Casey Myers v. State of Indiana (mem. dec.)

MEMORANDUM DECISION
FILED
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), Nov 14 2017, 9:26 am
this Memorandum Decision shall not be CLERK
regarded as precedent or cited before any Indiana Supreme Court
Court of Appeals
court except for the purpose of establishing and Tax Court
the defense of res judicata, collateral
estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
A. David Hutson Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
Jeffersonville, Indiana Attorney General of Indiana
Ellen H. Meilaender
Supervising Deputy Attorney
General
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Casey Myers, November 14, 2017
Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No.
19A04-1704-CR-834
v. Appeal from the Dubois Circuit
Court
State of Indiana, The Honorable Nathan A.
Appellee-Plaintiff Verkamp, Judge
The Honorable Mark R.
McConnell, Special Judge
Trial Court Cause No.
19C01-1512-F1-1973
Altice, Judge.
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Case Summary
[1] Casey Myers appeals following his convictions for Level 1 felony attempted
murder, Level 6 felony strangulation, two counts of Level 6 felony intimidation,
and Class A misdemeanor domestic battery. Myers raises the following issues
for our review:
1. Did Myers knowingly and voluntarily waive his right to be
present during the State’s case-in-chief by repeatedly refusing to
leave his jail cell to attend court proceedings?
2. Did the trial court abuse its discretion by admitting into
evidence two phone calls, one of which Myers made a year
before the offenses in this case and the other he made several
months after the offenses?
3. Is Myers’s forty-two-year aggregate sentence inappropriate in
light of the nature of the offense and Myers’s character?
[2] We affirm.
Facts & Procedural History
[3] Myers and Kristen Myers (Kristen) met in 2011 and were married in 2012.
They had a daughter together, and Kristen also had two older children from a
previous marriage. Myers and Kristen had a contentious relationship, arguing
frequently about Myers’s drinking and his accusations that Kristen had been
unfaithful. Myers and Kristen separated in July 2014.
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[4] During the separation, Kristen became engaged to another man and obtained a
protective order against Myers. When Myers learned of the engagement on
December 7, 2014, he made a threatening phone call to Kristen in violation of
the protective order. Kristen recorded the call, in which Myers told Kristen that
if she wore her engagement ring anywhere near him, he would “fucking choke
[her] in [his] kitchen. That shit is not gonna happen.” Exhibit Volume, State’s
Ex. 87 at 2-3. Myers went on to tell Kristen, “You’re gonna fucking die on my
kitchen floor or you’re gonna get over this bullshit. That’s it. There is no in
between. I’m not playing games no more. You will die and he will die, or you
will fucking get over it. I’m not playing no more.” Id. at 4.
[5] Myers and Kristen were divorced in February 2015, but they had reconciled by
April 2015. One of Kristen’s conditions for moving back in was that Myers
stop drinking. Within a few months, however, Myers had started drinking
again and become verbally abusive. When Kristen came home from her third-
shift job on the morning of December 19, 2015, Myers accused her of cheating
on him. Later that day, Myers came home from work drunk. Myers and
Kristen got into a huge fight, and Kristen told him that she was leaving and
called her mother to come pick her and the children up. During the phone call,
Myers was heard yelling that Kristen would not leave the house alive.
Eventually, Kristen’s uncle came and picked her and the children up and took
them to Kristen’s mother’s house.
[6] During the evening of December 19 and into the morning of December 20,
Myers sent Kristen numerous text messages. In many of the messages, Myers
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expressed anger over the fact that Kristen had changed her Facebook status to
single. Myers accused Kristen of cheating, called her derogatory names, and
generally expressed great hostility toward her.
[7] On December 21, 2015, Kristen and her friend, Rachel Smitson, went back to
the house to retrieve Kristen’s and her children’s personal property and the
children’s Christmas presents. Myers had been drinking and started arguing
with Kristen immediately. When Kristen threatened to call the police, Myers
said “I’ll kill you then I’ll kill her,” referring to Smitson. Transcript Vol. V at 60.
