James Farnsworth II. v. State of Iowa

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF IOWA
No. 20–0786
Submitted September 14, 2022—Filed November 18, 2022
JAMES FARNSWORTH II,
Appellant,
vs.
STATE OF IOWA,
Appellee.
On review from the Iowa Court of Appeals.
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Cerro Gordo County,
Christopher C. Foy, Judge.
Both the defendant and the State seek further review of a court of appeals
decision in a postconviction-relief proceeding that declined to disturb the
defendant’s second-degree murder conviction but ordered the return of a
previously-forfeited $50,000 cash bond. DECISION OF COURT OF APPEALS
AFFIRMED IN PART AND VACATED IN PART; DISTRICT COURT JUDGMENT
AFFIRMED.
Mansfield, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which all participating
justices joined. May, J., took no part in the consideration or decision of the case.
Philip B. Mears of Mears Law Office, Iowa City, for appellant.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Kyle Hanson, Assistant Attorney
General, for appellee.
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MANSFIELD, Justice.
I. Introduction.
A decade ago, a melee between two young men resulted in the death of one
of them. The defendant, who had pulled a knife and fatally stabbed the decedent,
was charged with first-degree murder; he claimed self-defense. To obtain pretrial
release, the defendant’s family had to post a $200,000 cash bond, with $50,000
subject to the condition that it would be forfeited for restitution purposes if the
defendant were convicted. Following a jury trial, the defendant was found guilty
of the lesser included offense of second-degree murder. The $50,000 was
forfeited to pay victim restitution.
The defendant applied for postconviction relief, raising several claims of
ineffective assistance of counsel. The district court denied the application. The
court of appeals affirmed on the issues relating to the defendant’s conviction but
reversed as to the bond forfeiture order. It found that the defendant’s counsel
had been ineffective in failing to challenge what it viewed as an unlawful bond
forfeiture order. The court of appeals remanded for return of the $50,000 to the
defendant.
We granted both parties’ applications for further review. In our discretion,
we let the court of appeals decision stand as the final appellate decision on all
issues relating to the defendant’s conviction. We reverse the court of appeals
decision on the bond forfeiture issue. While we do not approve of the forfeiture
order that was entered in this case, we hold that postconviction relief is not a
way to overturn that order. Generally, bond forfeiture orders are civil matters
3
separate from the actual criminal proceeding. And to the extent that the
forfeiture order here could be deemed part of the defendant’s sentence, it
nonetheless “relat[es] to restitution” and thus cannot be the basis for
postconviction relief. See Iowa Code § 822.2(1)(g) (2015).
II. Facts and Procedural History.
In 2014, the court of appeals affirmed James Farnsworth’s second-degree
murder conviction, summarizing the relevant facts as follows:
Several witnesses to the details of this incident testified, each
relating slightly different facts depending on their proximity to
certain actions. None, however, contradicted another. Based on this
testimony, the jury could have found the following facts. On April
13, 2012, Farnsworth, his girlfriend, Victoria Miller, and several
others were at the apartment of Echo Dority. The group then decided
to go to a local bar. At the bar, Miller received a text of a smiley face
from her ex-boyfriend, Ian Decker, who is also the father of her child.
Farnsworth and Miller argued, and Farnsworth slapped Miller.
Miller then told Farnsworth she was “done with him” and that he
should leave. With the encouragement of others in the group,
Farnsworth left.
Not long after that, the group decided to go back to Dority’s
apartment. Farnsworth was waiting around the corner from the bar.
Miller ignored Farnsworth and others told him to leave. Undeterred,
Farnsworth followed the group, which continued to largely ignore
his presence. When Farnsworth approached Miller, Dority kicked
Farnsworth in the crotch, causing him to fall to the ground.
Farnsworth got up and ran to Dority’s apartment, arriving ahead of
the group.
Dority did not allow Farnsworth to enter her apartment. In an
effort to talk with Miller, Farnsworth sent her numerous text
messages. Miller replied, telling him to leave and that “[e]veryone
wants to beat the f * * * out of you.” Farnsworth threatened to kill
himself and walked away from the door and out of sight of those in
the apartment.
