Russell Phillips v. Chicago Central & Pacific Railroad Company, a Delaware Corporation

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF IOWA
No. 13–0729
Filed June 27, 2014
RUSSELL PHILLIPS,
Appellant,
vs.
CHICAGO CENTRAL & PACIFIC RAILROAD COMPANY,
a Delaware Corporation,
Appellee.
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Pottawattamie County,
Mark Eveloff, Judge.
A railroad employee appeals a district court order finding an
employer satisfied the judgment in a case filed pursuant to the Federal
Employers’ Liability Act. AFFIRMED.
Richard D. Crotty, Council Bluffs, and Christopher W. Bowman of
Yaeger, Jungbauer & Barczak, P.L.C., St. Paul, Minnesota, for appellant.
R. Todd Gaffney, Kellen B. Bubach, and Eric G. Hoch of Finley, Alt,
Smith, Scharnberg, Craig, Hilmes & Gaffney, P.C., Des Moines, for
appellee.
Nicholas A. Klinefeldt, United States Attorney, and William C.
Purdy, Assistant United States Attorney, and Marion E.M. Erickson and
Jonathan S. Cohen, Washington, D.C., for amicus curiae United States
of America.
2
APPEL, Justice.
In this case, we must determine the tax consequences of a general
verdict under the Federal Employers’ Liability Act (FELA), 45 U.S.C.
§§ 51–60 (2006). A railroad employee filed a negligence action against a
railroad and obtained a favorable general jury verdict. The employer
withheld a portion of the subsequent award to pay taxes allegedly due
under the Railroad Retirement Tax Act (RRTA), 26 U.S.C. §§ 3201–3241,
and paid the balance to the employee. When the employee refused to
sign a satisfaction of judgment, the railroad sought an order of
satisfaction from the district court.
The employee resisted the motion for an order of satisfaction on
several grounds. First, the employee claimed an award for “time lost”
was not taxable compensation under the RRTA. Second, the employee
claimed that even if compensation for time lost is taxable, because there
is no way to determine the portion of the general verdict allocable to lost
income, the employer was not entitled to withhold any amount for
payment of taxes. Finally, the employee claimed that the railroad had
not fully satisfied the judgment.
The district court ruled in favor of the railroad. The employee
appeals. For the reasons expressed below, we affirm.
I. Factual and Procedural Background.
Russell Phillips was an employee of the Chicago Central & Pacific
Railroad. His last day of work was in April of 2008. During the last
three years of his employment, Phillips was diagnosed with a number of
conditions, including chronic bursitis of the shoulder; acute and chronic
degenerative osteoarthritis of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbosacral
spine; shoulder sprain/strain; acute ulnar neuropathy; acquired chronic
3
spondylolisthesis; rotator cuff disease on the right shoulder; and bilateral
carpal tunnel syndrome.
In October 2008, Phillips filed a claim against the railroad under
FELA. Phillips alleged that while employed by the railroad he was
injured as a result of the railroad’s negligence in failing to provide him
with a safe workplace and in failing to provide him with reasonably safe
equipment. Phillips sought a wide variety of damages, including
damages for lost past and future wages. The jury was instructed to
consider whether Phillips was entitled to recover damages for medical
expenses, lost wages, future earning capacity, loss of bodily functions,
and physical and mental pain and suffering.
The jury returned a general verdict in favor of Phillips in the
amount of $940,905.10. Because the jury found Phillips eighty percent
at fault for his injuries, the district court entered judgment in favor of
Phillips in the amount of $188,181.02 plus interest. The railroad paid
Phillips the amount of the judgment less $10,546.92, which it withheld
for payment to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) under the RRTA.
When the railroad requested Phillips execute a satisfaction of
judgment, he refused to sign on the ground the railroad should not have
withheld any amount for tax purposes. In response, the railroad filed a
motion with the district court for an order of satisfaction and discharge
of judgment.
The district court sustained the railroad’s motion for satisfaction
and discharge of judgment. According to the district court, the sole issue
before it was whether an employer may withhold a portion of a plaintiff’s
general verdict award to pay RRTA payroll taxes. In order to answer this
general question, the district court made two conclusions. First, the
district court concluded payments for time lost amounted to taxable
4
compensation for the purposes of the RRTA. Second, the district court
concluded a general verdict is considered pay for time lost in its entirety
under the RRTA unless part of the award is specifically allocated to other
factors.
II. Discussion.
A. Overview of Applicable Statutory and Administrative
Framework. We begin our discussion with an overview of the applicable
statutory and administrative framework. The Railroad Retirement Act
(RRA) of 1974, 45 U.S.C. §§ 231–231v, provides a system of retirement
and disability benefits for those who pursue careers in the railroad
industry. Hisquierdo v. Hisquierdo, 439 U.S. 572, 573, 99 S. Ct. 802,
804, 59 L. Ed. 2d 1, 6 (1979). The Railroad Retirement Board (RRB)
administers RRA benefits. 45 U.S.C. § 231f(a). Generally, the RRA
applies to railroad companies and their employees. See 45 U.S.C.
§ 231(a)(1)–(2) (defining “employer”); id. § 231(b)(1)–(2) (defining
“employee”).
Taxes collected under the RRTA fund certain RRA benefits, or as
one court put it, the RRA represents “the expenditure side of the coin”
and the RRTA “is the revenue side.” Standard Office Bldg. Corp. v. United
States, 819 F.2d 1371, 1373 (7th Cir. 1987); see also Hisquierdo, 439
U.S. at 574 & n.2, 99 S. Ct. at 804 & n.2, 59 L. Ed. 2d at 6 & n.2. Under
the RRTA, both railroad employees and their employers pay a tax to the
IRS. See 26 U.S.C. § 3201 (tax on employees); id. § 3221 (tax on
employers). Thus, the RRTA “is to the railroad industry what the Social
Security Act is to other industries: the imposition of an employment or
payroll tax on both the employer and the employee, with the proceeds
used to pay pensions and other benefits.” Standard Office Bldg. Corp.,
819 F.2d at 1373.
5
The RRTA provides that employers must collect applicable taxes
“by deducting the amount of the taxes from the compensation of the
employee as and when paid.” 26 U.S.C. § 3202(a). The RRTA imposes
two tiers of taxation on compensation earned by railroad workers. See
26 U.S.C. § 3201. Tier 1 taxes under the RRTA fund benefits
corresponding to Social Security and Medicare benefits and are
calculated using the applicable Social Security and Medicare tax
formulas. See id. § 3201(a); see also id. § 3101(a)–(b); Hisquierdo, 439
U.S. at 574, 99 S. Ct. at 804–05, 59 L. Ed. 2d at 6. Tier 2 taxes fund a
separate annuity that is equivalent to a private pension benefit. See 26
U.S.C. § 3201(b); Heckman v. Burlington N. Santa Fe Ry., 837 N.W.2d
532, 539 (Neb. 2013); see also Hisquierdo, 439 U.S. at 574–75, 99 S. Ct.
