to pay an amount in child support that differs by more than twenty
percent from the amount that would be ordered by applying the child support guidelines.
Ind. Code § 31-16-8-1 governs modification of child support orders and provides:
(a) Provisions of an order with respect to child support . . . may be
modified or revoked.
(b) Except as provided in section 2 of this chapter, modification may be
made only:
(1) upon a showing of changed circumstances so
substantial and continuing as to make the terms
unreasonable; or
(2) upon a showing that:
(A) a party has been ordered to pay an
amount in child support that differs by
more than twenty percent (20%) from the
amount that would be ordered by
applying the child support guidelines;
and
(B) the order requested to be modified or
revoked was issued at least twelve (12)
months before the petition requesting
modification was filed.
(c) Modification under this section is subject to IC 31-25-4-17(a)(6).
The record reveals that Father was earning approximately $1,500 a month at the
time that he entered into the Settlement in April 2011, that he filed his petition to modify
on April 30, 2012, and had a part-time job in mid-May. He testified that he received
some public defender appointments and very few private clients “through that period.”
Transcript at 4. By October 22, he was employed in Ohio with an income of $108,000.
23
Under the circumstances, we cannot say that Father has demonstrated a showing under
Ind. Code § 31-16-8-1.
III.
The next issue is whether the trial court erred in certain findings of fact and
conclusions. Father challenges the court’s findings regarding: (A) his income; and (B)
the reference to paternal grandparents.
A. Father’s Income
First, Father argues that the trial court overstated his weekly average gross income
by almost 70% and erroneously concluded that his annual salary was $180,000 instead of
$108,000. Father contends that this was not a harmless error because the court’s findings
requiring him to pay Mother’s attorney’s fees, his ability to pay all transportation for
parenting time in Indiana and Ohio, his ability to travel to visit his children where they
live, and the arrearage repayment schedule all were based upon an annual gross income
that was $72,000 more than he actually earns.
Mother concedes that from the transcript, it does appear that the court
misunderstood Father’s testimony as to his income, but argues that using the smaller
figure of $108,000 would not change the outcome and therefore would be harmless error.
She argues that if the Court had used the $2077 figure that Father contends is the correct
amount as his weekly gross income in its attachment to the Order, and the guidelines
would have provided for a recommended support obligation of $574 which is more than
the $500 Father agreed to pay in the Settlement. She concludes that given that Father is
financing the travel for all parenting time, “this could still be considered reasonable and
24
within the Court’s discretion based upon the parties’ prior agreement which would have
exceeded the guidelines when [Father] was making more money.” Appellee’s Brief at
31.
The Child Support Obligation Worksheet attached to the court’s order indicated
that Father’s weekly gross income was $3,462 which constitutes approximately $180,000
annually. At the hearing, Father testified that the annual salary from his new full-time
job was $108,000. Under the circumstances, we conclude that the use of a weekly gross
income of $3,462 for Father on the child support obligation worksheet which was
attached to the court’s order was clearly erroneous. Under the Guideline Schedules for
Weekly Support Payments, if Father earns $108,000 annually, Father would pay $574 per
week in child support. As argued by Mother, this amount is greater than the $500 agreed
to by Father in the Settlement. Nonetheless, given that the child support obligation
worksheet was attached to the trial court’s order, we remand for the trial court to correct
Father’s weekly gross income to reflect an annual salary of $108,000.
B. Paternal Grandparents
Father alleges that the court’s reference to the paternal grandparents is improper
because there was no reference to the children’s paternal grandfather anywhere in the
record due to the fact that he died in 1990. Mother argues that whether or not the
paternal grandfather is alive is irrelevant for purposes of the visitation order and a
harmless error on the trial court’s part. We conclude that the trial court erred in not
referring to only the paternal grandmother in its order.
25
IV.
The next issue is whether the trial court erred when it ordered the paternal
grandmother’s visitation with the parties’ children in her home for seven days twice each
year. Father argues that the court had no jurisdiction over the paternal grandmother
(“Grandmother”) as a non-party who had not received notice she would be subject to the
court’s order. Father contends that “[a]llowing this Order to stand would permit the court
to effectively place Grandmother on ‘house arrest’ twice each year while Father and
Mother schedule parenting time dates, without Grandmother ever having been brought
under the jurisdiction of the trial court.” Appellant’s Brief at 24. Father points out that
his motion to correct error affirmed that Grandmother had never been a primary caregiver
to the parties’ children and that almost all prior visitation with Grandmother had involved
Grandmother’s travel to where the children resided. Father also contends that the burden
of this requirement to split parenting time in Indiana and in Ohio in terms of both cost
and travel time are not in the children’s best interest.