Dority and Miller went outside the apartment to wait for
Decker, whom Dority had invited. After Decker’s arrival, Farnsworth
came from around the corner and made a request to speak with
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Miller, which she refused. Miller and Decker told Farnsworth to
leave, so he got in his car and drove quickly away. However, a few
minutes later, Farnsworth “came barreling back down the street” as
other guests, Alyssa Fullerton and Derek Wentworth, were leaving
the apartment. Miller and Wentworth told Farnsworth to leave.
Farnsworth approached Miller, and Wentworth stepped between the
two. After Miller informed Farnsworth she did not want to speak with
him, Farnsworth stated: “If Ian [Decker] tries anything, I’m going to
f * * * * * * stab him.”
Decker was standing around the corner of the apartment
building. Upon hearing Miller and Farnsworth arguing, Decker
appeared to be very angry. He walked around the corner and began
fighting with Farnsworth. It was not disputed that Decker threw the
first punch. Miller tried to warn Decker by yelling, “[S]top, [Decker],
he has a knife.” The two continued fighting and grappled on the
ground but both got back up. At one point, Decker was hunched
over Farnsworth, but Farnsworth was able to throw Decker off of
him. When Decker stood up, he lifted his shirt to reveal blood
streaming down his chest and onto the sidewalk. Decker collapsed;
Miller and Dority applied pressure to his chest wound. Farnsworth
stood there briefly, then got in his car and sped away. It was later
revealed Decker had been stabbed once in the ribs, once in the thigh,
and had a cutting wound on his left forearm. Although police and
paramedics quickly arrived, Decker died at the scene from the stab
wound in his side, which had pierced his heart.
Police stopped Farnsworth shortly after he drove away.
Farnsworth was cooperative and informed police the knife was in his
center console. When asked what happened, Farnsworth replied
Decker had punched him four or five times, prompting Farnsworth
to pull the knife from his pocket and “[fling] it around.” Although
Farnsworth had some visible injuries, he refused medical treatment
and was transported to the police station. Farnsworth later
complained about being dizzy, and was then taken to the hospital.
A neurological exam revealed the absence of a head injury, and
though the doctor thought perhaps Farnsworth’s nose was broken,
Farnsworth refused to have X-rays taken and declined further
treatment.
State v. Farnsworth, 2014 WL 2884732, at *1–2 (Iowa Ct. App. June 25, 2014)
(alterations in original) (footnote omitted).
5
Soon after the above-described events, Farnsworth was arrested by the
Mason City police and charged with first-degree murder. He was initially held in
jail on a $100,000 cash bond. Farnsworth applied for bond review, and a hearing
took place. After that, the bond was increased to $200,000 cash, but with the
proviso that $150,000 of the cash could be posted by a surety while $50,000 had
to be deposited in the defendant’s name. This requirement was intended to allow
the $50,000 to be applied immediately to restitution if the defendant were
convicted.
A month later, Farnsworth again sought bond review. He asked for
permission to post a surety bond instead of cash for the $150,000 that did not
have to be in his name. The State countered that Farnsworth should be required
to post an increased sum of $100,000 in cash bond under his own name. The
district court adopted neither suggestion and left the existing bail conditions in
place.
To meet those conditions, a $50,000 cash bond was posted in the
defendant’s name, while a bail bonding company posted the remaining
$150,000. The record indicates that the $50,000 came from Farnsworth’s family.
When the $50,000 was deposited, Farnsworth was required to agree as follows:
I authorize the Clerk of Court to use this bail bond to pay all fines,
surcharges, costs and victim restitution that I may be ordered to pay
by the District Court in the final judgment of this matter or any other
criminal judgment against me in Cerro Gordo County.
Farnsworth was released pending trial.
Trial began in the Cerro Gordo County Courthouse on January 14, 2013.
Farnsworth primarily relied on a defense of justification. Three days later, the
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jury returned a verdict finding Farnsworth guilty of the lesser included offense
of second-degree murder. See Iowa Code § 707.3 (2012).
