David P. Garr Jr. and Julie A. Garr v. City of Ottumwa, Iowa

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF IOWA
No. 13–0778
Filed May 2, 2014
DAVID P. GARR JR. and JULIE A. GARR,
Appellees,
vs.
CITY OF OTTUMWA, IOWA,
Appellant.
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Wapello County, Daniel P.
Wilson, Judge.
City appeals the district court’s denial of its motion for judgment
notwithstanding the verdict after the jury awarded the plaintiffs damages
for property damage allegedly caused by the City’s negligent storm water
management. REVERSED AND REMANDED.
Mark W. Thomas and Robert J. Thole of Grefe & Sidney, P.L.C.,
Des Moines, for appellant.
John C. Wagner of John C. Wagner Law Offices, P.C., Amana, for
appellees.
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ZAGER, Justice.
Property owners sued a city alleging the city negligently approved a
development that caused flooding to the downstream property owners’
home. A jury returned a verdict in favor of the property owners and
awarded them damages. The district court then denied the city’s motion
for judgment notwithstanding the verdict, and the city appealed. We
retained the appeal. For the reasons set forth below, we reverse.
I. Background Facts and Proceedings.
In the 1940s, the federal government constructed an officers’ club
at 3105 North Court Road in Wapello County, Iowa. At some point, the
club was remodeled into a residence. In 1971, the City of Ottumwa (the
City) annexed the property and the surrounding area. In 1980, the City
declared the property to be within a 100-year floodplain. In December
1997, David and Julie Garr purchased the property at 3105 North Court
Road to use as their residence.
Located north-to-northwest of the Garrs’ residence is a golf course.
The golf course was constructed in the 1960s and was annexed by the
City in 1975. The City maintains the golf course. In 2001, an irrigation
pond was dug and a new sprinkler system was installed at the golf
course. Drainage tile on the golf course, damaged during the sprinkler
system installation, was also repaired. Storm water from the golf course
drains into Little Cedar Creek.
Located northwest of the golf course and the Garrs’ property is
Quail Creek Addition. The City approved Quail Creek Addition in 1995,
and it sits on approximately forty-four acres of land. When the Garrs
bought their home in 1997, only a few houses had been constructed at
Quail Creek Addition. Since approval of the addition, approximately
twenty-eight homes have been constructed in the addition, most of them
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after 2000. Storm water from Quail Creek Addition drains into Little
Cedar Creek, which lies south of the addition.
Located to the south of the Garrs’ residence, approximately sixty-
four feet from the Garrs’ garage, is Little Cedar Creek. The creek flows
behind Quail Creek Addition, through the golf course in a southeasterly
direction, behind the Garrs’ residence, and ultimately through a box
culvert under state-owned Highway 63/149. The highway sits to the
east of the Garrs’ residence and runs in a north–south direction. The
distance from the Garrs’ garage to the shoulder of Highway 63/149 is
about sixty-eight feet.
Like water from Quail Creek Addition, water from the Garrs’
property and the golf course drains into Little Cedar Creek. In all, the
Little Cedar Creek watershed (the area of land from which all of the water
drains to the same place) is made up of about 2075 acres. Quail Creek
Addition comprises about two percent of the total watershed.
According to David Garr, from the time the Garrs purchased their
home until 2002, Little Cedar Creek rose above its bank a couple of
times each year, and the Garrs occasionally had a trickle of water into
their basement. In 2002, the Garrs waterproofed and remodeled their
basement. Two years later they began to experience problems from the
flooding of Little Cedar Creek. Each year, flooding from the creek would
get worse, with the water from the creek rising farther above its banks.
Water eventually permeated the ground and put pressure on their
basement wall.
The Garrs estimated that between 2004 and 2010, they had water
in their basement at least 100 different times. In 2010 alone, David
estimated there was at least one foot of water in their basement on at
least twenty-five different occasions. On one occasion in 2008, water
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filled the Garrs’ basement to its seven-foot ceiling. On this occasion, the
Garrs filed an insurance claim and received $5000. They used the
money to clean up the basement and replace damaged property.
David estimated that at least a dozen times between 2008 and
2010, he spoke with Keith Caviness, a member of the Ottumwa City
Council. According to Caviness, however, he spoke with David one time
in 2008 and not again until August 2010. When they spoke, David
asked Caviness to have the City investigate the flooding problem.
David also tried to contact the Ottumwa Public Works director on
multiple occasions, speaking with him just once in April 2010.