While Kristen was in the bedroom gathering her belongings, Myers told her
“you’re going to fucking die.” Id. at 18. Myers then grabbed Kristen by the
throat, slammed her down onto the bed, and started choking her and punching
her in the face. Smitson started screaming and hitting and biting Myers, but he
would not let Kristen go. Smitson fled the house and called 911 while running
across the street to get the address of the Myers home from a neighbor.
Smitson tried to re-enter the house, but the door had been locked.
[8] Meanwhile, Myers choked Kristen into unconsciousness before retrieving a
knife. Myers then slashed Kristen’s throat, creating a six- to seven-inch
laceration and coming within millimeters of completely severing her trachea.
Myers also stabbed Kristen in the back and shoulder where she had tattoos of
her children’s names. Myers then came out onto the front porch with a beer
and a cigarette in his hand and said “I’m done. She’s dead.” Id. at 64.
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[9] When police arrived, Kristen was alive but writhing in pain, in and out of
consciousness, and breathing through the hole in her neck. Police called for an
ambulance, and Myers was immediately placed in handcuffs. Myers repeatedly
told officers that he had ruined his life and asked to be taken to a police car
because he did not want to see Kristen being taken out of the house by EMTs.
When Myers was eventually escorted to a police car, he refused to walk and
had to be dragged by two officers. When placed in a holding cell at the jail,
Myers began banging his head against the concrete wall and had to be dragged
out of the cell.
[10] Because Kristen’s trachea remained attached by only a small amount of tissue
at the back, paramedics could not risk intubating her at the scene for fear of
ripping the trachea the rest of the way, which would have been fatal. Kristen
was rushed to the hospital, where she had to be sedated and paralyzed before
she could be intubated. Several medical personnel testified that they had never
seen an injury like Kristen’s on a person who was still alive. Kristen underwent
life-saving surgery, but to this day she continues to have difficulty swallowing
and chokes easily, and she also suffers from post-traumatic stress disorder.
[11] As a result of these events, the State charged Myers with attempted murder,
strangulation, two counts of intimidation, and domestic battery. While
incarcerated pending trial, Myers called his mother on August 9, 2016. In that
call, Myers told his mother that he had caught Kristen cheating on him before
the attack and that Kristen was now lying about when her new relationship had
begun.
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[12] Myers’s jury trial took place from February 21 through March 1, 2017. Myers
was present in court during jury selection. However, the next day, when the
presentation of evidence was scheduled to begin, Myers refused to come to
court. The trial court noted that jail personnel had stated that Myers did not
wish to be present. Over defense counsel’s objection, the court proceeded with
trial and admonished the jury that Myers was not required to be present and
that his absence should not be considered by the jury. At the court’s
instruction, jail personnel asked Myers twice a day, once in the morning and
once at lunch, whether he had changed his mind and wanted to go to court.
Each time, Myers refused. After the State rested, the trial court had Myers
escorted to the courtroom to inquire whether Myers intended to testify on his
own behalf. Myers indicated that he wanted to testify and he was present for
the rest of the trial.
[13] At the conclusion of the evidence, the jury found Myers guilty as charged. The
trial court imposed a forty-year sentence for attempted murder, two-year
sentences on each of the three Level 6 felony convictions, and a one-year
sentence on the misdemeanor domestic battery conviction. The court ran all
sentences concurrently, except for the intimidation count in which Smitson was
the victim, which was to run consecutive to the forty-year sentence for
attempted murder. As a result, Myers received an aggregate sentence of forty-
two years. Myers now appeals.
1. Presence at Trial
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[14] Myers first argues that he did not knowingly and voluntarily waive his right to
be present at trial. As our Supreme Court has explained:
Generally, a criminal defendant has a right to be present at all
stages of the trial. Lampkins v. State, 682 N.E.2d 1268, 1273 (Ind.
1997). However, a defendant may waive this right and be tried
in absentia if the trial court determines that the defendant
knowingly and voluntarily waived that right. Id. The trial court
may presume a defendant voluntarily, knowingly and
intelligently waived his right to be present and try the defendant
in absentia upon a showing that the defendant knew the
scheduled trial date but failed to appear. Ellis v. State, 525 N.E.2d
610, 611–12 (Ind. Ct. App. 1987). The best evidence of this
knowledge is the defendant’s presence in court on the day the
matter is set for trial. Fennell v. State, 492 N.E.2d 297, 299 (Ind.