at 804–05, 59 L. Ed. 2d at 6–7; Bowman v. Stumbo, 735 F.2d 192, 196
n.7 (6th Cir. 1984); Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Ry. v. United States,
628 F. Supp. 1431, 1433 (D. Kan. 1986).
The RRA and the RRTA employ different definitions of
“compensation.” The RRA’s definition specifically includes payments for
time lost. See 45 U.S.C. § 231(h)(1). It provides:
The term “compensation” means any form of money
remuneration paid to an individual for services rendered as
an employee to one or more employers or as an employee
representative, including remuneration paid for time lost as an
employee, but remuneration paid for time lost shall be
deemed earned in the month in which such time is lost.
Id. (emphasis added). The RRA also addresses whether payments for
personal injury are considered compensation and how to calculate the
amount of a payment that is considered compensation for time lost. See
id. § 231(h)(2). The RRA provides:
An employee shall be deemed to be paid “for time lost” the
amount he is paid by an employer with respect to an
identifiable period of absence from the active service of the
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employer, including on account of personal injury . . . . If a
payment is made by an employer with respect to a personal
injury and includes pay for time lost, the total payment shall
be deemed to be paid for time lost unless, at the time of
payment, a part of such payment is specifically apportioned to
factors other than time lost, in which event only such part of
the payment as is not so apportioned shall be deemed to be
paid for time lost.
Id. (emphasis added).
The RRTA employs a different definition of compensation. See 26
U.S.C. § 3231(e). In pertinent part, the RRTA defines compensation
generally as: “any form of money remuneration paid to an individual for
services rendered as an employee to one or more employers.” Id. Thus,
unlike the RRA, the RRTA does not currently explicitly address the tax
consequences of remuneration for time lost.
Though the RRTA does not explicitly address the tax consequences
of remuneration for time lost, it did prior to amendments in 1975 and
1983. Before these amendments, the RRTA defined compensation in a
fashion similar to the current definition in the RRA. The RRTA formerly
provided:
(1) The term “compensation” means any form of
money remuneration earned by an individual for services
rendered as an employee to one or more employers, or as an
employee representative, including remuneration paid for
time lost as an employee, but remuneration paid for time lost
shall be deemed earned in the month in which such time is
lost. . . .
(2) A payment made by an employer to an individual
through the employer’s payroll shall be presumed, in the
absence of evidence to the contrary, to be compensation for
service rendered by such individual as an employee of the
employer in the period with respect to which the payment is
made. An employee shall be deemed to be paid “for time
lost” the amount he is paid by an employer with respect to
an identifiable period of absence from the active service of
the employer, including absence on account of personal
injury, and the amount he is paid by the employer for loss of
earnings resulting from his displacement to a less
remunerative position or occupation. If a payment is made
7
by an employer with respect to a personal injury and
includes pay for time lost, the total payment shall be deemed
to be paid for time lost unless, at the time of payment, a part
of such payment is specifically apportioned to factors other
than time lost, in which event only such part of the payment
as is not so apportioned shall be deemed to be paid for time
lost.
26 U.S.C. § 3231(e)(1)–(2) (1970). Thus, in the early 1970s, the RRTA
provided that compensation included remuneration for time lost,
provided a rule to calculate the amount paid for time lost on account of
personal injury, and contained the presumption that the entirety of a
personal injury payment was remuneration for time lost in the absence of
specific apportionment to other factors.
Congress amended both of these subsections in 1975. See Act of
Aug. 9, 1975, Pub. L. No. 94-93, § 204, 90 Stat. 466, 466. First,
Congress amended 26 U.S.C. § 3231(e)(1) by changing “earned by” to
“paid to” and deleting the clause defining compensation to include
remuneration for time lost. See 26 U.S.C. § 3231(e)(1) (Supp. 1975).
Amended § 3231(e)(1) provided that “ ‘compensation’ means any form of
money remuneration paid to an individual for services rendered as an
employee to one or more employers.” 26 U.S.C. § 3231(e)(1) (Supp.
1975). Second, Congress changed the first sentence of § 3231(e)(2),
which related to a presumption that payments made through the payroll
were compensation, but did not delete the language related to
remuneration for time lost. 1 See id. § 3231(e)(2).
1Following the 1975 amendments, the full text of 26 U.S.C. § 3231(e)(2)
provided:
(2) An employee shall be deemed to be paid compensation in the
period during which such compensation is earned only upon a written
request by such employee, made within six months following the
payment, and a showing that such compensation was earned during a
period other than the period in which it was paid. An employee shall be
deemed to be paid “for time lost” the amount he is paid by an employer
8
Accordingly, although Congress deleted the “for time lost” language
from § 3231(e)(1), Congress retained the language in § 3231(e)(2) defining
payments for time lost and the presumption that the entirety of a
personal injury payment would be considered pay for time lost as long as
some part of the payment included pay for time lost and there was no
specific allocation to other factors. Therefore, albeit with one change, the
RRTA continued to address payments for time lost on account of
personal injury. 2
_______________________________
with respect to an identifiable period of absence from the active service of
the employer, including absence on account of personal injury, and the
amount he is paid by the employer for loss of earnings resulting from his
displacement to a less remunerative position or occupation. If a payment
is made by an employer with respect to a personal injury and includes
pay for time lost, the total payment shall be deemed to be paid for time
lost unless, at the time of payment, a part of such payment is specifically
apportioned to factors other than time lost, in which event only such part
of the payment as is not so apportioned shall be deemed to be paid for
time lost.
