S.a. Sutton And Francine Banwarth Vs. Dubuque City Council And Royal Oaks Development Corp. Vs. Dubuque City Council And Royal Oaks Development Corp.

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF IOWA
No. 85 / 04-1067
No. 86 / 04-1196
Filed September 29, 2006
S.A. SUTTON and FRANCINE BANWARTH,
Appellants,
vs.
DUBUQUE CITY COUNCIL and ROYAL OAKS DEVELOPMENT CORP.,
Appellees.
----------------------------------------------------
S.A. SUTTON and FRANCINE BANWARTH,
Appellees,
vs.
DUBUQUE CITY COUNCIL and ROYAL OAKS DEVELOPMENT CORP.,
Appellants.
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Dubuque County,
Lawrence H. Fautsch, Judge.
City and affected developer appeal from judgment voiding amendment
to zoning ordinance, asserting that action was barred by limitations;
prevailing objectors also appeal. REVERSED ON CITY’S APPEAL;
AFFIRMED ON OBJECTORS’ APPEAL.
David L. Hammer and Angela C. Simon of Hammer, Simon & Jensen,
Dubuque, for S.A. Sutton and Francine Banwarth.
Barry A. Lindahl and James A. O’Brien, Dubuque, for Dubuque City
Council.
2
Stephen J. Juergens of Fuerste, Carew, Coyle, Juergens & Sudmeier,
P.C., Dubuque, for Royal Oaks Development Corp.
3
CARTER, Justice.
The city council of the City of Dubuque, in its representative capacity,
and Royal Oaks Development Corporation, an affected real estate developer,
appeal from a judgment that voided an amendment to the zoning
ordinances of the City of Dubuque. 1 Because there is a community of
interest between appellants, we will proceed as if the City were the only
appealing party. The appellees are S.A. Sutton and Francine Banwarth, two
objectors to the zoning change.
The basis for the district court’s decision invalidating the rezoning
action was that court’s finding that the mayor of Dubuque, whose vote was
necessary for passage of the challenged zoning change, had a disqualifying
conflict of interest. Sutton and Banwarth had advanced other grounds for
voiding the ordinance, and they appeal from the trial court’s rejection of
those assertions. Although separately docketed, the two appeals are
considered together. The City urges that the mayor did not have a
disqualifying conflict of interest, and it also seeks to overturn the judgment
on the ground that the present action was barred by limitations. Because
we agree with the latter claim, we reverse the judgment of the district court
on the City’s appeal. We affirm the district court’s rulings on the issues
raised in the objectors’ appeal.
On May 8, 2003, the Dubuque City Council passed an ordinance
amending the existing zoning code by reclassifying certain described
property from a commercial recreation district to a planned unit
development (PUD) district with a residential district designation, including
a conceptual development plan. The ordinance was passed on a four-to-
three vote, with the mayor voting yes.
1It was determined by pretrial ruling that this action, in legal effect, is against the
City, rather than council members.
4
Sutton and Banwarth initially challenged the rezoning decision with a
petition for writ of certiorari pursuant to Iowa Rule of Civil Procedure
1.1401. That action was dismissed as untimely because it had not been
brought within thirty days of the challenged action, as required by rule
1.1402(3). They later commenced the present action for declaratory
judgment, seeking to overturn the challenged rezoning on multiple grounds.
The City asserted plaintiffs’ lack of standing and further asserted that their
claims were barred by limitations because certiorari was the exclusive
remedy and the time limitations for initiating a certiorari challenge had not
been met. The district court rejected the City’s standing and timeliness
challenges. It rejected all of Sutton’s and Banwarth’s challenges to the
ordinance except their contention involving a disqualifying conflict of
interest. Following a trial on that issue, the district court found that the
mayor, whose vote was decisive, had a disqualifying conflict of interest
because of anticipated real estate commissions that he or his real estate
agency might enjoy as a result of the project that was provided for in the
PUD zoning plan.
I. The City’s Appeal.
The City contends that Sutton’s and Banwarth’s claims of illegality
were required to be presented by certiorari and were barred by the time
limit imposed in Iowa Rule of Civil Procedure 1.1402(3). Our decisions have
recognized that certiorari may be a proper remedy for reviewing the legality
of decisions made by city councils and county boards of supervisors in
zoning matters. Montgomery v. Bremer County Bd. of Supervisors, 299
N.W.2d 687, 692 (Iowa 1980); Smith v. City of Fort Dodge, 160 N.W.2d 492,
495 (Iowa 1968). This recognition rests on the conclusion that the action
being reviewed by certiorari is of a quasi-judicial nature. Although
municipal zoning ordinarily involves the enactment of an ordinance, an
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action that on first blush appears to be legislative in nature, rezoning often
takes on a quasi-judicial character by reason of the process by which it is
carried out. We defined the nature of a quasi-judicial function in Buechele
v. Ray, 219 N.W.2d 679 (Iowa 1974). We stated in that case that a quasi-
judicial function is involved if the activity (1) involves proceedings in which
notice and an opportunity to be heard are required, or (2) “a determination
of rights of parties is made which requires the exercise of discretion in
finding facts and applying the law thereto.” Buechele, 219 N.W.2d at 681.