1986).
Soliz v. State, 832 N.E.2d 1022, 1029 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005), trans. denied. See also
Carter v. State, 501 N.E.2d 439, 440 (Ind. 1986) (“The continued absence of a
defendant who knows of his obligation to be in court, when coupled with a
failure to notify the court and provide it with an explanation, constitutes a
knowing and voluntary waiver.”). It is beyond question that a defendant may
not frustrate the orderly and efficient disposition of the charges against him by
simply refusing to come to court. See Taylor v. United States, 414 U.S. 17 (1973)
(“there can be no doubt whatever that the governmental prerogative to proceed
with a trial may not be defeated by conduct of the accused that prevents the trial
from going forward” (quoting Illinois v. Allen, 397 U.S. 337, 349 (1970));
Broecker v. State, 342 N.E.2d 886, 888 (Ind. Ct. App. 1976) (explaining that “the
deliberate absence of a defendant who knows that he stands accused in a
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criminal case and that the trial will begin on a day certain indicates nothing less
than an intention to obstruct the orderly processes of justice”).
[15] In this case, Myers was in custody and chose to be present for jury selection, but
he refused to appear the next day when the presentation of evidence was
scheduled to commence. At the trial court’s direction, jail personnel asked
Myers two times per day if he had changed his mind and wished to appear for
trial after all. Myers steadfastly refused to attend until after the State rested and
the trial court summoned him to determine whether he wished to testify.
Under these circumstances, it strains credulity to suggest that Myers was
unaware of his right to be present during the proceedings.1 Cf. Taylor, 414 U.S.
at 20 (finding it “wholly incredible” to suggest that a defendant who was free on
bail and had attended the opening session of his trial had any doubts
concerning his right to be present).
[16] When Myers finally appeared in court after the State rested, the following
exchange occurred on the record:
THE COURT: . . . I know that you were present here on the
first day of trial during the voir dire process, and I have been
advised by the sheriff’s department that on each day since that
time that you have been asked in the morning and after lunch if
1
We also note that this was not the first time Myers had chosen to absent himself from the proceedings.
Myers had also chosen not to attend a pretrial hearing. Additionally, Myers had apparently indicated in
advance of trial that he might refuse to attend. Indeed, because Myers had given “some indication in the past
that [he] might not appear,” the court had already prepared and distributed to the parties an admonishment
explaining to the jury that it was not to consider Myers’s absence from trial in determining his guilt or
innocence. Transcript Volume III at 25.
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you wish to appear in court, and I’ve been told that on each
occasion that you have declined the opportunity to be present in
court. Is that correct, sir?
THE DEFENDANT: Yes, sir.
...
THE DEFENDANT: Well, I feel like I need to say something
so that all of you in here know that it’s not because I’m
disrespectful and I think this is just a joke because I don’t think
that. I was under the impression that if I didn’t sign a plea
agreement that it was going to make you mad, and I was going to
get maxed out regardless of what happened at trial. It could’ve
been a misunderstanding between me and my lawyer, but that’s
what I got out of it.
And I also was told that I was going to be able to discuss nothing
that has happened between her and I except for the night of this
incident, and I feel like everything that’s led up to the night of
this incident is why this incident happened, not just the night that
it happened. So I just felt like I had no chance of actually
defending myself.
Transcript Vol. V at 139, 143.
[17] In other words, Myers confirmed that he knowingly and voluntarily chose not
to attend his trial because he believed the proceedings would be unfair to him.
Although Myers’s choice may have been a misguided one, it is not necessary to
prove that a defendant’s decision was wise, prudent, or the product of sound
strategic decision-making. As wrongheaded as Myers’s excuses may have been,
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they demonstrate that he was aware that his trial was underway and that he
could attend if he so chose.