26 U.S.C. § 3231(e)(2) (Supp. 1975).
2Speaking about the 1975 amendment, Senator Russell B. Long, Chairman of
the Senate Finance Committee, explained that:
[It] essentially restores the practice existing up until this year when a
new revenue ruling interpreted the law to require that these taxes be
assessed as of the period when the wages were actually earned. This
revenue ruling creates an administrative burden on railroad employers
and provides a taxing basis which is inconsistent with the basis under
which the Railroad Retirement Board credits wages to employee accounts
for benefit computation purposes. This amendment will make the two
procedures consistent in that for both tax assessment and benefit
computation purposes wages will be considered to be earned as of the
period when they are actually paid except that the employee may, at his
option, request that these determinations be made on the basis of when
the wages were actually earned.
See 121 Cong. Rec. 26759 (1975) (statement of Sen. Long). Thus, Senator Long’s
remarks indicate the 1975 amendments were designed primarily to fix confusion over
when wages were considered earned, as opposed to what could be considered wages or
compensation. See Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Ry., 628 F. Supp. at 1435–37
(collecting similar statements of congressmen and senators in concluding that, following
the 1975 amendments, the RRTA imposed taxes upon compensation to the extent and
at the rate of tax applicable when paid).
9
Congress deleted the remaining “for time lost” language from the
RRTA in 1983 as part of an overhaul to both the RRA and RRTA. See
Railroad Retirement Solvency Act of 1983, Pub. L. No. 98-76, § 225, 97
Stat. 411, 424–27. We have not uncovered any legislative history
indicating a reason for the deletion. 3 In any event, the salient point is
that, since 1983, the RRTA’s definition of compensation has not
contained any explicit language relating to payments for time lost on
account of personal injury or otherwise. The RRTA also no longer
contains explicit language indicating whether compensation includes
payments for time lost, language setting forth the appropriate manner in
which to calculate the amount of a personal injury award constituting
payment for time lost, or language providing an allocation presumption.
See 26 U.S.C. § 3231(e) (2006). In contrast, the RRA does. See 45
U.S.C. § 231(h).
In 1994, the IRS put out final regulations that would reflect the
changes to the RRTA since the 1960s. See Update of Railroad
Retirement Tax Act Regulations, 59 Fed. Reg. 66188 (Dec. 23, 1994) (to
be codified at 26 C.F.R. pt. 31). Prior to 1994, the IRS had promulgated
a regulation at 26 C.F.R. § 31.3231(e)–1(a)(4) that provided the definition
of compensation under the RRTA included pay for time lost. Id. One
commentator suggested deleting this regulation because Congress had
deleted the companion language from the RRTA in 1983. Id. The IRS
declined to do so. Id. The IRS noted that prior to the 1983 amendments,
the RRTA specifically provided for the inclusion of payments for time lost
3Two House Reports accompanied the 1983 amendments. See H.R. Rep. No. 98–
30(I) (1983), reprinted in 1983 U.S.C.C.A.N. 729, 1983 WL 25317; H.R. Rep. No. 98–
30(II) (1983), reprinted in 1983 U.S.C.C.A.N. 813, 1983 WL 25318. Although the reports
contain thorough explanations of many changes to the RRA and RRTA, neither contains
a discussion of why Congress removed the “for time lost” language from the RRTA.
10
in the definition of compensation and that the 1983 amendments
“significantly amended the definition of compensation,” such as by
“changing the inclusion of items to a ‘paid basis’ from an ‘earned basis’
and providing the present two tiered structure.” Id. The IRS concluded,
however, that “[t]he legislative history does not indicate that Congress
intended to exclude payments for time lost from compensation.” Id.The IRS regulation, before and after the 1994 update, provided
that “[t]he term compensation is not confined to amounts paid for active
service, but includes amounts paid for an identifiable period during
which the employee is absent from the active service of the employer.” 26
C.F.R. § 31.3231(e)–1(a)(3) (2013) (second emphasis added). The
regulation further provides that “[c]ompensation includes amounts paid
to an employee for loss of earnings during an identifiable period as the
result of the displacement of the employee to a less remunerative
position or occupation as well as pay for time lost.” Id. § 31.3231(e)–
1(a)(4) (emphasis added). Thus, under the IRS’s interpretation, the broad
RRTA language related to compensation still included payment for time
lost notwithstanding the 1975 and 1985 amendments.
Similarly, the RRB has taken the position that payment for “time
lost” is subject to withholding under the RRTA and that the RRA’s
allocation rule applies for purposes of withholding under the RRTA. See
U.S. R.R. Ret. Bd., Railroad Retirement Service Credits and Pay for Time
Lost 3 (May 2011), http://www.rrb.gov/opa/mmqa/1105.asp.
Specifically, the RRB noted that while situations involving pay for time
lost most commonly arise from personal injury settlements, they can also
result from FELA actions. Id. at 1–2. According to the RRB, “absent a
specific allocation amount, or a specific award amount for losses other
than earnings, the RRB will consider the entire amount of damages to be
11
pay for time lost,” and “[a]s with all other compensation payments,
employers are responsible for the proper reporting of service and
compensation to the RRB, as well as tax and contribution obligations
under the Railroad Retirement Tax Act.” Id. at 2. The RRB further
provides that “pay for time lost is subject to taxation under the Railroad
Retirement Tax Act,” that “[p]ay for time lost is not . . . creditable on the
basis of when the payment is made, but to the period for which the
payment is allocated,” and that “[t]he employee’s portion of the railroad
retirement tax liability is usually withheld from the gross amount of the
award.” Id. at 3.
Since 1994, Congress has amended the RRTA’s definition of
compensation four times, but none of these amendments pertain to
payment for time lost. Instead, Congress amended 26 U.S.C. § 3231(e) to
exclude Archer Medical Savings Accounts, health savings account
contributions, and certain qualified stock options. See 26 U.S.C.
§ 3231(e)(10)–(12); see also American Jobs Creation Act of 2004, Pub. L.
108-357, Title II, § 251(a)(2), Title III, § 320(b)(2), 118 Stat. 1458, 1418,
1473; Medicare Prescription Drug Improvement and Modernization Act of
2003, Pub. L. 108-173, Title XII, § 1201(d)(2)(A), 117 Stat. 2066, 2477;
Consolidated Appropriations—FY2001, Pub. L. 106-554, § 1(a)(7) & App.
G [Title II, § 202(b)(5)], 114 Stat. 2763, 2763A–629; Health Insurance
Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, Pub. L. 104-191, Title III,
§ 301(c)(2)(A), 110 Stat. 1936, 2049.
