IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 14-1058
Filed September 23, 2015
BRENDA J. ALCALA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
vs.
MARRIOTT INTERNATIONAL, INC.,
COURTYARD MANAGEMENT
CORPORATION d/b/a QUAD CITIES
COURTYARD BY MARRIOTT,
Defendants-Appellants,
MARRIOTT BUSINESS SERVICES,
and HPTCY CORPORATION,
Defendants.
________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Scott County, Mark J. Smith,
Judge.
Marriott International, Inc. and Courtyard Management Corporation appeal
the jury verdict awarding Brenda Alcala damages. REVERSED AND
REMANDED.
Mark McCormick of Belin McCormick, P.C., Des Moines, for appellants.
Michael K. Bush of Bush, Motto, Creen, Koury & Halligan, P.L.C.,
Davenport, for appellee.
Heard by Tabor, P.J., and Bower and McDonald, JJ.
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BOWER, Judge.
Marriott International, Inc. and Courtyard Management Corporation d/b/a
Quad Cities Courtyard by Marriott (Marriott) appeal the jury verdict awarding
Brenda Alcala damages for injuries she sustained when she slipped and fell at
the Marriott hotel in Bettendorf. Marriott claims the jury should have been
instructed on the “continuing storm doctrine,” the district court erred by instructing
the jury on private safety standards, and the district court erred by submitting a
specification accusing Marriott of negligence in training its employees. We find
the district court abused its discretion by failing to submit the continuing storm
doctrine instruction to the jury. Additionally, we find the district court erred by
allowing the jury to be instructed on private safety standards and by instructing
the jury on Marriott’s negligent training of its employees. We remand for a new
trial.
I. BACKGROUND FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS
At 8:00 a.m. on Wednesday January 21, 2010, Alcala slipped and fell on
the sidewalk in front of the Bettendorf Marriott where she was a guest. The fall
resulted in injuries to Alcala’s ankle.
Alcala filed a petition on January 20, 2012, claiming she had slipped and
fallen on “ice that had accumulated on the walkway and parking lot” of the
Marriott. Alcala claimed Marriott was “negligent in failing to properly maintain the
premises for use of invitees and for failing to warn such invitees of the existence
of a dangerous condition.” She sought compensation from Marriottt for her
injury.
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On January 20, the day before Alcala’s injury, Bettendorf experienced a
wintery mix of freezing rain and snow. The forecast for January 20 through 21
from the National Climatic Data Center stated:
INCLUDING THE CITIES OF. . . CLINTON . . .
BETTENDORF . . . DAVENPORT . . . MOLINE . . . ROCK ISLAND
959 AM CST WED JAN 20 2010
FREEZING RAIN ADVISORY IN EFFECT UNTIL 6 AM CST
THURSDAY . . .
REST OF TODAY . . . BLUSTERY. FREEZING RAIN LIKELY AND
A CHANCE OF SLEET LATE IN THE MORNING . . . THEN
FREEZING RAIN IN THE AFTERNOON. NEW ICE
ACCUMULATION UP TO ONE QUARTER OF AN INCH. HIGH IN
THE LOWER 30S. EAST WIND 15 TO 25 MPH WITH GUSTS OF
AROUND 30 MPH. CHANCE OF PRECIPITATION 90 PERCENT
. . . TONIGHT . . . BLUSTERY. NOT AS COLD. FREEZING RAIN
IN THE EVENING . . . THEN FREEZING RAIN LIKELY AFTER
MIDNIGHT. ICE ACCUMULATION OF LESS THAN ONE
QUARTER OF AN INCH. LOW IN THE UPPER 20S. EAST WIND
15 TO 25 MPH. CHANCE OF PRECIPITATION 80 PERCENT.
THURSDAY. . . CLOUDY WITH A CHANCE OF LIGHT RAIN . . .
FREEZING RAIN AND AREAS OF FREEZING DRIZZLE. HIGH IN
THE LOWER 30S. EAST WIND 10 TO 20 MPH. GUSTS UP TO
25 MPH IN THE MORNING. CHANCE OF PRECIPITATION 50
PERCENT.
....
INCLUDING THE CITIES OF . . . BETTENDORF . . .