Mother argues that the parenting time ordered to take place in Indiana was
supported by the record and points to her statements at the hearing that the children were
currently with their uncle in Franklin, Indiana, and Father’s statement at the hearing that
he was going to pick up the children and take them to his mother’s house and spend as
much time with them as he could. Mother argues that the record reflects that Father
indicated under oath and on the record to the judge that he did not intend to arrange for
childcare while he was at work, which is why the children would be visiting with him at
his mother’s house. Mother also argues that “[s]ince both parents had moved out of state
26
at the time of the hearing, this was a way for the court to fashion some of the father’s
visitation with his children ‘back home again in Indiana.’” Appellee’s Brief at 34. She
points to the following exchange:
[Father]: Right, in fact, I’m going to pick up the children and take them
to my mother’s house . . .
COURT: Okay.
[Father]: . . . and spend the weekend days, or as much, basically as
much time as I can get with them.
COURT: Okay.
[Father]: At this point starting a new job in a new town, I’m not willing
to try to find a, child care provider . . .
Transcript at 51.
The court ordered J. to travel to Indiana to visit with his paternal grandparents at
her home in Indiana “while Father is present or not (at the discretion of Father)” for seven
days each June or July and seven days each November or December. Appellant’s
Appendix at 12. The court also ordered that Father exercise the same parenting time with
M. and E. as with J. and that parenting time shall be exercised at Father’s home in Ohio
or at his parents’ home in Indiana at Father’s discretion.
To the extent that Mother relies upon Father’s testimony in the foregoing
exchange, we observe that immediately after that, the following exchange occurred:
COURT: Okay, so you’re talking about after this period of time that
you’re here when you’re, when they come and visit in Ohio
you want them to come to your house in Ohio?
[Father]: Yes, and I wanted them . . .
27
COURT: Okay, I was very confused with that issue, I just want to make
sure.
[Father]: Well, and I lived in . . .
COURT: I understand.
[Father]: . . . and I lived in my mother’s home, my childhood home
from the time that the house was foreclosed until . . .
COURT: That’s good, I was just real confused about where that stood
right now. . . .
Transcript at 51-52 (emphasis added). Based upon this exchange, we cannot say that
Father was suggesting that Grandmother have visitation with the children at her house in
Indiana instead of Father having visitation with the children in Ohio.
Moreover, we observe that dissolution proceedings must comply with the Indiana
Rules of Civil Procedure, see Ind. Code § 31-15-2-1, and that Ind. Trial Rule 4(A)
provides that “[t]he court acquires jurisdiction over a party or person who under these
rules commences or joins in the action, is served with summons or enters an appearance,
or who is subjected to the power of the court under any other law.” Further, Ind. Trial
Rule 24 governs the right or ability to intervene in a matter and sets forth a procedure for
doing so.9 The record shows that Grandmother was not a party to the dissolution
proceedings and had not intervened in the proceedings pursuant to the Indiana Rules of
Civil Procedure. The parties do not point to the record to show that Grandmother was
served with a summons. Accordingly, we reverse the trial court’s order that
Grandmother host the children. See Campbell v. Campbell, 993 N.E.2d 205, 212 (Ind.
9
Ind. Trial Rule 24(C) provides in part that “[a] person desiring to intervene shall serve a motion
to intervene upon the parties as provided in Rule 5” and that “[t]he motion shall state the grounds therefor
and set forth or include by reference the claim, defense or matter for which intervention is sought.”
28
Ct. App. 2013) (reversing the trial court’s order that paternal grandparents and maternal
grandmother participate in family therapy where grandparents were not parties to the
dissolution proceedings, had not intervened, and were not served with a summons), trans.
denied.
V.
The next issue is whether the trial court abused its discretion when it found Father
in contempt. To be held in contempt, a party must have willfully disobeyed a court order.