According to David, despite a general agreement to have an employee
come to the Garrs’ property and examine Little Cedar Creek, the City
never sent anyone from the public works department to investigate the
flooding.
The public works director, Larry Seals, testified he came to the
Garrs’ property sometime in 2010. During this encounter, Seals fielded
David’s suggestion that the City clear the creek and straighten it.
According to Seals, he explained to David that straightening the creek
would decrease the time it would take for creek water to get to the culvert
under the highway, thereby increasing the peak water level and causing
flooding. In response to David’s further suggestion that the City clean
out the culvert, Seals explained the culvert was under the jurisdiction of
the Iowa Department of Transportation and David would have to ask the
department to clean the culvert.
On August 10, 2010, water from Little Cedar Creek flooded the
Garrs’ backyard and filled their basement. Despite David’s calls to Larry
Seals and Keith Caviness, nobody from the City came to his property.
On August 20, a major rainstorm hit Ottumwa and the surrounding
5
area. Around 4:30 p.m. on this date, after returning to Ottumwa from a
trip, David Garr received a frantic call from his wife, Julie. Julie, who
was on her way to the couple’s home, could not get to the house because
water on the road blocked her path. David estimated that when he
arrived about fifteen minutes later, the water on Highway 63/149 was
twenty-five feet deep. The water around the couple’s home had risen to
the doorknob on the front door. The flooding caused extensive damage.
In August 2010, parts of Iowa, including Wapello County where
Ottumwa is located, were declared a disaster area. The declaration made
disaster assistance available under the aegis of the Federal Emergency
Management Agency (FEMA) for areas struck by severe storms and
flooding between June 1, 2010, and August 31, 2010. The Garrs applied
for and received about $30,000 in disaster assistance because of damage
to their home and personal property caused by flooding. Estimates of
the total cost to repair the Garrs’ home were around $145,000.
In October 2011, the Garrs filed a lawsuit against the City. They
alleged the City negligently managed storm water by approving Quail
Creek Addition, by failing to establish storm water detention projects at
Quail Creek Addition and the golf course, and by failing to comply with
storm water management policies. After the district court denied the
City’s motion for summary judgment, the case proceeded to trial. At
trial, the Garrs presented exhibits and testimony from several witnesses,
including an expert who testified about causation. After the Garrs rested
their case, the City moved for a directed verdict, but the district court
reserved its ruling. After the close of all the evidence, the City renewed
its motion for a directed verdict. The district court again reserved its
ruling and submitted the case to the jury, which returned a verdict in
favor of the Garrs. The jury awarded the Garrs damages of $84,400.
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The City’s motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict or a new trial
was denied.
The City timely appealed, and we retained the appeal.
II. Issues on Appeal.
The City appeals on several grounds. First, the City argues the
Garrs’ claim is barred by the fifteen-year statute of repose contained in
Iowa Code section 614.1(11) (2011). Second, the City argues it is
immune under three separate provisions of Iowa’s Municipal Tort Claims
Act: section 670.4(3) (exempting any municipality from liability for
discretionary functions), section 670.4(8) (exempting any municipality
from liability for claims arising from negligent design or specification of
public improvements or facilities that were constructed according to
generally recognized engineering criteria), and section 670.4(10)
(exempting any municipality from liability for an officer or employee’s act
or omission in issuing a permit if the damage was caused by an event
outside the municipality’s control). See Iowa Code § 670.4(3), (8), (10).1
Third, the City argues the Garrs’ expert’s testimony was insufficient to
establish a causal connection between the City’s allegedly negligent
conduct and the Garrs’ damages. Finally, the City argues it was
prejudiced by improperly admitted evidence and statements made by
plaintiffs’ counsel during closing arguments. Because we find the
causation issue dispositive, “we address only that issue.”2 See Gerst v.
1In 2013, as part of nonsubstantive code corrections, Iowa Code section 670.4
underwent renumbering. See 2013 Iowa Acts ch. 30, § 196. The renumbered sections
corresponding to those under which the City sought immunity are section 670.4(1)(c),
(h), and (j). See id.
2The City did not argue on appeal that the Garrs failed to establish the City
breached its duty of care. Therefore, we assume for purposes of this appeal that the
City breached its duty of care.
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Marshall, 549 N.W.2d 810, 813 (Iowa 1996) (addressing only the issue of
causation when it was found to be dispositive).
III. Standard of Review.
We review a district court’s ruling denying a motion for judgment
notwithstanding the verdict for correction of errors at law. Royal Indem.