DAVENPORT . . . MOLINE . . . ROCK ISLAND . . . ALEDO
630 AM CST THU JAN 21 2010.
REST OF TODAY . . . CLOUDY. A CHANCE OF FREEZING RAIN
AND PATCHY FREEZING DRIZZLE IN THE MORNING . . . THEN
A CHANCE OF LIGHT RAIN I N THE AFTERNOON. HIGH IN THE
MID 30S. EAST WIND 10 TO 20 MPH WITH GUSTS TO
AROUND 25 MPH. CHANCE OF PRECIPITATION 50 PERCENT.
Climatological data from the Quad City International Airport in Moline,
Illinois, (8.38 miles south of the Marriott property) show the average temperature
on January 20 was twenty-seven degrees and the area received .53 of an inch of
precipitation. The precipitation consisted of freezing rain and fog. Data for
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January 21 show an average temperature of thirty-two degrees with no
precipitation and a “mist” throughout the morning hours.
Climatological data from the Davenport Municipal Airport (8.04 miles
northwest of the Marriott) for January 20 show the average temperature was
twenty-six degrees and the area received .32 of an inch of precipitation
consisting of freezing rain or drizzle and fog or mist. On January 21, the average
temperature was thirty degrees with a trace amount of precipitation consisting of
fog or mist, freezing rain or drizzle, and smoke or haze.
The National Climatic Data Center produced a report titled: Storm Data
and Unusual Weather Phenomena—January 2010, which summarized the
weather conditions for the Quad Cities area on January 20 (this report did not
include any references to January 21—the day of the incident).
A strong upper air disturbance moved from Kansas to central
Illinois on January 20, 2010. This was combined with a weak
surface wave moving along a stationary front that extended from
southern Missouri to Kentucky. Temperatures above the surface
were above freezing, but below freezing at the ground. The
result was an ice storm over much of eastern Iowa, western
Illinois and extreme northeast Missouri, with widespread ice
accumulations of 1/4 to 1/2 inch. Isolated thunderstorms also
roamed across locations south of Highway 34 in southeast Iowa
and extreme northeast Missouri. The ice knocked down some 1
to 2 inch diameter tree branches and smaller limbs, as winds
gusted to 35 mph. There were also scattered power outages
that lasted for up to two days, but no major outages were
reported. In some areas, numerous accidents and vehicles
sliding off the roads were reported.
A jury trial was held in February 2014. The jury was presented with the
above climatological data, heard from witnesses regarding the weather, and
heard from experts concerning private industry safety standards for maintaining
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safe exterior walkways. Particularly relevant to this appeal, the jury was
instructed concerning expert testimony; Alcala’s burden of proof to obtain
damages; private industry standards including the American Safety Testing
Materials (ASTM) standard practice for safe walking surfaces and American
National Standards Institute (ANSI) requirements for snow and ice removal; and
a definition of damages. Marriott submitted a jury instruction concerning the
“continuing storm doctrine,” but the court found there was not substantial
evidence to support giving the instruction. Alcala proposed instructions
concerning private industry standards, and negligence in the training of Marriott’s
employees in removing snow and ice. The court found substantial evidence
supported these instructions and submitted them over Marriott’s objections.
Upon submission of the case to the jury, a verdict setting Alcala’s
damages at $1,210,860.56 was returned. Marriott filed motions for judgment
notwithstanding the verdict (JNOV), remittitur, and new trial. The district court
denied Marriott’s motions. Marriott now appeals.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review a claim concerning whether the trial court should have given a
party’s requested jury instruction for an abuse of discretion. Hagenow v.
Schmidt, 842 N.W.2d 661, 670 (Iowa 2014). “An abuse of discretion occurs
when the court’s decision is based on a ground or reason that is clearly
untenable or when the court’s discretion is exercised to a clearly unreasonable
degree.” Pexa v. Auto Owners Ins. Co., 686 N.W.2d 150, 160 (Iowa 2004). Iowa
law requires a court to give a requested jury instruction if it correctly states the
6
applicable law and is not embodied in other instructions. Stover v. Lakeland
Square Owners Ass’n, 434 N.W.2d 866, 868 (Iowa 1989).
Relatedly, “[w]e review a claim that the district court gave an instruction
not supported by the evidence for correction of errors at law.” Pavone v. Kirke,
801 N.W.2d 477, 494 (Iowa 2011). “There must be substantial evidence in the
record to support the instruction submitted. Evidence is substantial when a
reasonable mind would accept it as adequate to reach a conclusion.” Coker v.
Abell-Howe Co., 491 N.W.2d 143, 150 (Iowa 1992). “Instructions must be
considered as a whole, and if the jury has not been misled there is no reversible
error.” Thavenet v. Davis, 589 N.W.2d 233, 236 (Iowa 1999).