Hamilton v. Hamilton, 914 N.E.2d 747, 755 (Ind. 2009). The determination of whether a
party is in contempt is a matter left to the discretion of the trial court. Id. We will
reverse a trial court’s contempt findings only if there is no evidence or inferences drawn
therefrom to support them. Id.Father argues that there was no evidence that he had willfully or intentionally
remained unemployed or underemployed or that he had the financial ability to pay the
agreed amount. Father also argues that contempt was unnecessary as an enforcement tool
to coerce Father’s payment of his child support obligation. Father contends that he could
not be held in contempt for terminating his employment because this action was taken
eight months prior to the court’s jurisdiction over him. Father also challenges the court’s
finding that he was gainfully employed during several weeks that he failed to pay support
in the agreed amount and that the court implied that it understood he “terminated his
employment at Fellon-McCord on June 2, 2012, instead of 2010.” Appellant’s Brief at
22. Mother argues that Father failed to uphold his obligation to pay support and that the
court was justified and entitled to impose a contempt sanction on Father.
29
The court’s order states:
Regarding Mother’s Motion for Contempt, the Court finds Father
intentionally and willfully disobeyed the Court ordered terms in the Decree
in regard to the payment of child support and educational expenses. The
Court recognizes Father’s reduced income during several months; however,
Father was gainfully employed during several weeks that he failed to pay
support in the agreed amount. The Court is allowing Father a credit on
child support for the payments he made directly to Mother for her
relocation or made on her behalf for her relocation as the Court has the
discretion as a matter of law to do. The Court finds the arrearage as of
December 4, 2012 on child support and educational expenses totaled Eight
Thousand Two Hundred Forty Eight Dollars ($8,248.00) for support due
since February 2011. The Court orders Father to pay said support in full by
paying the sum of One Thousand Dollars ($1,000.00) through the Clerk of
the Court and ISCCU each month commencing on March 1, 2013 until paid
in full.
Appellant’s Appendix at 13. Based upon the language in the foregoing paragraph, the
trial court did not specifically find Father in contempt. Therefore, this issue is moot.
VI.
We next turn to Mother’s request for appellate attorney fees. Appellate Rule
66(E) provides in part that this court “may assess damages if an appeal, petition, or
motion, or response, is frivolous or in bad faith. Damages shall be in the Court’s
discretion and may include attorneys’ fees.” Our discretion to award attorneys’ fees
under Ind. Appellate Rule 66(E) is limited to instances when “an appeal is permeated
with meritlessness, bad faith, frivolity, harassment, vexatiousness, or purpose of delay.”
Thacker v. Wentzel, 797 N.E.2d 342, 346 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003) (citing Orr v. Turco Mfg.
Co. Inc., 512 N.E.2d 151, 152 (Ind. 1987)). In addition, while Ind. Appellate Rule 66(E)
provides this court with discretionary authority to award damages on appeal, we must use
extreme restraint when exercising this power because of the potential chilling effect upon
30
the exercise of the right to appeal. Id. (citing Tioga Pines Living Ctr., Inc. v. Ind. Family
& Social Serv. Admin., 760 N.E.2d 1080, 1087 (Ind. Ct. App. 2001), affirmed on reh’g,
trans. denied). A strong showing is required to justify an award of appellate damages and
the sanction is not imposed to punish mere lack of merit but something more egregious.
Harness v. Schmitt, 924 N.E.2d 162, 168 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010).
Indiana appellate courts have classified claims for appellate attorneys’ fees into
substantive and procedural bad faith claims. Thacker, 797 N.E.2d at 346 (citing Boczar
v. Meridian St. Found., 749 N.E.2d 87, 95 (Ind. Ct. App. 2001)). To prevail on a
substantive bad faith claim, the party must show that “the appellant’s contentions and
arguments are utterly devoid of all plausibility.” Id. Procedural bad faith, on the other
hand, occurs when a party flagrantly disregards the form and content requirements of the
rules of appellate procedure, omits and misstates relevant facts appearing in the record,
and files briefs written in a manner calculated to require the maximum expenditure of
time both by the opposing party and the reviewing court. Id. at 346-347.
Mother argues that Father “sought the very same thing he agreed NOT to abide by,
an order reducing his support payments to [Mother].” Appellee’s Brief at 39. She also
asserts that Father’s motion claimed he lost employment due to no fault of his own, but
that he never presented any testimony or evidence in support of such a claim. She further
contends that she has been forced to hire counsel and accumulate attorney’s fees and has
been forced to travel to Indiana on at least two separate occasions for this case.
31
As discussed above, we cannot say that Mother has shown that Father’s
contentions and arguments are utterly devoid of all plausibility; in fact, he has prevailed
on same of his contentions. Accordingly, we decline to award appellate attorney fees.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the trial court’s order with respect to
visitation, affirm the court’s denial of Father’s motion to modify child support, and
remand for proceedings consistent with this opinion.
Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded.
ROBB, J., and BARNES, J., concur.
32