Co. v. Factory Mut. Ins. Co., 786 N.W.2d 839, 846 (Iowa 2010). On
review, we “determine whether sufficient evidence existed to justify
submitting the case to the jury at the conclusion of the trial.” Lee v.
State, 815 N.W.2d 731, 736 (Iowa 2012). To justify submitting the case
to the jury, substantial evidence must support each element of the
plaintiff’s claim. Van Sickle Constr. Co. v. Wachovia Commercial Mortg.,
Inc., 783 N.W.2d 684, 687 (Iowa 2010). “Evidence is substantial when
reasonable minds would accept the evidence as adequate to reach the
same findings.” Doe v. Cent. Iowa Health Sys., 766 N.W.2d 787, 790
(Iowa 2009). We view “the evidence in the light most favorable to the
nonmoving party.” Id.
IV. Discussion.
In a negligence cause of action, the plaintiff must prove causation.
See Faber v. Herman, 731 N.W.2d 1, 7 (Iowa 2007) (calling causation “an
essential element” in a negligence cause of action). Until recently, we
described causation as consisting of two components: cause in fact and
proximate, or legal, cause. See, e.g., Sweeney v. City of Bettendorf, 762
N.W.2d 873, 883 (Iowa 2009) (noting “that causation has two
components: cause in fact and legal cause”); Faber, 731 N.W.2d at 7. We
no longer refer to proximate or legal cause; instead, we use a different
formulation, scope of liability. See Thompson v. Kaczinski, 774 N.W.2d
829, 839 (Iowa 2009) (adopting the scope-of-liability concept).
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To determine whether the defendant in fact caused the plaintiff’s
harm, we apply a “but-for” test. Berte v. Bode, 692 N.W.2d 368, 372
(Iowa 2005). Under that test,
“the defendant’s conduct is a cause in fact of the plaintiff’s
harm if, but-for the defendant’s conduct, that harm would
not have occurred. The but-for test also implies a negative.
If the plaintiff would have suffered the same harm had the
defendant not acted negligently, the defendant’s conduct is
not a cause in fact of the harm.”
Id. (quoting Dan B. Dobbs, The Law of Torts § 168, at 409 (2000)
[hereinafter Dobbs, The Law of Torts]); accord Yates v. Iowa W. Racing
Ass’n, 721 N.W.2d 762, 774 (Iowa 2006).
Causation is ordinarily a jury question. Thompson, 774 N.W.2d at
836. In some cases, however, causation may be decided as a matter of
law. See, e.g., Faber, 731 N.W.2d at 11 (deciding as a matter of law there
was no causation between attorney’s negligence and the damages sought
by the plaintiff); Gerst, 549 N.W.2d at 818–19 (upholding district court’s
grant of summary judgment where plaintiffs failed to produce sufficient
evidence on causation).
Cause in fact must exist between the City’s negligence and the
damages sought by the Garrs. See Faber, 731 N.W.2d at 7 (explaining a
causal connection must exist between defendant’s breach and the
damages sought by the plaintiff). To assess the existence of a causal
connection, we begin with the claims of negligence on which the jury was
instructed. See id. at 7–11 (analyzing for a causal connection with
damages each of four negligence claims on which the jury was
instructed); Hasselman v. Hasselman, 596 N.W.2d 541, 545 (Iowa 1999)
(“Before reviewing the evidence of causation, it is helpful to note the
specifications of negligence that were claimed to have caused the
plaintiff’s injury.”). In this case, the jury was instructed the Garrs
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alleged the City was negligent by failing to: (1) protect downstream
property owners from increased water flow due to development approved
by the City that led to the Garrs’ flooding and property damage;
(2) establish storm water detention projects to protect the Garrs and
other downstream property owners from increased water flow caused by
development approved and managed by the City; and (3) comply with its
policies regarding storm water management and flooding. We now
evaluate the evidence presented to support the Garrs’ claims these
negligent acts caused their injuries. See Faber, 731 N.W.2d at 7;
Hasselman, 596 N.W.2d at 546.
To establish causation, the Garrs presented the expert testimony of
Dr. Stewart Melvin, a former college professor who specializes in
hydrology, the study of water’s movement in the environment.