III. DISCUSSION
A. Continuing Storm Doctrine
Marriott claims the district court abused its discretion by refusing to
instruct the jury on the continuing storm doctrine.
We recently discussed and applied the continuing storm doctrine in
Rochford v. G.K. Development, Inc.:
The authorities are in substantial accord in support of the
rule that a business establishment, landlord, carrier, or other inviter,
in the absence of unusual circumstances, is permitted to await the
end of the storm and a reasonable time thereafter to remove ice
and snow from an outdoor entrance walk, platform, or steps. The
general controlling principle is that changing conditions due to the
pending storm render it inexpedient and impracticable to take
earlier effective action, and that ordinary care does not require it.
845 N.W.2d 715, 716–17 (Iowa Ct. App. 2014) (citing Reuter v. Iowa Trust &
Savings Bank, 57 N.W.2d 225, 227 (Iowa 1953)). Rochford concerned the slip-
and-fall injury sustained by a customer (Karen) outside of a shopping mall. 845
7
N.W.2d at 716. The weather on the day of the injury was described as “cold and
drizzly.” Id. The temperature “hovered right around thirty degrees,” with a
precipitation total of .06 of an inch. Id. In affirming the district court’s grant of
summary judgment to the shopping mall, we reasoned:
While there is no Iowa case law that addresses how severe
or significant the weather event has to be to qualify as a “storm,”
other jurisdictions have concluded that the continuing storm
doctrine—or “storm in progress” doctrine—“is not limited to
situations where blizzard conditions exist; it also applies in
situations where there is some type of less severe, yet still
inclement winter weather.” Glover v. Botsford, 971 N.Y.S.2d 771,
772 (N.Y. App. Div. 2013). In Convertini v. Stewart’s Ice Cream
Co., 743 N.Y.S.2d 637, 638 (N.Y. App. Div. 2002), the court applied
the “storm in progress” doctrine to dismiss the plaintiff’s claim on
summary judgment where evidence showed “light freezing rain” fell
for an hour the morning of the fall and had stopped just twenty
minutes before plaintiff fell. The Virginia Supreme Court asserted
“a storm does not have to be ‘raging’ in order for a business inviter
to wait until the end of the storm before removing ice and snow.”
Amos v. NationsBank, N.A., 504 S.E.2d 365, 367–68 (Va. 1998)
(affirming the setting aside of a jury verdict despite plaintiff’s
testimony that there was only “light drizzle” at the time of the fall
where the evidence overwhelmingly showed an ongoing ice storm
with precipitation falling and freezing on the ground).
The evidence here establishes that at the time of the
plaintiff’s fall at around 4:00 p.m. freezing rain was falling and
continued falling until around 10:30 p.m. when the temperature rose
above freezing. This freezing rain resulted in the sidewalks icing
over, leading to Karen’s fall. The freezing rain had not stopped
before Karen’s fall, so the landlord was not yet under a duty to take
steps to remove the ice. Whatever this “weather event” is called,
we find it was of sufficient significance to qualify for the application
of the continuing storm doctrine. We affirm the district court’s grant
of summary judgment for G.K. Development as there was no
factual issue to present to the jury. See Underwood v. Estate of
Miller, No. 10–0052, 2010 WL 3503959, at *1 (Iowa Ct. App. Sept.
9, 2010) (finding the evidence generated a fact question about
when the storm stopped so the case was properly submitted to the
jury).
Id. at 718.
 8
In denying Marriott’s requested instruction on the continuing storm
doctrine, the district court reasoned (based on the lack of case-law concerning
the definition of when a storm ends versus when it continues) the evidence
presented at trial would not warrant submitting the instruction to the jury. We
disagree. The jury received climatological data from two weather stations—both
stations were located about eight miles from the hotel in opposite directions. The
jury also received a weather report showing freezing rain and fog had occurred
over Bettendorf the day prior to the injury. Testimony and the forecast showed
the inclement weather continued in the early morning hours of January 21 until
about noon that day and there was testimony for at least one witness supporting
giving the instruction. The precipitation registered as a “trace,” and consisted of
fog and drizzle. Based on our broad definition of the continuing storm doctrine in
Rochford, where we found .06 of freezing rain precipitation was of “sufficient
significance” to apply the continuing storm doctrine, we find the district court
unreasonably denied Marriott’s requested jury instruction. We find the district
court abused its discretion by failing to submit the continuing storm doctrine
instruction to the jury. We remand for new trial.