At Farnsworth’s March 8 sentencing hearing, the district court imposed a
sentence on the second-degree murder conviction of fifty years’ incarceration
with a mandatory minimum of 70%. See id.; id. § 902.12(1). The court added,
“I’ll enter an order separate from the sentencing order in regard to bond
disposition.” It continued, “Pursuant to Mr. Farnsworth’s bond receipt
agreement, I intend to forfeit the sums posted in his name for application toward
victim restitution.” The court further indicated that the parties would have ten
days to object to this procedure.
The court’s formal sentencing order, entered that day, directed Farnsworth
to pay $150,000 in pecuniary damages to Decker’s heirs at law pursuant to Iowa
Code section 910.3B and $14,972 to the crime victim compensation program. It
did not address Farnsworth’s bond payments.
Twelve days later, on March 20, the court entered an order as to the bond.
The order exonerated the $150,000 in cash bond posted by the bonding company
while stating that the court “intend[ed] to forfeit” the $50,000 in cash bond
posted in Farnsworth’s name “for application toward victim restitution.” The
clerk was directed to hold the latter funds in trust “until further order of the
court, which will enter upon the opening [of] a probate estate of Ian Decker, the
appointment of a conservator for the minor heir of Ian Decker, or the
establishment of a trust for the benefit of the minor heir of Ian Decker.” The
court’s order added, “In the absence of a written objection by either party, the
7
court will enter [an order forfeiting the $50,000 cash bond] on or after April 2,
2013.”
On April 4, noting the absence of any objection, the court ordered the
forfeiture of the $50,000. It directed that the funds be held in trust by the clerk
until further order of the court. Three months later, after being notified that a
trust had been formed for Decker’s minor heir with Miller as trustee, the court
ordered that the $50,000 be released to her as trustee.
Meanwhile, Farnsworth had appealed on March 14. That appeal was
transferred to the court of appeals, which affirmed Farnsworth’s conviction and
sentence in 2014. Specifically, the court of appeals rejected arguments that the
prosecutor had engaged in misconduct, that a Miranda violation had occurred
when an officer who apprehended Farnsworth was asked whether Farnsworth
had made statements that would support a defense of justification, and that a
prospective juror had been wrongfully stricken for cause at the State’s request.
In 2015, Farnsworth filed the present application for postconviction relief.
He raised a number of ineffective-assistance claims relating to Farnsworth’s
retained trial counsel, David Roth. It turned out that Roth had been engaged in
very significant financial improprieties at the time he was representing
Farnsworth. Roth took his own life in the fall of 2014 as the details of those
improprieties emerged.
Farnsworth’s ineffective-assistance claims included an allegation of
conflict of interest because Roth and his firm had represented Mason City and
some of its police officers. Farnsworth also alleged that Roth should have
8
retained a forensic pathologist who could have countered—or at least added
context to—the state medical examiner’s testimony that the fatal stab wound
had been inflicted in a “slightly downward” direction. In addition, Farnsworth
faulted Roth for not objecting to an instruction that allowed the jury to reject his
justification defense by finding that Farnsworth had started or continued the
incident which resulted in Decker’s death. In Farnsworth’s view, there was no
evidence that he had started or continued the incident. Farnsworth also claimed
ineffective assistance based on Roth’s failure to mention the “beyond a
reasonable doubt” burden of proof during closing argument. Farnsworth went
on to allege several other pretrial and trial errors, including a failure to assure
that witnesses were sequestered, a failure to convey a plea offer from the State
to Farnsworth, and an allegation of cumulative error.1 Finally, Farnsworth
claimed Roth had been ineffective in seeking review of the initial $100,000 cash
bond, which review resulted in a higher cash bond, and in not objecting to the
forfeiture of the $50,000 that had been posted in Farnsworth’s name.
The district court conducted a trial on Farnsworth’s postconviction-relief
application in 2019 and entered a ruling denying it several months later in 2020.
The district court’s ruling noted there was “nothing in the record . . . to show
that Roth or his law firm ever represented any of the police officers whom the
State called as trial witnesses against Farnsworth.” It pointed out that
Farnsworth’s forensic pathologist expert for the postconviction-relief proceeding
1The plea offer was for second-degree murder, the offense of which Farnsworth was
convicted. Farnsworth testified at the postconviction-relief trial that he would have rejected such
a plea offer.