B. Treatment of the Jury Verdict.
1. Positions of the parties. Phillips maintains that when a general
verdict is rendered, under Iowa law the district court cannot allocate any
portion of it to damages for time lost. According to Phillips, the district
court in effect altered or amended the general jury verdict by declaring
12
that it should be presumed to include at least some amount of damages
for lost income. Phillips cites Ostrem v. State Farm Mutual Automobile
Insurance Co., 666 N.W.2d 544, 546 (Iowa 2003), for the proposition that
a district court has very limited authority to correct mistakes or errors in
jury verdicts. Phillips also cites an unpublished Iowa Court of Appeals
opinion for the proposition that when an Iowa jury enters a general
verdict, the district court has “no way of knowing how the jury
compensated [the plaintiff] for each element of damages.” Cooney v.
Yahnke, No. 02–1051, 2003 WL 22438705, at *1 (Iowa Ct. App. Oct. 29,
2003) (unpublished opinion).
Phillips criticizes the district court for taking into consideration an
affidavit submitted by the railroad’s paralegal that asserts, following
juror interviews, the jury awarded damages for Phillips’s lost wages.
Phillips argues that under Iowa Rule of Evidence 5.606 the mental
processes of jurors may not be penetrated except to determine whether
extraneous prejudicial information or another outside influence
improperly influenced any juror. Further, Phillips asserts the railroad’s
use of the paralegal’s affidavit amounts to triple hearsay.
In support of his position, Phillips cites an unreported case of the
Missouri Court of Appeals, Mickey v. BNSF Railway, No. ED 98647, 2013
WL 2489832 (Mo. Ct. App. June 11, 2013) (unpublished opinion),
transfer to Missouri Supreme Ct. granted Oct. 1, 2013. Relying on
Missouri law, the Missouri court held there was no presumption that a
general verdict necessarily contained an award for time lost under the
circumstances presented in that case. Id. at *4–5. This case is currently
on appeal to the Missouri Supreme Court.
Phillips rejects the notion that the question is controlled by federal
law. Phillips recognizes that under the RRA, 45 U.S.C. § 231(h)(2), a
13
payment made by an employer with respect to a personal injury and
which includes pay for time lost, the entire amount is deemed to be
payment for time lost unless there is a specific apportionment to other
factors, but maintains the RRA does not apply to questions regarding
taxation. According to Phillips, the RRTA governs tax questions, and
there is no provision in the RRTA, and also no IRS regulation interpreting
the RRTA, requiring that damages in general verdicts where lost income
is awarded be deemed entirely awards for lost income absent a specific
apportionment to other factors.
The railroad argues the question of how to treat the general verdict
of the jury in this FELA case is controlled by federal law. See In re Estate
of Gearhart, 584 N.W.2d 327, 329–30 (Iowa 1998) (concluding a FELA
settlement should not have been apportioned under state law); Snipes v.
Chi., Cent. & Pac. R.R., 484 N.W.2d 162, 164 (Iowa 1992) (noting federal
law governs the measure of damages in a FELA case filed in state court).
The railroad notes the RRA’s language in 45 U.S.C. § 231(h)(2) deems an
entire payment constitutes payment for time lost absent a specific
allocation indicating otherwise.
The railroad also relies on Jacques v. United States Railroad
Retirement Board, 736 F.2d 34 (2d Cir. 1984). In Jacques, the United
States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit held that when a
complaint alleged and sought damages for “loss of services and earnings
in the past” the unallocated verdict is “for time lost” within the meaning
of the RRA. Id. at 39. According to the court, it was only necessary to
establish that a small part of the unallocated payment was for time lost
in order to deem the entire amount payment for time lost within the
meaning of 45 U.S.C. § 231(h)(2). Id.14
If state law controls, as Phillips claims, the railroad asserts the
district court properly determined a part of the general verdict amounted
to payment for time lost. The railroad notes the Nebraska Supreme
Court recently considered this precise question in Heckman, 837 N.W.2d
at 532. The Nebraska court concluded that, under state law, a general
verdict was presumed to include an element of all validly submitted
claims for damages, including lost income. Id. at 537–38.
2. Discussion. We agree with the railroad on this preliminary
issue. The parties have provided us with only cursory discussion on the
issue of whether state or federal law applies to determine the effect of the
general jury verdict, but we conclude resolution of the question of
whether state or federal law applies on this issue does not matter.
If federal law controls, we agree with the railroad that the entire
judgment in this case should be considered remuneration for time lost.
The RRA expressly provides that if payments made with respect to a
personal injury include pay for time lost, the entire payment is deemed
pay for time lost for tax purposes, absent some allocation indicating
otherwise. 45 U.S.C. § 231(h)(2). It is not disputed that the jury was
instructed to consider damages for lost wages from the date of the injury
to the time of trial.
While it is true there is no comparable provision in the RRTA, there
is no logical reason to conclude that such silence is an indication
Congress intended a different rule to apply for purposes of tax
withholding under the RRTA. The Second Circuit reached a similar
result with respect to a personal injury settlement in Jacques. See 736
F.2d at 39. Jacques, however, is rather conclusory, and while we do not
rely too heavily on it, we nonetheless think the result in that case
represents the better view of the law.
15
In any event, even if Iowa law controlled the issue, we do not
believe Phillips has made the case for reversal of the district court. In
reaching this conclusion, we do not rely upon the railroad’s evidence
regarding the mental processes of the jury. Instead, we rely upon
principles of law.
Specifically, over a century ago, we held that a general verdict “is
decisive of all issues submitted not specially found by the jury, and
precisely as conclusive.” Schulte v. Chi., M. & St. P. Ry., 114 Iowa 89, 92,
86 N.W. 63, 64 (1901). The clear implication of Schulte is that as long as
a jury is instructed on a type of damages and there is substantial
evidence to support an award of damages, the court can presume at least
some portion of the award was for that type of damages.
An instructive analogy may be found in our treatment of cases in
which a jury returns a general verdict in a negligence action, but at least
one specification of negligence was erroneously submitted to the jury. In
this circumstance, we presume the jury relied upon the faulty
specification of negligence and reverse the verdict for a new trial. E.g.,
Nichols v. Westfield Indus., Ltd., 380 N.W.2d 392, 397 (Iowa 1985). In
short, we assume the jury relied on all specifications of negligence and
that one faulty instruction taints the entire verdict.
Here, we have the reverse situation of Nichols. There has been no
challenge to any of the jury instructions on the various elements of
damages. The jury returned a general verdict. The question is whether
the jury relied on each of the theories of damages in reaching its verdict.