[18] Finally, we take exception to the suggestion that the trial court was required to
take special steps to accommodate Myers’s refusal to come to court. That is,
Myers argues that the trial court should have either forced him to appear in
court against his will or conducted proceedings by phone or in the jail in order
to make a record of what was already clear—that Myers knew his trial was
underway and was choosing not to attend. The fact that trial courts in other
cases may have taken such steps in no way establishes that courts are required
to do so every time an incarcerated defendant refuses to leave his cell, and we
cannot agree with Myers’s assertion that such processes would interfere
minimally with the conduct of a trial. See People v. Gutierrez, 63 P.3d 1000, 1008
(Cal. 2003) (reasoning that “a bailiff could drag an unwilling and uncooperative
defendant out of the lockup to the courtroom, but doing so would expose the
bailiff and others, including the defendant, to bodily injury” and that “forcing a
trial judge to leave the bench each time a defendant did not want to leave the
lockup would greatly ‘frustrat[e] the orderly processes’ of court proceedings”
(citation omitted)). Such an approach would only encourage contumacious
defendants to engage in dilatory and obstructive tactics.2 Under the facts and
2
We must also note that, contrary to the dissent’s assertion, the State does not claim that Myers had to be
forcibly dragged into the courtroom. Rather, the State argues that accepting a rule that any waiver of an
incarcerated defendant’s right to be present must be made expressly and in person would have the
unfortunate result of creating situations in which jail personnel would be required to use force to bring
recalcitrant defendants to court, posing safety risks to all involved.
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circumstances presented here, there is no question that Myers knowingly and
voluntarily waived his right to be present during the State’s case-in-chief.
2. Admission of Telephone Calls
[19] Next, Myers argues that the trial court abused its discretion in admitting his
December 2014 threatening phone call to Kristen and his August 2016 jail
phone call to his mother. Trial courts are afforded wide discretion in ruling on
the admissibility of evidence, and our review of such decisions is limited to
determining whether the court abused that discretion. Beasley v. State, 46
N.E.2d 1232, 1235 (Ind. 2016). An abuse of discretion occurs when the trial
court’s decision is clearly against the logic and effect of the facts and
circumstances and the error affects a party’s substantial rights. Id. In
considering whether a trial court has abused its discretion in the admission or
exclusion of evidence, we do not reweigh the evidence. Id. We consider only
the evidence favorable to the ruling and any unrefuted evidence favorable to the
defendant. Id.
[20] With respect to the 2014 phone call to Kristen, Myers argues that the evidence
was inadmissible pursuant to Ind. Evidence Rule 404(b). Evid. R. 404(b)(1)
prohibits evidence of “a crime, wrong, or other act” of the defendant when used
as character evidence to show that on a particular occasion he acted in
accordance with that character. Baker v. State, 997 N.E.2d 67, 70 (Ind. Ct. App.
2013). Such evidence, however, may be admissible for other purposes
unrelated to propensity. See Evid. R. 404(b)(2); Baker, 997 N.E.2d at 70.
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“Numerous cases have held that where a relationship between parties is
characterized by frequent conflict, evidence of the defendant’s prior assaults and
confrontations with the victim may be admitted to show the relationship
between the parties and motive for committing the crime.” Iqbal v. State, 805
N.E.2d 401, 408 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004), trans. denied. In assessing the
admissibility of evidence under Evid. R. 404(b), the trial court must: (1)
determine whether the evidence of a crime, wrong, or other act is relevant to a
matter at issue other than the defendant’s propensity to commit the charged act;
and (2) balance the probative value of the evidence against its prejudicial effect.
Baker, 997 N.E.2d at 70.
[21] Myers argues that because the phone call occurred a year before the offenses in
this case and the parties subsequently reconciled, the call is not probative of his
motive on December 21, 2015. We cannot agree. As our Supreme Court has
noted, remoteness in time does not render 404(b) evidence per se inadmissible;
“[r]ather, the timing and similarity of the incidents are factors in the larger
inquiry into whether the incidents were relevant to a matter in issue.” Hicks v.