9
did not criticize the State medical examiner’s conclusions and “does not appear
to shed much light on the relative positions of the combatants”; at most,
Farnsworth’s postconviction-relief expert took issue with statements made by
the prosecutor during closing argument. The court also found sufficient evidence
that Farnsworth had started or continued the incident resulting in the fatal
stabbing. Concerning Roth’s failure to mention the burden of proof during
closing argument, the district court agreed this was “unusual” but did not find
that it breached an essential duty. And the court rejected the various other
claims of pretrial and trial error.
Lastly, on the bond issue, the court found no breach of duty in the decision
to seek review of the initial $100,000 all-cash bond. Regarding the subsequent
bond forfeiture, the court noted that we did not decide State v. Letscher, 888
N.W.2d 880 (Iowa 2016), until 2016. It was then we held that district courts lack
authority to forfeit bail as a term of sentencing. Id. at 886–87. The district court
thus declined to find that Roth “breached an essential duty in his representation
of Farnsworth by failing to assert a position that had yet to be validated by any
appellate court in Iowa.” The district court also observed that the “issue of bond
is completely separate from and has no bearing on the trial or the verdict
returned by the jury.”
Farnsworth filed a motion to reconsider, amend, and enlarge findings,
which the district court overruled.
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Farnsworth appealed, and we transferred the case to the court of appeals.
On November 3, 2021, the court of appeals affirmed the district court on all
issues but the bond issue. As to the bond, the court concluded as follows:
We need not address whether counsel breached an essential
duty in seeking bond review. The operative omission with respect to
the bond was counsel’s failure to object to the court’s application of
the cash portion to Farnsworth’s restitution obligation. See State v.
Letscher, 888 N.W.2d 880, 885, 887 (Iowa 2016) (“No statutory
sentencing provision exists in Iowa to authorize a court to forfeit
bail. . . . The disposition of pretrial bail money is not an authorized
part of sentencing, and therefore, a sentencing court is without
statutory authority to forfeit bail as a part of a sentence. Action
taken against bail must comply with the statutory terms and
conditions.”). Although the State correctly notes Letscher postdated
Farnsworth’s posting of his bond and counsel had no duty “to
foresee that result,” counsel did not require Letscher to argue that
no statutory authority supported the forfeiture of the cash bond for
restitution. Indeed, statutory authority in effect at the time said
precisely the opposite:
Upon the filing of the undertaking and the
certificate of the officer, or the certificate of the officer
alone if money has been deposited instead of bail, the
court or clerk shall immediately order return of the money
deposited to the person who deposited the same, or
order an exoneration of the surety.
Iowa Code § 811.8(2) (2015) (emphasis added). We conclude counsel
had a duty to object to the district court’s expressed intent to apply
the cash bond amount to his outstanding restitution obligation. We
further conclude Farnsworth was prejudiced by the omission, to the
tune of $50,000. We “return the case to the district court for the
clerk to disburse the bail money as required by law.” Letscher, 888
N.W.2d at 886.
(Omission in original.) At the conclusion of its opinion, the court of appeals
remanded for “return of that sum [(i.e., $50,000)] to Farnsworth.”
Both parties sought further review. We granted the applications and
directed supplemental briefing “addressing both the appellant’s ability to
11
challenge in a postconviction-relief action the district court’s forfeiture of his
appearance bond in this case and the court of appeals’ order to remand for the
clerk of court ‘to disburse the bail money as required by law.’ ”
III. Scope and Standard of Review.
“When we grant further review, we may exercise our discretion to let the
court of appeals decision stand as the final decision on particular issues.” State
v. Fogg, 936 N.W.2d 664, 667 n.1 (Iowa 2019). Here, while respecting the
vigorous advocacy of Farnsworth’s present counsel, we elect to let the court of
appeals decision stand as the final decision on all issues but the bond forfeiture.
The bond forfeiture question is a matter of statutory interpretation. We review
the district court’s interpretation for correction of errors at law. Sahinovic v.
State, 940 N.W.2d 357, 359 (Iowa 2020).