Dr. Melvin testified that he had evaluated Quail Creek Addition’s water
control measures and found water from the addition discharges into
Little Cedar Creek. When asked by the Garrs’ counsel whether Quail
Creek Addition had an effect on Little Cedar Creek, Dr. Melvin
responded, “It’s had some. I can’t tell exactly how much right now, but
it’s had some.” On cross-examination, the City’s counsel established
Dr. Melvin had not performed exact calculations supporting his
conclusion that developing Quail Creek Addition had an effect; rather,
Dr. Melvin relied on his estimations of water depths and flow in the area.
Those estimates were presented in a report prepared by Dr. Melvin
that was entered into evidence at the trial. The report concedes not
having specific information about sizes of culverts, ponds, and other
landmarks in the area surrounding the Garrs’ home because it relied on
aerial photos. Nevertheless, the report estimates “peak flows from
different sized storms in the 2000-acre watershed [north of] the US
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Highway 63[/149] box culvert directly [southeast of] Mr. Garr’s house.”
According to the report, if a rainstorm dropped 5.5 inches of rain in
twenty-four hours, which according to the report would result in a
twenty-five-year flood, flooding would occur to the first floor of the Garrs’
home. If it rained 6.1 inches in twenty-four hours, which according to
the report would result in a fifty-year flood, the first floor of the Garrs’
home would be flooded with three feet of water. In the report, Dr. Melvin
acknowledged his understanding that the flood underlying the Garrs’
lawsuit “put approximately 4 [feet] of water above the floor of the Garr
residence and water was running over the road.” The report thus implies
the storm that struck the Ottumwa area on August 20, 2010, dropped
more than 6.1 inches of rain in twenty-four hours.
On cross-examination, Dr. Melvin admitted he had heard reports
that as much as ten inches of rain fell on the 2000-acre watershed on
August 20, 2010. If true, that amount of rainfall would have far
exceeded a 100-year-flood event, which, according to Dr. Melvin’s report,
was a storm during which 6.8 inches of rain falls in twenty-four hours.
The report makes clear that 6.8 inches of rain in twenty-four hours
would have caused water from the creek to flow over US Highway
63/149.
Evidence confirmed water did flow over US Highway 63/149 on
August 20, 2010. The water was deep enough to enable (or require)
sheriff’s deputies to use jet skis to rescue flood victims. In fact, David
estimated the water on the highway was twenty-five feet deep. The
evidence confirms a significant, rare rainstorm occurred in the area of
the Garrs’ home on August 20, 2010.
The City’s counsel challenged Dr. Melvin with this evidence. The
City’s counsel asked:
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Q. [W]ould you agree with me that if, in fact, there . . .
was 10 inches of rain that fell in a very short period of time
in that drainage area, then there was going to be water in the
plaintiff’s home no matter what? A. Yes.
Q. No matter whether Quail Creek [Addition] existed or
not; correct? A. Yes.
Before the City’s attorney could ask another question, Dr. Melvin broke
in: “Let me qualify. If there was 10 inches of rainfall in that period,
probably when you get that kind of a quantity, the effects of hardly
anything makes any difference. It’s just the rainfall.”
However, there may be more than one cause in fact of a plaintiff’s
damages. See State v. Hennings, 791 N.W.2d 828, 836 (Iowa 2010) (“ ‘An
actor’s tortious conduct need only be a factual cause of the other’s
harm.’ ” (quoting Restatement (Third) of Torts § 26 cmt. c, at 347
(2010))); Dobbs, The Law of Torts § 168, at 410 (“Nothing is the result of
a single cause in fact.”); see also, e.g., Stevens v. Des Moines Indep. Cmty.
Sch. Dist., 528 N.W.2d 117, 118, 119–21 (Iowa 1995) (holding district
court erred in giving instruction on superseding cause when plaintiff
alleged school failed to adequately supervise hall monitor who assaulted
the plaintiff). Thus, the major rainstorm is not, in and of itself, a cause
that relieves the City of its liability for the Garrs’ damages. There is no
evidence, however, that the City’s negligence caused the Garrs’ damages.