State, 690 N.E.2d 215, 222 (Ind. 1997) (finding no error in the admission of
evidence at the defendant’s murder trial that he had beaten the victim more
than three years earlier). The threats Myers made in the 2014 phone call were
highly probative of the nature of his relationship with Kristen and his motive in
this case. The threats were made against the same victim and under very
similar circumstances—i.e., Myers believed that Kristen was leaving him for
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another man.3 Moreover, the specific threats Myers made were very similar to
the acts he eventually carried out in December 2015. He told Kristen that he
would “fucking choke [her] in [his] kitchen” and that she was “gonna fucking
die on [his] kitchen floor[.]” Exhibit Volume, State’s Ex. 87 at 2-4. In this case,
Myers choked Kristen and attempted to murder her by slashing her throat; the
only real dissimilarity between his threats and his eventual acts is that Myers
carried out the attack in the bedroom rather than the kitchen.
[22] Myers also argues that the 2014 phone call was unfairly prejudicial because it
contained foul and offensive language, which Myers asserts “could have
inflamed the jurors’ passions against Myers on grounds having nothing to do
with the incident at issue.” Appellant’s Brief at 26. We note, however, that
Myers did not request that the statements be redacted to remove such language.
In any event, Myers’s language was relevant to demonstrate the depth of his
hostility toward Kristen, and it was not so graphic as to pose any real risk that
the jury would choose to convict him on an improper basis. See Williams v.
State, 891 N.E.2d 621, 630 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008) (explaining that “[u]nfair
prejudice addresses the way in which the jury is expected to respond to the
evidence; it looks to the capacity of the evidence to persuade by illegitimate
3
It is on this basis that Steinberg v. State, 941 N.E.2d 515 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011), trans. denied, on which Myers
relies, is most clearly distinguishable. In that case, another panel of this court found error (albeit harmless) in
the admission of evidence that the defendant had, over a year prior to the charged murder, sent an email to
“what appear[ed] to be a United Kingdom governmental law commission” asking about the applicability of
defenses to murder, such as “fear of personal harm.” Id. at 527. No evidence was presented to establish any
connection between the challenged evidence and the “apparently random and motiveless killing” the
defendant subsequently committed. Id.
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means, or the tendency of the evidence to suggest decision on an improper
basis” (citation and internal quotations omitted)). The trial court did not abuse
its discretion in admitting the 2014 phone call into evidence.
[23] Myers next argues that the trial court abused its discretion in admitting the 2016
jail phone call to his mother into evidence, arguing that the call was irrelevant
and unfairly prejudicial. Myers has not preserved this issue. Although Myers
argued against the admissibility of the jail call at a pretrial hearing, when the
State offered the call into evidence, Myers’s counsel affirmatively stated that he
had “no objections.” Transcript Vol. IV at 11. Myers’s appellate argument
concerning the admission of the call is therefore waived. See Hayworth v. State,
904 N.E.2d 684, 692-94 (by affirmatively stating “no objection,” the defendant
waived any issue concerning the admission of the evidence).
[24] Waiver notwithstanding, we find no error in the admission of the jail phone
call. In the call, Myers told his mother that Kristen had left because he had
caught her cheating on him with someone she knew from work and that she
was lying about when this relationship began. This evidence was relevant to
Myers’s motive for attacking Kristen, and it was also relevant to whether he
was acting under sudden heat so as to support a conviction for the lesser offense
of attempted voluntary manslaughter, on which Myers successfully sought a
jury instruction. Furthermore, although Myers briefly spoke of unrelated things
and used some offensive and crude language during the call, the content is not
so damaging as to compel a conclusion that the probative value of the call was
substantially outweighed by the risk of unfair prejudice. See Snow v. State, 77
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N.E.3d 173, 176-77 (Ind. 2017) (explaining that “[a] trial court’s discretion is
wide on issues of relevance and unfair prejudice” and such determinations can
often be resolved either way”). Myers has not established reversible error on
this basis.
3. Sentencing
[25] Finally, Myers argues that his forty-two-year aggregate sentence is
inappropriate. Article 7, section 4 of the Indiana Constitution grants our
Supreme Court the power to review and revise criminal sentences. See Knapp v.