IV. Analysis.
The State does not claim that the forfeiture of the $50,000 cash bond
posted in Farnsworth’s name was proper. In other words, the State does not
argue that it was lawful to condition Farnsworth’s pretrial release on his posting
of bail money that could be redirected to pay fines, costs, and restitution if
Farnsworth were convicted. Nor does the State try to defend the actual order
forfeiting Farnsworth’s cash bond in order to pay restitution.
Our 2016 decision in Letscher is relevant here. 888 N.W.2d 880. There, we
reversed a sentencing order that required a convicted defendant to forfeit a
$2,000 cash appearance bond so it could be used to cover financial obligations
arising out of the defendant’s conviction. Id. at 887. We explained that bail exists
12
to assure the defendant’s appearance and protect public safety, not to secure
payment of financial obligations that might be imposed later if the defendant
were convicted. Id. at 884–87; see also Iowa Code § 811.1(3). As we stated,
“Under our law today, conditions on bail are only imposed to assure the
subsequent appearance of the defendant or protect the safety of others.”
Letscher, 888 N.W.2d at 886. And “the statutes governing a forfeiture of bail do
not authorize forfeiture as a term of sentencing.” Id. at 884.
We also took note of the state’s argument that the defendant had agreed
his bond could be forfeited to pay any financial obligations. Id. at 886 (“[T]he
State argues that the authority of the district court to order forfeiture at
sentencing was derived from the consensual nature of the terms of bail in this
case.”). Yet we concluded that “any issue of consent is not properly before us in
this appeal.” Id. “No record exists to reveal the circumstances behind the bond
form signed by Letscher,” we said. Id. We left open the possibility that the clerk
of court could seek to forfeit the bond based on the defendant’s written
agreement, subject to the defendant’s “opportunity to challenge the action in a
separate district court proceeding” with judicial review by writ of certiorari. Id.
In lieu of arguing that the forfeiture of the $50,000 cash bond was lawful,
the State raises several other grounds why the district court properly denied
postconviction relief in this area. First, the State contends that Farnsworth
cannot use postconviction relief to challenge the bond forfeiture because the
forfeiture was not a part of his sentence and was civil in nature. Second, the
State alleges that Farnsworth had no constitutional right to effective assistance
13
of counsel with respect to the bond forfeiture. Third, the State maintains that
reasonably competent counsel did not have a duty to challenge bond forfeiture
for payment of restitution until Letscher was decided. Lastly, the State argues
that it would be inequitable and unjust to try to recoup the money at this point
from the victim’s child and heir.
We will begin with the State’s first argument. Iowa Code section 822.2(1)(a)
(2015) authorizes a defendant to file an application for postconviction relief when
“[t]he conviction or sentence was in violation of the Constitution of the United
States or the Constitution or laws of this state.” Clearly, Farnsworth’s present
attack on the bond forfeiture isn’t an attack on his conviction, so to be eligible
for postconviction relief Farnsworth must be attacking his sentence. Was the
district court’s April 4, 2013 “order for disposition of bond” part of Farnsworth’s
“sentence”? That order directed that the cash bond posted by Farnsworth be
forfeited and applied toward victim restitution. Thus, it could potentially be
viewed as a bond order or as a restitution order, or as something of both.
The State insists that bond forfeiture orders are civil in nature and not a
proper subject of a postconviction-relief application. It directs us to State v.
Dodd, where the court of appeals said, “Proceedings for forfeiture of bail and
judgment thereon are civil in nature.” 346 N.W.2d 42, 43 (Iowa Ct. App. 1984).
There are several precedents saying the same thing. See, e.g., State v. Costello,
489 N.W.2d 735, 737–38 (Iowa 1992) (“[P]roceedings for forfeiture of bail and
judgment therein are civil actions . . . .” (quoting State v. Zylstra, 263 N.W.2d
529, 531 (Iowa 1978))); State v. Marrufo-Gonzalez, 806 N.W.2d 475, 480 (Iowa
14
Ct. App. 2011) (“The proceedings for forfeiture of bail and judgment are civil
actions . . . .”).
Clearly, the April 4, 2013 order has some characteristics of a classic bond
forfeiture order. At sentencing, the district court stated that it would enter a
“separate” order in regard to bond disposition. In that separate order, the court
made an effort to comply with the ten-day notice provision of Iowa Code section
811.6(1) (2012) relating to forfeiture of bonds.