The question posed to Dr. Melvin by the City’s counsel, a
counterfactual, goes to the core of the but-for causation test. See Faber,
731 N.W.2d at 11 (concluding that although an attorney negligently
drafted an illegal stipulation in a qualified domestic relations order, the
damages would have been the same if the attorney had drafted a legal
stipulation); see also David W. Robertson, The Common Sense of Cause in
Fact, 75 Tex. L. Rev. 1765, 1770 (1997) (explaining the but-for causation
test requires “using the imagination to create a counterfactual
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hypothesis”). In other words, Dr. Melvin’s answers confirmed that no
reasonable efforts by the City to control upstream drainage, or other
flood control measures, could have prevented the flooding to the Garrs’
property in such a heavy rain event. Therefore, the damage to the Garrs’
property, which the evidence established sat in a 100-year floodplain,
would have occurred regardless of any negligence by the City. See Berte,
692 N.W.2d at 372 (“ ‘If the plaintiff would have suffered the same harm
had the defendant not acted negligently, the defendant’s conduct is not a
cause in fact of the harm.’ ” (quoting Dobbs, The Law of Torts § 168, at
409)). Hence, Dr. Melvin’s testimony suggests the City’s negligent
approval of Quail Creek Addition and its management of storm water
were not actual causes of the Garrs’ damages. Thus, although Dr.
Melvin presented expert testimony on the causal connection between the
City’s negligent approval of Quail Creek Addition and the Garrs’
damages, the testimony was insufficient to create a jury question.
Though he offered his opinion about drainage control measures
that could be used on a golf course, Dr. Melvin never testified about any
causal connection between the sprinkler system, the irrigation pond, and
the drainage tiles added to the golf course in 2001 and the Garrs’
damages. Expert testimony is not necessary to establish causation in all
negligence cases. See, e.g., Vaughn v. Ag Processing, Inc., 459 N.W.2d
627, 636 (Iowa 1990) (“Questions of causation which are beyond the
understanding of a layperson require expert testimony.”). We have
explained that “it is unnecessary to present expert testimony on
causation in those situations in which the subject ‘is within the common
experience of laypersons.’ ” Estate of Long ex rel. Smith v. Broadlawns
Med. Ctr., 656 N.W.2d 71, 83 (Iowa 2002) (quoting Welte v. Bello, 482
N.W.2d 437, 441 (Iowa 1992)), abrogated on other grounds by Thompson,
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774 N.W.2d at 839. On the other hand, when the connection between
the defendant’s negligence and the plaintiff’s harm is not within the
layperson’s common knowledge and experience, “the plaintiff needs
expert testimony to create a jury question on causation.” Doe, 766
N.W.2d at 793.
Courts have found that establishing a causal link between the
topographical changes and flooding requires expert testimony. See
Hendricks v. United States, 14 Cl. Ct. 143, 149 (1987) (“Causation of
flooding is a complex issue which must be addressed by experts.”);
Herriman v. United States, 8 Cl. Ct. 411, 420 (1985) (discounting the
testimony of laypeople in relation to expert testimony in a flooding case);
Davis v. City of Mebane, 512 S.E.2d 450, 453 (N.C. Ct. App. 1999)
(holding expert testimony necessary to establish dam caused flooding).
We believe the issue whether the flooding that damaged the Garrs’
property was caused by approval of a residential development and
alterations to a golf course is beyond the common understanding of a
juror. Therefore, expert testimony on causation was required. See
Vaughn, 459 N.W.2d at 636. Dr. Melvin testified as to the alterations to
the golf course, but he offered no testimony about the causal connection
between those alterations and the Garrs’ damages. Because there was
no expert testimony of any sort on this causal connection, the evidence
on causation was insufficient. See Gerst, 549 N.W.2d at 819 (explaining
an expert must, at a minimum, testify there was a possibility of a causal
connection between negligence and damages); Vaughan, 459 N.W.2d at
637 (concluding evidence was insufficient to establish causation when
plaintiff failed to present expert testimony on an issue for which it was
required).
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In sum, given Dr. Melvin’s testimony the flooding that damaged the
Garrs’ property would have occurred regardless of whether Quail Creek
Addition was built and the Garrs’ failure to present expert testimony that
the City’s other negligent conduct caused their damages, there was not
substantial evidence from which a jury could conclude the City’s
negligence caused the Garrs’ damages. Cf. Steuben v. City of Lincoln, 543
N.W.2d 161, 163–64 (Neb. 1996) (concluding plaintiffs failed to prove
proximate cause because they offered no proof that the city’s approval of
developments and golf course irrigation increased surface water drainage
during a flood). We therefore conclude the district court erred by denying
the City’s motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict.
V. Conclusion.
As substantial evidence in the record did not support causation,
there was insufficient evidence to support submitting the case to the
jury. Therefore, the district court erred by denying the City’s motion for
judgment notwithstanding the verdict. We reverse the judgment entered
by the district court and remand for entry of judgment in favor of the
City.
REVERSED AND REMANDED.