State, 9 N.E.3d 1274, 1292 (Ind. 2014), cert. denied, 135 S. Ct. 978 (2015).
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 7, the Supreme Court authorized this court to
perform the same task. Cardwell v. State, 895 N.E.2d 1219, 1224 (Ind. 2008).
Per App. R. 7(B), we may revise a sentence “if after due consideration of the
trial court’s decision, the Court finds that the sentence is inappropriate in light
of the nature of the offense and the character of the offender.” Inman v. State, 4
N.E.3d 190, 203 (Ind. 2014) (quoting App. R. 7). “Sentencing review under
Appellate Rule 7(B) is very deferential to the trial court.” Conley v. State, 972
N.E.2d 864, 876 (Ind. 2012). “Such deference should prevail unless overcome
by compelling evidence portraying in a positive light the nature of the offense
(such as accompanied by restraint, regard, and lack of brutality) and the
defendant’s character (such as substantial virtuous traits or persistent examples
of good character).” Stephenson v. State, 29 N.E.3d 111, 122 (Ind. 2015).
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[26] The determination of whether we regard a sentence as inappropriate “turns on
our sense of the culpability of the defendant, the severity of the crime, the
damage done to others, and myriad other factors that come to light in a given
case.” Bethea v. State, 983 N.E.2d 1134, 1145 (Ind. 2013) (quoting Cardwell, 895
N.E.2d at 1224). Moreover, “[t]he principal role of such review is to attempt to
leaven the outliers.” Chambers v. State, 989 N.E.2d 1257, 1259 (Ind. 2013). It is
not our goal in this endeavor to achieve the perceived “correct” sentence in
each case. Knapp, 9 N.E.3d at 1292. Accordingly, “the question under
Appellate Rule 7(B) is not whether another sentence is more appropriate; rather,
the question is whether the sentence imposed is inappropriate.” King v. State,
894 N.E.2d 265, 268 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008) (emphasis in original).
[27] In order to assess the appropriateness of a sentence, we first look to the
statutory range established for the classification of the relevant offenses. Myers
was convicted of a Level 1 felony, three Level 6 felonies, and a Class A
misdemeanor. The sentencing range for a Level 1 felony is twenty to forty
years, with an advisory sentence of thirty years. The sentencing range for a
Level 6 felony is six months to two-and-a-half years, with an advisory sentence
of one year. Finally, the maximum sentence for a Class A misdemeanor is one
year. Myers received the maximum sentence of forty years for Level 1 felony
attempted murder, two-year sentences on each Level 6 felony convictions, and
the maximum one-year sentence for Class A misdemeanor domestic battery.
The court ran all sentences concurrently, except for the Level 6 felony
intimidation count in which Smitson was the victim, which the court ordered to
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run consecutive to the sentence for attempted murder. As a result, Myers
received an aggregate sentence of forty-two years.
[28] The nature of the offenses in this case is horrific and sufficient standing alone to
justify the sentence imposed. Myers threatened to kill both Kristen and
Smitson before brutally attacking Kristen. He punched Kristen in the face,
fracturing her orbital, and choked her into unconsciousness. While Kristen lay
helpless on the floor, Myers got up and locked the front door and retrieved a
knife. He slashed Kristen’s throat and stabbed her in the back and shoulder
where she had tattoos of her children’s names. Apparently believing he had
succeeded in killing Kristen, Myers grabbed a beer and a cigarette before
heading out onto his porch to tell Smitson that he was done and Kristen was
dead. Myers’s actions were chillingly similar to the threats he had made
approximately a year earlier. Medical personnel testified that Kristen’s injuries
were the worst they had ever seen on a living patient, and that Myers had come
within millimeters of completely severing Kristen’s trachea, which would have
caused her to suffocate. As a result of the attack, Kristen had a feeding tube in
her abdomen for seven weeks, causing her weight to drop to ninety-eight
pounds. She had to spend Christmas in the hospital, and her ten-year-old
daughter had to help care for her upon her release. Kristen testified that she
continues to have difficulty swallowing and chokes often, and that she suffers
from PTSD and has nightmares as a result of the attack. Nothing about the
nature of the offense would justify appellate sentence revision.