Yet this case does not involve a standard bond forfeiture for failure to
appear. Cf. Costello, 489 N.W.2d at 737; Marrufo-Gonzalez, 806 N.W.2d at 477–
78; Dodd, 346 N.W.2d at 43. Here, the forfeiture order was based on the
defendant’s conviction, following the court’s announcement at sentencing that it
planned to enter such an order. And the order did not merely take away the bond
money, it also directed that the bond be applied to Farnsworth’s restitution
obligation to the victim’s heirs. Farnsworth argues that we treated a similar order
as a term of sentence in Letscher and that the present situation is analogous.
See 888 N.W.2d at 884 (“We now consider the authority of the district court to
order the forfeiture of a pretrial appearance bond as a term of a sentence.”).
We have said that “the meaning of ‘sentence’ depends on the context.”
State v. Richardson, 890 N.W.2d 609, 617–18 (Iowa 2017). “[D]epending on the
context, restitution could be considered part of the ‘sentence.’ ” Id. at 617.
Notably, the type of victim restitution that was awarded to Decker’s heirs under
section 910.3B has previously been determined by our court to be “partly
punitive.” Id.; see also State v. Davison, 973 N.W.2d 276, 285 (Iowa 2022).
15
Section 910.2(1) provides that restitution is ordered by “the sentencing court.”
Iowa Code § 910.2(1). Also, we have “acknowledged that restitution is a phase of
sentencing.” State v. Alspach, 554 N.W.2d 882, 883 (Iowa 1996). We have
indicated that “a restitution hearing is a critical stage of the criminal
proceedings requiring assistance of counsel” when the restitution is imposed “as
part of the original sentencing order” or in a “supplemental order[].” Id. at 883–
84. Farnsworth points out that in Letscher the bond forfeiture order was set forth
as a paragraph of the judgment and sentence, whereas here a separate order
was entered less than a month later. Not a material difference, in his view.2
In the end, though, we don’t believe it matters how the district court’s bond
forfeiture order is characterized. If we view the April 4 order as a stand-alone
bond forfeiture order, it is clearly a civil matter—Letscher confirms this. See 888
N.W.2d at 886. We explained in Letscher that forfeiture is available to the state
“only as a civil matter.” Id. We allowed for the possibility that, on remand, the
state could try to pursue forfeiture based on the defendant’s written agreement
that his bond could be used to pay the financial obligations of the sentence. Id.
2Moreover, Farnsworth’s March 8, 2013 written judgment and sentence had form
language stating,
The appearance bond of the Defendant, if any, shall be first applied to the payment
of costs, then to the payment of the fine, then to the payment of any other
outstanding restitution, fines, and costs owing in this matter, and the balance, if
any refunded to the Defendant.
This boilerplate did not reflect the correct priority of payment. Payments to victims were—and
still are—prioritized ahead of other payments. See Iowa Code § 910.9 (2012); id. § 910.9(3) (2022).
As noted, follow-on orders were entered on March 20 and April 4 providing that only the $50,000
cash bond in the name of Farnsworth would be forfeited and that the proceeds would go to
Decker’s minor heir.
16
In that case, though, we said that the defendant’s avenue for challenging such
action would be by writ of certiorari, and we cited to the Iowa Rules of Civil
Procedure. Id. In other words, we reiterated that a stand-alone bond forfeiture
proceeding, even one based on the defendant’s consent rather than his failure to
appear, was a civil matter. Id. As a civil matter, the bond forfeiture order would
not be a proper subject for postconviction relief.
On the other hand, if the forfeiture order is considered a term of sentence,
then Farnsworth runs smack into Iowa Code section 822.2(1)(g) (2015), which
precludes any use of the postconviction-relief remedy to attack a sentence for
“alleged error relating to restitution.” See Earnest v. State, 508 N.W.2d 630, 633
(Iowa 1993) (“[T]his subsection unambiguously excludes claims relating to
restitution in postconviction proceedings.”). To the extent that the April 4, 2013
order was a term of Farnsworth’s sentence, it was a term relating to restitution.