Similar criteria were expressed in Curtis v. Board of Supervisors, 270 N.W.2d
447, 449 (Iowa 1978).
The Washington Supreme Court has applied the following principles
in determining whether zoning activities are quasi-judicial in character:
Zoning decisions may be either administrative or
legislative depending upon the nature of the act. . . .
. . . [W]hen a municipal legislative body enacts a
comprehensive plan and zoning code it acts in a policy making
capacity. But in amending a zoning code, or reclassifying land
thereunder, the same body, in effect, makes an adjudication
between the rights sought by the proponents and those claimed
by the opponents of the zoning change.
Fleming v. Tacoma, 502 P.2d 327, 331 (1972). The Washington court then
set forth a helpful recital of the factors that will render rezoning decisions
quasi-judicial in character. Those factors include (1) rezoning ordinarily
occurs in response to a citizen application followed by a statutorily
mandated public hearing; (2) as a result of such applications, readily
identifiable proponents and opponents weigh in on the process; and (3) the
decision is localized in its application affecting a particular group of citizens
more acutely than the public at large. Id. All of the factors identified by the
Washington court in Fleming come into play in the present conflict, a
circumstance that leads us to the conclusion that the action of the city
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council being challenged in the present case was quasi-judicial in character.
As such, a challenge to the legality of the action taken was subject to review
by certiorari.
The quasi-judicial character of municipal rezoning is particularly
evident in matters involving PUD zoning. The Florida appellate court in Hirt
v. Polk County Board of Commissioners, 578 So. 2d 415 (Fla. Ct. App. 1991),
discussed this distinction as follows:
[C]reating zoning districts and rezoning land are legislative
actions, and . . . trial courts are not permitted to sit as “super
zoning boards” and overturn a board’s legislative efforts. . . .
....
The planned unit development concept varies from the
traditional concept of zoning classifications. It permits a flexible
approach to the regulation of land uses. Compliance must be
measured against certain stated standards. . . .
[S]ince the Board was called upon to review an
interpretation and application of an ordinance . . . and the
ordinance was not challenged per se, the Board's decision was
“clearly quasi-judicial.”
Hirt, 578 So. 2d at 417 (citations omitted) (emphasis added). 2 The
paramount issue for our consideration is whether the availability of
certiorari review precluded Sutton and Banwarth from raising their
challenge to the rezoning in a declaratory judgment action filed after the
time for seeking certiorari review had expired. For reasons that we will
discuss, we hold that it did.
The argument that the City urges in support of its timeliness
challenge to the present action received sympathetic consideration from the
2A leading authority on zoning law describes planned unit development zoning as a
process that “allows [a] municipality to control the development of individual tracts of land
by specifying the permissible form of development in accordance with the city’s PUD
ordinance. . . . The planned unit development process provides more flexibility to
municipalities than does traditional Euclidean zoning.” 2 R. Anderson, American Law of
Zoning 3d § 11.12 (1986). Approval of such zoning requires a finding that the proposed
development qualifies under the provisions of the ordinance authorizing PUD zoning.
7
district court. That court’s reaction to this timeliness challenge was as
follows:
It is hard to understand why a litigant should be able to use a
procedure of general application (declaratory judgment) as an
alternative to a procedure specifically designed for challenging
the legality of actions of governmental bodies (certiorari) and
thereby avoid the time limit on certiorari actions. This path
vitiates the 30-day time limit created by I.R.C.P. 1.1402(3) and
defeats the public policy considerations noted in Sergeant Bluff-
Luton [School District v. City Council of Sioux City, 605 N.W.2d
294 (Iowa 2000)], favoring prompt resolution of challenges to
city decisions. Nevertheless, the Supreme Court specifically
said in Fox [v. Polk County Board of Supervisors, 569 N.W.2d
503 (Iowa 1997)], that certiorari is not an exclusive remedy and
that declaratory judgment can also be used to raise legality
issues.
The City urges on this appeal that the same policy considerations discussed
by the district court should convince us to apply the short statute of
limitations provided for certiorari actions. Sutton and Banwarth urge the
affirmance of the district court’s ruling on this issue based on our
recognition in Fox and in Bormann v. Kossuth County Board of Supervisors,
584 N.W.2d 309, 313 (Iowa 1998), that a declaratory judgment is an
alternative procedure for challenging the illegality of municipal zoning. We
are satisfied that our decisions in Fox and Bormann do not control the
present dispute.