B. Private Industry Standards
As this issue may arise on retrial, we address Marriott’s claim that the
district court erred in failing to reconcile a conflict between the parties’ experts
concerning whether private industry safety standards were applicable in this
case. Our supreme court discussed the applicability of private safety code
standards in Jorgensen v. Horton:
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We believe such codes upon proper foundation are
admissible but not conclusive on the issue of negligence. See,
e.g., Cronk v. Iowa Power & Light Co., 138 N.W.2d 843, 848 (Iowa
1965). They are admissible as an exception to the hearsay rule on
the basis of trustworthiness and necessity. Nordstrom v. White
Metal Rolling & Stamping Corp., 453 P.2d 619 (Wa. 1969); cf.
McCormick on Evidence § 321 at 743-745 (Second Ed. 1972). As
such they are an alternative to or are intended to buttress expert
testimony. Frequently expert testimony will be used to impeach
them. Evidence of experts is not ordinarily conclusive on the issue
of due care whether found in a book or in oral testimony.
We are unwilling to say private safety codes like the one
involved in this case necessarily define the standard of conduct of a
reasonable man. Violation of standards in such codes is evidence
on the issue of negligence but not negligence per se.
206 N.W.2d 100, 103 (Iowa 1973).
At trial, both parties presented experts who testified about safety
standards published by ASTM and ANSI. Alcala presented the testimony of
Russell Kendozier, who defined the standards and gave his opinion on how
Marriott had violated the standards. Alcala did not enter the actual text of the
safety standards into evidence. Marriott presented the testimony of Alan
Bowman, who testified the standards identified by Kendozier were inapplicable to
the events surrounding Alcala’s fall. Bowman noted the standards do not create
duties regarding the removal of ice and snow from walkways. He also noted the
standards discussed by Kendozier referred to the metric of slip resistance for
finish on the surface of the concrete walkway. “Broom-finishing” a walkway
satisfies the slip resistance standard whether the walkway is icy or not.
The district court submitted the following instruction, over Marriott’s
objection:
American Safety and Testing Materials (ASTM) Standard
Practice for Safe Walking Surfaces requires exterior walkways shall
10
be maintained so as to provide safe walking conditions (5.7.1). In
addition, said standards require that exterior walkways shall be slip
resistant (5.7.1.1). Finally, if an exterior walkway is slippery, it is to
be considered substandard (5.7.1.2). American National Standards
Institute (ANSI) requires that where snow and ice exists in
pedestrian walkways, safe maintenance techniques shall include
plowing, shoveling, deicing, salting or ice melting chemicals, and
sanding, as needed (10.3.1).
You may consider a violation of these standards as evidence
of negligence.
We find the district court erred by submitting this instruction to the jury
because it was not supported by substantial evidence. In its objection to the
instruction, Marriott stated substantial evidence did not exist to support
submitting the instruction to the jury due to the dispute on whether the standards
were even applicable to the circumstance in this case. Marriott noted the
instruction gave “undue emphasis to something that everybody agrees isn’t even
applicable or a legal standard in this jurisdiction.” We find, given the conflict
between the two experts, and the failure by Alcala to submit the text of the
standards into evidence, there was not substantial evidence to submit this
question to the jury. See Coker, 491 N.W.2d at 150. We find the district court
erred, and reverse and remand.
C. Negligent Training
Marriott claims the district court erred in submitting a specification
accusing Marriott of negligence in training its employees as it was not supported
by substantial evidence. Specifically, Marriott claims the record is devoid of
evidence concerning the standard of care on which the jury could gauge
Marriott’s training of its employees on ice removal.
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The court submitted the following instruction (instruction 16) to the jury:
The Plaintiff must prove all of the following propositions:
1. The defendant knew or in the exercise of reasonable care
should have known of a condition on the premises and that it
involved an unreasonable risk of injury to a person in the plaintiff’s
position.
2. The defendant knew or in the exercise of reasonable care
should have known:
a. The plaintiff would not discover the condition, or
b. The plaintiff would not realize the condition
presented an unreasonable risk of injury, or
c. The plaintiff would not protect herself from the
condition.
3. The defendant was negligent in one or more of the
following:
a. Improper training,
b. Inadequate maintenance,
c. Failing to inspect from 6:00 a.m., until 7:45 a.m., or
d. Failing to provide a slip resistant walkway.