Under Schulte, we think the answer is yes.
Our view of state law is consistent with the conclusion of the
Nebraska Supreme Court in Heckman. In Heckman, like this case, a
railroad employee was awarded damages in a FELA case via a general
16
verdict for on-the-job injuries sustained while working for a railroad.
837 N.W.2d at 535. The Nebraska court noted that a state court could
rely upon state procedural rules, absent some direction from federal law,
and federal substantive law to determine the outcome of the case. Id. at
537. The Nebraska court then determined that under Nebraska law, the
general jury verdict was based at least in part on lost wages because the
employee had alleged lost wages in his complaint, had presented
substantial evidence at trial in support of the claim, and the trial court
had instructed the jury on the issue of lost wages. Id. at 538. Thus, the
Nebraska court concluded the general verdict should be considered
based, at least in part, on lost wages. Id. Although the Nebraska court
was construing Nebraska law, we think its reasoning tends to support
our conclusions under Iowa law.
In sum, we conclude that regardless of whether the issue is
controlled by federal law or Iowa law, a general verdict carries a
presumption that the jury awarded damages on each element of damages
properly before it. Here, the jury was instructed to consider damages for
lost wages. Therefore, we hold the entire amount of the verdict in this
case should be considered payment for time lost.
C. Treatment of Damages for Time Lost for Purposes of Tax
Withholding Under Federal Law. We now turn to the question of
whether remuneration for time lost is subject to tax withholding under
the RRTA.
1. Positions of the parties. Phillips recognizes, under the RRA,
compensation means any form of remuneration, “including remuneration
paid for time lost as an employee.” 45 U.S.C. § 231(h)(1). Phillips
maintains, however, that the RRA’s definition of compensation applies
only for the purpose of determining the distribution of benefits to a
17
covered employee. For determinations of the tax consequences of an
award, Phillips maintains the RRTA controls. Phillips further maintains
a statutory provision in the RRA should have no bearing on the
interpretation of the RRTA because the two statutes are codified twenty
titles apart in the United States Code.
Here, according to Phillips, the plot thickens. While the RRTA
formerly defined compensation in a similar manner to the RRA and
expressly included language pertaining to payments for time lost, he
notes, Congress eliminated such language from the RRTA. According to
Phillips, this statutory change decoupled the manner of calculating
benefits under the RRA from the manner of calculating taxes under the
RRTA.
Phillips thus relies on the plain language of the statute and reads
it narrowly. Under the RRTA’s current definition of compensation, he
maintains, compensation means only “any form of money remuneration
paid to an individual for services rendered as an employee to one or more
employers.” 26 U.S.C. § 3231(e)(1) (emphasis added). Phillips claims
that while payments for hours actually worked constitute compensation
for services rendered, payments to an employee who is physically
incapable of working, or payments for time lost, cannot be payments for
services rendered under the RRTA. Phillips argues this interpretation is
necessary because Congress’s deletion of the language pertaining to
payments for time lost must mean something. That something,
according to Phillips, is that amounts paid for lost income on account of
personal injury must be taken into account in the calculation of benefits
under the RRA, but are not taxable under the RRTA.
Phillips recognizes the IRS has taken the position that the 1983
amendments do not affect the scope of compensation subject to
18
withholding as lost income under the RRTA. See 26 C.F.R. § 31.3231(e)–
1(a)(4). He contends, however, that the IRS cannot resort to legislative
history to ignore the plain language of the RRTA unless it would lead to
an absurd result. See United States ex rel. Totten v. Bombardier Corp.,
380 F.3d 488, 494 (D.C. Cir. 2004) (remarking that under Lamie v. U.S.
Tr., 540 U.S. 526, 534, 124 S. Ct. 1023, 1030, 157 L. Ed. 2d 1024,
1033–34 (2004), it is inappropriate to consider legislative history unless
the disposition required by the text of the statute is absurd).
The railroad responds by citing numerous authorities for the
proposition that lost income is subject to withholding under the RRTA
notwithstanding Congress’s amendments to 26 U.S.C. § 3231(e). The
railroad cites a string of mostly federal cases to that effect. See, e.g., Chi.
Milwaukee Corp. v. United States, 35 Fed. Cl. 447, 455 & n.6 (1996). The
railroad also points to the IRS regulation interpreting 26 U.S.C. § 3231(e)
to include payments for time lost and the RRB’s interpretation to the
same effect. See 26 C.F.R. § 31.3231(e)–1(a)(4); U.S. R.R. Ret. Bd.,
Railroad Retirement Service Credits and Pay for Time Lost 3.
In addition, the railroad argues that even if these authorities are
not entirely convincing, Congress has acquiesced to the IRS’s
interpretation of the RRTA. The railroad notes Congress has opened the
hood of the RRTA a number of times over the years to tinker with some of
the wires, but has never taken action to repudiate the caselaw, the IRS
regulation, or the RRB’s interpretation of the tax treatment of payments
for time lost.
2. Discussion. We begin by recognizing that the question of
whether the railroad in this case properly withheld amounts for taxes
under the RRTA is a question of federal law. All parties recognize the
majority of federal authority comes to the result advocated by the
19
railroad—that the entire amount of Phillips’s award is taxable under the
RRTA as compensation for time lost. The issue we confront is whether
that authority is sufficiently persuasive to follow or whether we should
embark on a different path.
A few federal cases confront the issue we face in a meaningful
manner. For example, a federal district court in Atchison, Topeka &
Santa Fe Railway discussed legislative history accompanying the 1975
amendments, but that court discussed the history with regard to the rate
applicable to the taxes and did not explain in any detail the reason for
Congress’s elimination of the “time lost” language from 26 U.S.C.
§ 3231(e)(1). See 628 F. Supp. at 1435–37. Similarly, in Chicago
Milwaukee Corporation, the Court of Federal Claims discussed, in a
footnote, both the 1975 and 1983 amendments in some length with
regard to the elimination of the “time lost” language, but its reasoning is
not very powerful. See 35 Fed. Cl. at 455 n.6. That court relied on
Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway for the proposition that the 1975
amendment “was intended solely to clarify that the RRTA tax was
assessed to the extent and at the rate applicable when paid, rather than
when earned,” and then noted the 1983 amendment was a technical
change to further accommodate the 1975 amendment. Id. The Court of
Federal Claims concluded that “[n]othing in the legislative history
indicates that Congress intended to change the substantive definition of
‘compensation.’ ” Id. “Rather,” the court continued, “Congress sought to
make compensation taxable to the extent and at the rate applicable when
paid.” Id. It further cited the IRS’s rejection of the notion that payment
for time lost was not taxable. Id. Neither of these cases, however,
analyzes in a meaningful way congressional acquiescence to the IRS’s
interpretation with respect to treatment of payments for time lost on
20
account of personal injury. It is beyond dispute the plain language of the
RRTA once provided for payments for time lost on account of personal
injury, but no longer does.