The dispute in Fox involved a petition in four counts. Counts I and III
were requests for certiorari review of county board of supervisors zoning
decisions. Counts II and IV were actions for declaratory judgment. Count
IV challenged various aspects of the zoning decision. Count II asserted that
the zoning constituted a taking without compensation. The district court
dismissed Counts II and IV on the ground that certiorari was the exclusive
remedy to raise the matters plaintiff sought to litigate. On the certiorari
counts, the district court ruled in favor of the county board. We affirmed
8
the latter ruling on appeal. With regard to the declaratory judgment counts,
we stated that the declaratory judgment procedure was an alternative
means of raising the challenges advanced in both Counts II and IV. We
held, however, that the claim of Count IV duplicated the claims presented in
the certiorari counts and should meet a similar fate. We remanded Count
II, the taking claim, for further proceedings in the district court.
Our treatment of the taking claim in Fox is consistent with our
treatment of a similar claim in Bormann in which we allowed a taking claim
to proceed by declaratory judgment. The rationale for that determination in
both Fox and Bormann is that the taking claims involved an unlawful
application of the ordinance to a particular property owner and not an
illegal act in connection with the enacting of the ordinance. We do not
retreat from our treatment of the taking clause issues in Fox and Bormann.
We do retreat, however, from our conclusion in Fox that Count IV, which
duplicated the illegality challenges raised in the certiorari counts, could be
asserted by means of a declaratory judgment action.
Although the existence of another remedy does not ordinarily
preclude a court from granting declaratory relief, we have refused to apply
that principle when there is another adequate remedy provided by law that
is intended to be exclusive. City of Des Moines v. Des Moines Police
Bargaining Unit Ass’n, 360 N.W.2d 729, 730-31 (Iowa 1985). We have
applied this principle with respect to review of administrative agency action.
We are convinced that a similar exclusivity of remedy should exist as to the
review of decisions of city councils or county boards of supervisors acting in
a quasi-judicial capacity when the claimant alleges illegality of the action
taken. We clearly stated that this was the case in Lewis Investments, Inc. v.
City of Iowa City, 703 N.W.2d 180, 185 (Iowa 2005). We also applied this
9
principle in an analogous context in Sergeant Bluff-Luton School District v.
City Council of Sioux City, 605 N.W.2d 294 (Iowa 2000).
In Sergeant Bluff-Luton, the district court concluded that the inclusion
of certain property in an urban renewal project was illegal and that,
consequently, a tax levy based on such inclusion was also illegal. The
district court sustained a writ of certiorari and also granted a declaratory
judgment that the tax levy was a nullity. On appeal, we found that the
certiorari action had not been filed in a timely manner and ordered that
action be dismissed. With regard to the school district’s request for
declaratory judgment we stated:
[W]e conclude that the district court erred in deciding that the
taxes levied were illegal. This is because the legality of the
taxes levied does not exist independent from the city’s 1994
decision to include Virginia Meadows in the urban renewal
project, which is the alleged illegal action that is the subject of
the school district’s certiorari petition. . . .
. . . [T]here are important public policy reasons for
limiting the time during which a party can challenge city
decisions and resulting regular tax levies. City officials must
be able to prepare budgets and levy taxes for an appropriate
time period, based upon established figures and past decisions,
without the threat of later challenges to the legality of such
decisions that are made after [the statutory limit for bringing
certiorari actions has] run.
Sergeant Bluff-Luton, 605 N.W.2d at 298. Equally important policy
considerations militate in favor of a short period of limitations in
challenging rezoning based on some claim of illegality in the enactment of
the ordinance. We hold that certiorari was the proper and exclusive remedy
for asserting Sutton’s and Banwarth’s conflict-of-interest challenge to the
PUD zoning. As a result of this conclusion, we need not consider other
challenges raised by the City to the district court’s decision.
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II. The Appeal by Sutton and Banwarth.
In their appeal, Sutton and Banwarth assert that the district court
erred in rejecting other challenges that they made to the PUD rezoning. In
these challenges they assert that the rezoning process (1) involved a
violation of the open meetings law, (2) served to unlawfully interfere with a
publicly dedicated park, (3) failed to comply with ordinance requirements
for off-street parking, (4) was contrary to the city’s comprehensive plan, and
(5) was the result of arbitrary and capricious action in its passage.
Rather than determine whether any of these claims could be brought
by means other than certiorari, we have reviewed each claim on the merits
and are satisfied that the district court’s ruling on each of these issues was
correct.
Based on the conclusions we have reached in Division I of this
opinion, we hold that Sutton’s and Banwarth’s action in the district court
was untimely and must be dismissed on that ground.
REVERSED ON CITY’S APPEAL; AFFIRMED ON OBJECTORS’
APPEAL.