4. The negligence was a cause of the plaintiff’s damage.
5. The nature and extent of damages.
If the plaintiff has failed to prove any of these propositions,
the plaintiff is not entitled to damages. If the plaintiff has proved all
of these propositions, the plaintiff is entitled to damages in some
amount. If the plaintiff has proved all of the propositions, then you
will consider the defense of comparative fault as explained in
instruction number 25.
Marriott objected to the submission of instruction 16 as follows:
[Marriott:] Oh, I think we objected on Instruction No. 16. I
don’t think there’s any evidence that Defendant was negligent in
improper training. I understand that’s a fact issue.
[Alcala:] I think Margaret DePaepe herself said nobody
trained her how to shovel and salt.
[Marriott:] I don’t think there’s substantial evidence for No. 16
under paragraph 3(a).
[The Court:] I think that, based on the testimony of Ms.
DePaepe, that’s up to the jury and there’s substantial evidence to
warrant that portion of the instruction.
Margaret DePaepe worked as a maintenance employee for Marriott and
she was responsible for removing ice from the exterior hotel walkways on the
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morning of January 21. DePaepe testified she spread de-icing compound on the
sidewalks on three separate occasions that morning—her account was
supported by a “property tour checklist” she marked after each application of de-
icer. DePaepe stated she received training consisting of a video presentation,
and she attended a “refresher” meeting for Marriott’s procedures on how to
address icy walkways prior to the winter season. Alcala presented an expert
witness who testified about the standards for walkway surfaces. He also opined
about ice and snow removal. He did not present an opinion on the adequacy of
Marriott’s training procedures or if DePaepe followed those procedures.
Testimony or other evidence is required to establish a standard to enable the jury
to evaluate Marriott’s conduct. Cerro Gordo Hotel Co. v. City of Mason City, 505
N.W.2d 509, 511 (Iowa Ct. App. 1993) (finding the court’s rejection of a
negligence instruction was proper as the instruction was not supported by
substantial evidence due to a lack of “testimony regarding the standard of care
upon which the jury could judge the conduct of” the defendant). Upon our review
of the record, we find there is not substantial evidence to support the submission
of the negligent-training instruction to the jury, and the jury was misled by the
specification concerning negligent training. See id. We reverse and remand.
V. CONCLUSION
We find the district court abused its discretion by failing to submit a jury
instruction concerning the continuing storm doctrine to the jury. We find there
was not substantial evidence to submit the jury instructions concerning private
industry standards and on negligent training. Marriott was prejudiced by the
13
submission of these instructions and the jury was misled. We reverse and
remand for new trial.
REVERSED AND REMANDED.
Tabor, P.J., concurs; McDonald, J., dissents in part.
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MCDONALD, J. (dissenting in part and concurring in part)
I concur in part and dissent in part. I concur in the majority’s opinion the
district court erred in submitting instructions concerning private industry
standards and negligent training. I concur in the conclusion the errors were
prejudicial, requiring new trial. I respectfully dissent from the majority’s opinion
the district court abused its discretion in refusing Marriott’s requested instruction
regarding the continuing storm doctrine.
I first address the standard of review. There is a lurking inconsistency
regarding the standard of review applied to the district court’s refusal to give a
requested jury instruction. Traditionally, the refusal to give a requested
instruction was reviewed for the correction of legal error. See, e.g.,
Weyerhaeuser Co. v. Thermogas Co., 620 N.W.2d 819, 823 (Iowa 2000) (“We
review refusals to give jury instructions for correction of errors at law.”); Kuehn v.