The April 4 order specifically provided that Farnsworth’s $50,000 cash bond
would be used for victim restitution.
The problem with Farnsworth’s Letscher analogy is that Letscher was a
direct appeal. This case is a postconviction-relief action. Thus, even if we treat
the April 4, 2013 order as a term of Farnsworth’s sentence, we have to ask
whether it is a term that Farnsworth can challenge under Iowa Code chapter
822. And some sentencing terms can’t be challenged. In particular, restitution
terms can’t be challenged in postconviction-relief proceedings. See Iowa Code
§ 822.2(1)(g) (excluding “restitution, court costs, or fees”).
17
So, we sum up as follows: If the forfeiture order is a term of Farnsworth’s
sentence, it is a term of his sentence because it relates to restitution. And in that
event, postconviction relief is not available. See id.In his supplemental brief, Farnsworth argues that the State waived its
present position that postconviction relief is unavailable to challenge the bond
forfeiture order by not raising that claim in its principal brief. As Farnsworth
puts it:
The State never argued that there was no ability in a postconviction
[proceeding] to raise this issue. The State did not even argue that
the forfeiture provision was not part of sentencing.
Given the State’s original brief on appeal, the Court should
find that the State cannot now raise those issues. The State should
not be able to raise these arguments for the first time in its
Application for Further Review.
We believe that we can exercise our discretion to consider the issue. The
State made a minimalist argument below that postconviction relief was not an
available remedy, asserting, “If Farnsworth believes he should have bond money
back, he should file a civil malpractice suit, not raise this issue in post-conviction
relief.” The State is the appellee. Furthermore, the issue is a legal one, and the
supplemental briefs have afforded both sides a full opportunity to make a
thorough adversarial presentation. See, e.g., Iowa Ass’n of Bus. & Indus. v. City
of Waterloo, 961 N.W.2d 465, 476 (Iowa 2021) (affirming in part based on an
argument that was raised in an amicus brief); King v. State, 818 N.W.2d 1, 12,
35–36 (Iowa 2012) (affirming based on an argument that was raised below but
not in the appellee’s brief and noting that “[o]ur rules provide that an appellee
need not even file a brief in our court”).
18
Thus, we conclude that postconviction relief is not available to set aside
the April 4, 2013 order directing that Farnsworth’s cash bond be forfeited for
victim restitution. At the time, other remedies may have been available—direct
appeal, review by certiorari, or a petition under Iowa Code chapter 910.7 (2012).
We do not decide which of those remedies Farnsworth could have pursued at the
time. But clearly postconviction relief is not available today. In light of this
conclusion, we need not reach the State’s second through fourth arguments, but
we note that the State’s final argument provides some policy support for the
conclusion we are reaching today. It would be unworkable if defendants could
challenge orders forfeiting their bail for victim restitution purposes years after
the fact. The money is gone. It has long since been paid by the State to victims
and used by the victims to pay bills and for other purposes.3
V. Conclusion.
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the order of the district court denying
Farnsworth’s application for postconviction relief and affirm the decision of the
court of appeals except as to the bond forfeiture issue. On that point, we vacate
the decision of the court of appeals for the reasons stated herein.
3Farnsworth also argues that Roth rendered ineffective assistance when he sought review
of the initial $100,000 cash bond. This review resulted in the bond being increased to $200,000
cash, with $50,000 required to be posted in the defendant’s name.
The original April 14, 2012 bond order required $100,000 “cash only in defendant’s name
only.” Following the review hearing, the bond was increased on April 27 to $200,000 cash but
only $50,000 of that had to be in Farnsworth’s name. At this point, Farnsworth’s family paid
$20,000 to a bonding company for a $150,000 cash bond and also deposited $50,000 in
Farnsworth’s name. Thus, we agree with the district court that even with hindsight, the effort to
seek review of the bond was a reasonable strategic decision that actually reduced the family’s
out-of-pocket outlay from $100,000 to $70,000.
19
DECISION OF COURT OF APPEALS AFFIRMED IN PART AND
VACATED IN PART; DISTRICT COURT JUDGMENT AFFIRMED.
All justices concur except May, J., who takes no part.