Both the railroad and the United States, as amicus curiae, cite a
number of cases in which the United States Supreme Court has declared
IRS regulations to be entitled to judicial deference as long as they are
reasonable. See Mayo Found. for Med. Educ. & Research v. United States,
562 U.S. ___, ___, 131 S. Ct. 704, 713–14, 178 L. Ed. 2d 588, 598–600
(2011); United States v. Cleveland Indians Baseball Co., 532 U.S. 200,
218–19, 121 S. Ct. 1433, 1444, 149 L. Ed. 2d 401, 417–18 (2001);
Chevron, U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Res. Defense Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837,
842–43, 104 S. Ct. 2778, 2781–82, 81 L. Ed. 2d 694, 702–03 (1984).
The seminal case concerning deference to an administrative
agency’s reasonable interpretation of a statute is Chevron, 467 U.S. 837,
104 S. Ct. 2778, 81 L. Ed. 2d 694. “Chevron deference is appropriate
when an agency exercises its generally conferred authority to resolve a
particular statutory ambiguity and the resulting interpretation is based
on a permissible construction of the statute.” North Dakota v. U.S. Envtl.
Prot. Agency, 730 F.3d 750, 763 (8th Cir. 2013). In Mayo, the Supreme
Court found that
[t]he principles underlying . . . Chevron apply with full
force in the tax context . . . . Filling gaps in the Internal
Revenue Code plainly requires the Treasury Department to
make interpretive choices for statutory implementation at
least as complex as the ones other agencies must make in
administering their statutes.
562 U.S. at ___, 131 S. Ct. at 713, 178 L. Ed. 2d at 599; see also BNSF
Ry. v. United States, 745 F.3d 774, 781 (5th Cir. 2014) (“[T]he Supreme
Court has made clear that IRS regulations may receive Chevron
deference.”).
21
To determine if Chevron deference is appropriate:
[W]e ask first whether “the intent of Congress is clear” as to
“the precise question at issue.” If, by “employing traditional
tools of statutory construction,” we determine that Congress’
intent is clear, “that is the end of the matter.” But “if the
statute is silent or ambiguous with respect to the specific
issue, the question for the court is whether the agency’s
answer is based on a permissible construction of the
statute.” If the agency’s reading fills a gap or defines a term
in a reasonable way in light of the Legislature’s design, we
give that reading controlling weight, even if it is not the
answer “the court would have reached if the question
initially had arisen in a judicial proceeding.”
Regions Hosp. v. Shalala, 522 U.S. 448, 457, 118 S. Ct. 909, 915, 139
L. Ed. 2d 895, 903–04 (1998) (citations omitted) (quoting Chevron, 467
U.S. at 842, 843 & n.9, n.11, 104 S. Ct. at 2781 & n.9, 2782 & n.11, 81
L. Ed. 2d at 702, 703 & n.9, n.11). Chevron deference is appropriate
“ ‘when it appears that Congress delegated authority to the agency
generally to make rules carrying the force of law, and that the agency
interpretation claiming deference was promulgated in the exercise of that
authority.’ ” Mayo, 562 U.S. at ___, 131 S. Ct. at 713, 178 L. Ed. 2d at
599 (quoting United States v. Mead Corp., 533 U.S. 218, 226–27, 121 S.
Ct. 2164, 2171, 150 L. Ed. 2d 292, 303 (2001)).
Here, like in Mayo, the Treasury Department issued final
regulations related to the RRTA pursuant to explicit authorization to
“prescribe all needful rules and regulations for the enforcement” of the
Internal Revenue Code. 26 U.S.C. § 7805(a). The Supreme Court has
found such “express congressional authorizations to engage in the
process of rulemaking” to be “a very good indicator of delegation meriting
Chevron treatment.” Mead, 533 U.S. at 229, 121 S. Ct. at 2172, 150
L. Ed. 2d at 305. The Treasury Department issued the rule after notice-
and-comment procedures, see Update of Railroad Retirement Tax
22
Regulation, 58 Fed. Reg. 28366 (proposed May 13, 1993) (to be codified
at 26 C.F.R. pt. 31), which is considered a “significant” sign that the rule
is entitled to Chevron deference under the court’s precedents. Mead, 533
U.S. at 230–31, 121 S. Ct. at 2173, 150 L. Ed. 2d at 305–06; see, e.g.,
Long Island Care at Home, Ltd. v. Coke, 551 U.S. 158, 173–74, 127 S. Ct.
2339, 2350–51, 168 L. Ed. 2d 54, 68 (2007). We therefore find this case
is properly analyzed under Chevron.
Next, we turn to Chevron’s two-step analysis. The first question is
“whether Congress has directly spoken to the precise question at issue.”
Chevron, 467 U.S. at 842, 104 S. Ct. at 2781, 81 L. Ed. 2d at 702–03. “If
the intent of Congress is clear, that is the end of the matter; for the
court, as well as the agency, must give effect to the unambiguously
expressed intent of Congress.” Id. at 842–43, 104 S. Ct. at 2781, 81
L. Ed. 2d at 703. The Court will “employ the traditional tools of statutory
interpretation to determine whether the statute makes clear the intent of
Congress as to the meaning of the word [compensation]” in the RRTA.
North Dakota, 730 F.3d at 763; 26 U.S.C. § 3231(e).
We will therefore look first at the statutory language itself. “In
determining whether Congressional intent is clear (and, therefore,
deference not being accorded the agency), we . . . look first and foremost
to the language of the statute.” Martinez v. Mukasey, 519 F.3d 532, 543
(5th Cir. 2008); see also INS v. Cardoza-Fonseca, 480 U.S. 421, 432 n.12,
107 S. Ct. 1207, 1213 n.12, 94 L. Ed. 2d 434, 448 n.12 (1987)
(“Congress expresses its intent through the language it chooses.”). Here,
26 U.S.C. § 3231(e) defines compensation under the RRTA as, “any form
of money remuneration paid to an individual for services rendered as an
employee to one or more employers.” “Time lost” does not appear in the
current definition of compensation in the RRTA. The language was
23
removed from the definition of compensation in the RRTA by Congress in
1975 and 1983. This deletion, however, does not compel an assumption
that Congress intended the definition of compensation to exclude time
lost in the RRTA. Cf. Petit v. U.S. Dep’t of Educ., 675 F.3d 769, 789 (D.C.