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[29] Myers’s character also provides ample justification for the sentence imposed.
Myers’s criminal history includes convictions for felony intimidation and
misdemeanor criminal mischief, and Kristen was the victim of both of those
offenses. Myers was on probation when he committed the crimes in this case.
Myers notes that he was honorably discharged from the military, but we also
observe that there was testimony that Myers had been subject to disciplinary
proceedings while enlisted. Moreover, when testifying at sentencing, Myers
jumped at the opportunity to malign Kristen and cast himself as the victim.
Myers claimed to be remorseful, but in the same breath made excuses and
shifted blame to Kristen. For example, he said “I’m sorry for what I did. But
you have to realize all the things that she has done to me, I haven’t forgiven her
for them.” Transcript Vol. VI at 228. Myers stated further “I hate her guts
sometimes when I think about all the things she’s done to me.” Id. at 229.
Myers also said he felt he had “absolutely no control over” what he did to
Kristen due to his alcoholism. Id. at 230. Myers noted, however, that he knew
his drinking was “a big deal” after his felony conviction in 2014, and that he got
treatment but “it was kind of a joke.” Id. at 219. There is no indication that
Myers sought any further treatment until he was incarcerated for the instant
offenses. Myers’s self-centeredness, refusal to take responsibility for his actions,
and complete lack of insight into the causes of his own behavior are troubling,
to say the least. Furthermore, although Myers claims to be a good father, we
cannot help but note that he did everything in his power to leave his daughter
motherless. There is nothing redeeming about Myers’s character, and his
sentence is entirely appropriate.
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[30] Judgment affirmed.
[31] Bailey, J., concurs.
[32] Baker, J., dissents with opinion.
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IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Casey Myers, Court of Appeals Case No.
19A04-1704-CR-834
Appellant-Defendant,
v.
State of Indiana,
Appellee-Plaintiff
Baker, Judge, dissenting.
[33] I respectfully dissent. In my opinion, Myers did not knowingly and voluntarily
waive his right to be present during the State’s case-in-chief. As such, I would
reverse and remand on that issue and would not address the latter two
arguments raised by Myers.4
[34] Under certain circumstances, a defendant’s express waiver of his right to be
present at trial is unnecessary. E.g., Blatz v. State, 486 N.E.2d 990, 991 (Ind.
4
I do not disagree with the majority’s conclusions on the latter two issues, I simply believe that they need not
be addressed at all.
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1985) (defendant out on bond pending trial and fails to appear at trial); Wilson v.
State, 30 N.E.3d 1264, 1269-71 (Ind. Ct. App. 2015) (defendant engaged in
disruptive behavior that repeatedly interrupted the trial), trans. denied. I find
these types of cases readily distinguishable from the case at hand. Implying
waiver where a defendant voluntarily fails to appear for trial while on bail can
be justified based on (1) the fact that a defendant whose movements are not
restricted can be presumed to act voluntarily; and (2) the necessity of preventing
a defendant from interfering with the orderly conduct of a trial5 by fleeing. As
Myers points out, “[t]o require a hearing to determine whether a defendant has
waived his right to be present under these circumstances would be pointless
because the defendant’s whereabouts are unlikely to be known.” Appellant’s
Br. p. 22.
[35] In this case, however, Myers was in custody in Dubois County and, when the
trial court summoned him after the State rested, he was present in the
courtroom within fifteen minutes of the trial court’s request. Tr. Vol. V p. 138.
And contrary to the State’s argument, there is zero evidence in the record that
he had to be “forcibly dragged” into the courtroom or that transporting him to
the courtroom would have presented any safety risks to third parties. 6
5
This second justification (absent the portion regarding flight) likewise applies to cases in which a defendant
repeatedly disrupts a trial with inappropriate conduct and ignores the trial court’s warnings to stop or risk
exclusion from the proceedings.
6
Had the State argued below that transporting Myers to the courtroom would have created a safety risk, the
trial court should have conducted an on-the-record hearing creating an evidentiary basis from which to reach
such a conclusion. But the State did not make that argument and the trial court did not hold a hearing.
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Appellee’s Br. p. 15. Instead, the record reveals that he was articulate and
respectful, albeit mistaken in his rationale for declining to attend the trial.
[36] Indeed, Myers’s mistaken rationale shows that even if I assume for argument’s
sake that his absence was voluntary, I cannot conclude that it was knowing or
intelligent. Myers explained to the trial court that he did not attend the first few
days of trial because he thought that the judge would be “mad” at him if he did
not accept a plea agreement, that he would receive a maximum sentence
regardless of what happened at trial, and that he would not be able to testify
regarding the reasons why the incident between himself and the victim
occurred. Tr. Vol. V p. 143. These statements do not indicate that he made a
decision to waive his right to be present at trial with his eyes open; they do not
show that he understood the possible benefit of conferring with counsel
regarding trial tactics and strategic decisions that had to be made during the
trial; and they do not show that he understood the benefit he could provide to
his defense by providing real-time input as to possible cross-examination
questions or the danger that, absent his input, his attorneys could have failed to
ask certain questions that would have elicited information helpful to his
defense. Instead, Myers’s statements demonstrate a fundamental
misunderstanding of the way in which a trial is conducted, giving me no
confidence that his decision to waive his right to be absent at his trial was
knowing or intelligent.
[37] It is true that there have been cases in which a defendant who was in custody
has been tried in absentia without an express waiver in court. In each of these
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cases, however, the trial court conducted some sort of on-the-record process or
hearing that established an evidentiary basis for a finding that the defendant
was expressly (and knowingly and intelligently) waiving his right to be present
or that the defendant’s conduct formed a sufficient basis to imply waiver. 7
• In Harrison v. State, 707 N.E.2d 767, 785-86 (Ind. 1999), the custodial
defendant refused to attend his sentencing hearing. The trial court then
telephoned him in the presence of counsel, advised him of his rights,
questioned him about his reasons for not attending court, and gave his
attorney the opportunity to question and advise him as well.
• In Adams v. State, 509 N.E.2d 812, 813-14 (Ind. 1987), the custodial
defendant refused to leave his jail cell. Before proceeding with the trial,
the trial court held a hearing in the jail cell to ensure that the defendant’s
waiver was voluntary, knowing, and intelligent.
• In Broecker v. State, 168 Ind. App. 231, 233-37, 342 N.E.2d 886, 887-90
(Ind. Ct. App. 1976), the custodial defendant refused to attend his trial.
The trial court held a hearing on the record at which an officer testified
that the defendant wanted the trial to proceed without him. The trial
court took “great pains” to make the defendant aware of his rights by
having the court reporter accompany the defense attorney to the jail
where a record was made of his refusal to attend the trial. Id. at 233, 342
N.E.2d at 887.
7
Likewise, in each of the out-of-state cases cited by the State for the proposition that a custodial defendant
may impliedly waive the right to be present at trial, the trial court held a hearing or provided some sort of
process to form a basis for its finding that the defendant had voluntarily, knowingly, and intelligently waived
the right to be present. Appellee’s Br. p. 20.
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By contrast, in this case, there is no evidence8 in the record regarding Myers’s
waiver other than his after-the-fact statements to the trial court that, if anything,
demonstrated fundamental misunderstandings about the legal process.
[38] Here, the trial court knew where Myers was and was able to have him in the
courtroom within fifteen minutes of making a request. But no direct inquiry
was made of Myers, no advisement was made to him regarding the perils he
faced if he declined to come to court for his trial, and no record was made
establishing that forcing him to come to court would have caused a safety risk
to himself or others. Under these circumstances, I can only conclude that the
trial court erred by finding that Myers voluntarily, knowingly, and intelligently
waived his right to be present at his trial. Therefore, I respectfully dissent.
[39]
8
The trial court’s comment that jail staff had stated, off the record, that Myers had “chosen not to appear for
court today” does not constitute evidence. Tr. Vol. III p. 25.
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