Cir. 2012) (In reviewing the Department of Education’s interpretation of
the IDEA, the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia
noted that they could not find any authority to support the appellants
contention that “an agency frustrates Congress’s intent by not attaching
disposition weight to an inference that can be drawn from unenacted
text.”); Edison Elec. Inst. v. U.S. Evntl. Prot. Agency, 2 F.3d 438, 451 (D.C.
Cir. 1993) (per curiam) (“[W]e need only note that the deletion of a word
or phrase in the throes of the legislative process does not ordinarily
constitute, without more, evidence of a specific legislative intent.”).
Further, we note that at least one other court has found the definition of
compensation, as used in 26 U.S.C. § 3231, inherently ambiguous. See,
e.g., BNSF Ry., 745 F.3d at 782 (where the Fifth Circuit found that
“ ‘compensation’ and ‘any form of money remuneration’ is inherently
ambiguous” as used in 26 U.S.C. § 3121, at least as applied to Non–
Qualified Stock Options). Therefore, in looking only at the text of the
statute, no clear congressional intent can be discerned as to the meaning
of compensation in the RRTA.
The Court will therefore “examin[e] the text of the statute as a
whole by considering its context, object, and policy,” Harmon Indus., Inc.
v. Browner, 191 F.3d 894, 899 (8th Cir. 1999) (internal quotation marks
omitted), to help determine Congress’s intent as to the meaning of
compensation in the RRTA. “In other words, the meaning of statutory
language, plain or not, depends on context.” Pelofsky v. Wallace, 102
F.3d 350, 353 (8th Cir. 1996) (internal quotation marks omitted). The
24
Court in United Savings Association of Texas v. Timbers of Inwood Forest
Associates, Ltd., found that statutory terms are often “clarified by the
remainder of the statutory scheme—because the same terminology is
used elsewhere in a context that makes [their] meaning clear or because
only one of the permissible meanings produces a substantive effect that
is compatible with the rest of the law.” 484 U.S. 365, 371, 108 S. Ct.
626, 630, 98 L. Ed. 2d 740, 748 (1988) (citation omitted).
Here, when examining the text of the statute as a whole in context,
including the statutory scheme of the RRTA, it is unclear whether
Congress intended to include time lost in the definition of compensation.
The RRA and the RRTA are inextricably interconnected because the latter
funds the former. The RRA, which one court described as “the
expenditure side of the coin” and the RRTA “the revenue side,” Standard
Office Bldg. Corp., 819 F.2d at 1373, explicitly includes time lost in its
definition of compensation, 45 U.S.C. § 231(h)(1). In a legal opinion
dated December 2, 2005, the RRB stated that “[t]his Office has long
recognized that in view of the substantial similarity between the
definitions of compensation under the RRA and RRTA, it is desirable,
absent controlling language to the contrary, to treat payments to
employees by employers in the same fashion under both statutes.” U.S.
R.R. Ret. Bd., Legal Op. L-2005-25: Qualified and Non-Qualified Stock
Options, Compensation Under the RRA and RRTA (2005),
http://www.rrb.gov/blaw/digestcards.asp. It would therefore seem
logical to read these two statutes in harmony to conclude that
compensation as used in the RRTA implicitly includes time lost.
Because congressional intent is unclear when analyzed using the
statutory language itself and when considering the structure of the
statute as a whole, we next consider the legislative history of the
25
definition of compensation in the RRTA to determine if it contains hints
as to the intention of Congress to remove time lost. The legislative
history, as described above,
reveals that the 1975 amendment was intended solely to
clarify that the RRTA tax was assessed to the extent and at
the rate applicable when paid, rather than when earned, as
had been the case prior to 1975, and that the 1983
amendment to the definition of compensation was a further
‘technical and conforming amendment’ designed to
accommodate the 1975 change in the law from an “earned
basis” to a “paid basis.”
Chi. Milwaukee Corp., 35 Fed. Cl. at 455 n.6 (citations omitted).
Therefore, on one side Congress explicitly removed the phrase
“time lost” from the definition of compensation in the RRTA, which would
lead some to the conclusion that the phrase was intentionally excluded.
On the other hand, the RRA includes time lost in its definition of
compensation and the RRA is part of the context and statutory scheme
which courts look to in analyzing congressional intent. Further, the
legislative history appears to conclude that amendments, which removed
the “time lost” language from the RRTA, did not intend to remove the
phrase from the meaning of compensation, although the legislative
history is generally unhelpful in clarifying Congress’s intent on this
precise issue. Thus, when considering the statutory language, the
statutory scheme, and the legislative history of the definition of
compensation as used in the RRTA, we find congressional intent
ambiguous. Accordingly, we turn to step two in Chevron’s analysis:
“whether the agency’s [interpretation] is based on a permissible
26
construction of the statute.” Chevron, 467 U.S. at 843, 104 S. Ct. at
2782, 81 L. Ed. 2d at 703. 4
After a public hearing was held and written comments were
considered, final regulations updating the existing RRTA regulations were
adopted by the Treasury Department in December of 1994. See Update
of Railroad Retirement Act Regulations, 59 Fed. Reg. 66188. The
regulation determined that the 1983 revision to the RRTA did not intend
to change the definition of compensation to exclude payment for time
lost:
Prior to the 1983 Act, statutory language specifically
provided for the presumption and the inclusion of payments
for time lost. In amending the definition of compensation,
the 1983 Act did not reenact the statutory language. The
legislative history does not indicate that Congress intended
to exclude payments for time lost from compensation or
negate the presumption that payments made through an
employer’s payroll are compensation.
Id. 26 C.F.R. § 31.3231(e)–1(a)(4) provides that “[c]ompensation includes
amounts paid to an employee for loss of earnings during an identifiable
period as the result of the displacement of the employee to a less
remunerative position or occupation as well as pay for time lost.”
(Emphasis added.) Additionally, 26 C.F.R § 31.3231(e)–1(a)(3) explains
compensation is not limited only to amounts earned or paid for active
employment service, as the definition also includes amounts earned or
paid for an “identifiable period during which the employee is absent from
the services of the employer.”
4The Court made clear that it “need not conclude that the agency construction
was the only one it permissibly could have adopted to uphold the construction, or even
the reading the court would have reached if the question initially had arisen in a
judicial proceeding.” Chevron, 467 U.S. at 843 n.11, 104 S. Ct. at 2782 n.11, 81 L. Ed.
2d at 703 n.11.
27
We find the Treasury Department’s interpretation reasonable as
applied to the definition of compensation. The IRS was aware of the
removal of the phrase “time lost” from the definition of compensation
from the statute and, after analyzing the legislative history, determined
that Congress did not intend to “exclude payments for time lost from
compensation.” 26 C.F.R. § 31.3231(e)–1(a)(4). Although the RRTA’s
definition of compensation may exclude the phrase “time lost,” we
conclude that time lost properly falls within the RRTA’s definition of
compensation as interpreted by the Treasury Department in 26 C.F.R.
§ 31.3231(e)–1(a)(4) and is thus properly taxed as compensation under
the RRTA.
Further, this interpretation is supported by at least one IRS
document describing time lost in the context of the RRTA.
“Interpretations such as those in opinion letters—like interpretations
contained in policy statements, agency manuals, and enforcement
guidelines, all of which lack the force of law—do not warrant Chevron-
style deference. . . . [They] are entitled to respect . . . to the extent that
[they] have the power to persuade.” Christensen v. Harris County, 529
U.S. 576, 587, 120 S. Ct. 1655, 1662–63, 146 L. Ed. 2d 621, 631 (2000)
(citations omitted) (internal quotation marks omitted); see, e.g., I.R.S.
Instructions for Form CT-1, Employer’s Annual Railroad Retirement Tax
Return, Cat. No. 16005H (Nov. 25, 2013) (defining compensation as
“payment in money, or in something that may be used instead of money,
for services performed as an employee of one or more employers [and]
includ[ing] payment for time lost as an employee”). We find this
interpretation useful and compatible with the IRS’s interpretation of
compensation in 26 C.F.R. § 31.3231(e)–1(a)(4).
28
Moreover, this conclusion finds support in the RRA’s interpretation
of compensation to include time lost in its own statute and regulations.
See 45 U.S.C. § 231(h)(1); 20 C.F.R. § 211.2(b)(2); 20 C.F.R. § 211.3(a) (“A
payment made to an employee for a period during which the employee
was absent from the active service of the employer is considered to be
pay for time lost and is, therefore, creditable compensation.”). The RRB
has also consistently held that the RRTA’s definition of compensation
includes time lost. See U.S. R.R. Ret. Bd., Railroad Retirement Service
Credits and Pay for Time Lost 3; U.S. R.R. Ret. Bd., Pay for Time Lost from
Regular Work, Form 1B–4, at 8 (1996), http://www.rrb.gov/forms/
PandS/Misc/ib4.asp (“All compensation under the Railroad Retirement
Tax Act (RRTA) is subject to the Tier I and Tier II tax rates and the
annual maximum earnings bases in effect when the payment is made.
This is also true of pay for time lost.”); U.S. R.R. Ret. Bd., Railroad
Retirement Service Credits and Pay for Time Lost 3 (“As with all
compensation, pay for time lost is subject to taxation under the Railroad
Retirement Tax Act at the tier I and tier II tax rates . . . .”).
Additionally, other courts have held that time lost is included in
the definition of compensation in the RRTA. The Nebraska Supreme
Court in Heckman found that a general verdict in a FELA case was
presumed to be for time lost and the entire award was subject to RRTA
withholding taxes. 837 N.W.2d at 543 (“Under the RRA, the entire award
is compensation subject to RRTA taxes that must be paid by the
employer.”). In Chicago Milwaukee Corporation, the Court analyzed why
time lost was removed from the RRTA and concluded that “the 1975
amendment was intended solely to clarify that the RRTA tax was
assessed to the extent and at the rate applicable when paid” and “the
1983 amendment to the definition of compensation was a further
29
‘technical and conforming amendment’ designed to accommodate the
1975 change in the law from an ‘earned basis’ to a ‘paid basis’ ” and
substantively, compensation was still to include payment for time lost.
35 Fed. Cl. at 455 n.6 (citations omitted).
The Chicago Milwaukee Corporation court’s interpretation of the
statute and legislative history is similar to that of the IRS and further
evidences the reasonableness of the Treasury Regulation. See also
Hance v. Norfolk S. Ry., 571 F.3d 511, 523 (6th Cir. 2009) (“The Railroad
Retirement Tax Act and its accompanying regulations also require an
employer to pay Tier I and Tier II taxes on all ‘compensation’ to
employees, including payment ‘for time lost.’ ”).
For the above reasons, we conclude that the definition of
compensation to include time lost as interpreted by the Treasury
Department in 26 C.F.R. § 31.3231(e)–1 is reasonable, and thus, time
lost is properly taxed as compensation under the RRTA.
D. Employer Entitlement to Order of Satisfaction When
Employer Has Withheld Taxes but Not Remitted Them to the IRS.
Phillips contends that even if the railroad prevails on its substantive legal
interpretation of the RRA and RRTA, it is still not entitled to an order of
satisfaction of the judgment in this case. According to Phillips, the
railroad admitted before the district court that although it had withheld
the proper amounts under the RRTA for taxes, it had not yet paid the
amount to the IRS. As a result, Phillips argues there has been only a
partial satisfaction of judgment.
The railroad responds that it has paid Phillips the full amount
owed to him under the judgment. The railroad states it has now paid the
necessary amounts to the IRS via quarterly payments, an assertion not
contested by Phillips on appeal.
30
The district court did not rule upon this issue, and the plaintiffs
did not file an Iowa Rule of Civil Procedure 1.904 motion seeking to
expand the conclusions of the district court. Thus, a substantial
question of error preservation is present. In any event, the railroad is
required by law to withhold amounts due for taxes under the RRTA. We
do not view compliance with the law in withholding of taxes as an
impediment to a satisfaction of judgment. By law, Phillips is not entitled
to payment of these amounts. Phillips having received all that was due,
the railroad is entitled to an order of satisfaction from the district court.
III. Conclusion.
For the reasons expressed above, we affirm the judgment of the
district court.
AFFIRMED.