Jenkins, 100 N.W.2d 610, 617 (Iowa 1960) (“We have so often said that the
theories of both parties to a lawsuit, so far as they are supported by substantial
evidence, must be submitted, and that it is prejudicial error to fail to do so, that
citation of authorities seems needless.”); see also State v. Young, No. 14-0271,
2015 WL 1055070, at *1 (Iowa Ct. App. Mar. 11, 2015) (reviewing declination of
requested instruction for errors at law). In State v. Piper, 663 N.W.2d 894, 914
(Iowa 2003), overruled on other grounds by State v. Hanes, 790 N.W.2d 545,
551 (Iowa 2010), however, the court stated “review of alleged instructional error
depends on the nature of the supposed error.” The court then cited two cases—
one for the proposition that a challenge to an instruction given is reviewed for
15
legal error and one for the proposition that the refusal to give an instruction is
reviewed for an abuse of discretion. See Piper, 663 N.W.2d at 551 (citing State
v. Walker, 600 N.W.2d 606 (Iowa 1999) and State v. Langlet, 283 N.W.2d 330
(Iowa 1979)). Both standards have been applied post-Piper. Compare Deboom
v. Raining Rose, Inc., 772 N.W.2d 1, 5 (Iowa 2009) (stating that review is for
correction of errors at law and that it is “error for a court to refuse to give a
requested instruction where it correctly states the law, has application to the
case, and is not stated elsewhere in the instructions” (internal quotations
omitted)), and Banks v. Beckwith, 762 N.W.2d 149, 151 (Iowa 2009) (analyzing
failure to give instruction for correction of errors at law), with Summy v. City of
Des Moines, 708 N.W.2d 333, 340 (Iowa 2006) (“We review the related claim
that the trial court should have given the defendant’s requested instructions for
an abuse of discretion.”), Anderson v. State, 692 N.W.2d 360, 363 (Iowa 2005)
(same); Kiesau v. Bantz, 686 N.W.2d 164, 171 (Iowa 2004) (same and citing
Piper).
Although both standards have been used post-Piper, the trend in the most
recent cases is to apply an abuse-of-discretion standard. For example:
We review challenges to jury instructions for correction of
errors at law.” State v. Frei, 831 N.W.2d 70, 73 (Iowa 2013); see
also Iowa R. App. P. 6.907. Yet, “[w]e review the related claim that
the trial court should have given the defendant’s requested
instructions for an abuse of discretion.” Summy, [708 N.W.2d at]
340. Discretion is afforded the trial court in this instance because
the decision involves an assessment of the evidence in the case.
“When weighing sufficiency of evidence to support a requested
instruction, we construe the evidence in a light most favorable to
the party seeking submission.” Sonnek v. Warren, 522 N.W.2d 45,
47 (Iowa 1994). “‘Error in giving or refusing to give a jury
instruction does not warrant reversal unless it results in prejudice to
16
the complaining party.’” Hagenow v. Schmidt, 842 N.W.2d 661,
670 (Iowa 2014) (quoting Koenig v. Koenig, 766 N.W.2d 635, 637
(Iowa 2009)). “‘When the error is not of constitutional magnitude,
the test of prejudice is whether it sufficiently appears that the rights
of the complaining party have been injuriously affected or that the
party has suffered a miscarriage of justice.’” State v. Marin, 788
N.W.2d 833, 836 (Iowa 2010) (quoting State v. Gansz, 376 N.W.2d
887, 891 (Iowa 1985)). “‘Errors in jury instructions are presumed
prejudicial unless “the record affirmatively establishes there was no
prejudice.’” Asher v. OB–Gyn Specialists, P.C., 846 N.W.2d 492,
496 (Iowa 2014) (quoting State v. Murray, 796 N.W.2d 907, 908
(Iowa 2011)).
State v. Guerrero Cordero, 861 N.W.2d 253, 257-58 (Iowa 2015). See, e.g.,
Asher, 846 N.W.2d at 496 (stating standard of review is abuse of discretion);
State v. Miller, 841 N.W.2d 583, 585-86 (Iowa 2014) (same); Frei, 831 N.W.2d at
73 (same); Crawford v. Yotty, 828 N.W.2d 295, 298 (Iowa 2013) (same).
Five things should be noted regarding the most recent cases applying an
abuse-of-discretion standard. First, the lineage of the most recent cases start
with Piper. Second, Piper does not state the refusal to give a requested
instruction, generally, is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. Instead, Piper
states only review of the district court’s “refusal to give an ‘inference instruction
on alleged spoliation’” is for an abuse of discretion. See Piper, 663 N.W.2d at
914 (emphasis added) (citing Langlet, 283 N.W.2d at 336). Third, while the
Langlet court, upon which Piper relied, applied an abuse-of-discretion standard, it
did so because of the unique policy considerations and discretionary decisions
inherent in determining whether a spoliation instruction should be given in a
particular case. See Langlet, 283 N.W.2d at 335. Specifically, a spoliation
instruction is a form of discovery sanction. See Iowa R. Evid. 1.517(3) (stating
that a party that fails to provide discovery as required by our rules may be
17
sanctioned by an order stating designated facts shall be taken to be established
for the purposes of the action as set forth in rule 1.517(2)(b)). The imposition of
a discovery sanction is discretionary and will be reversed only when that
discretion has been abused. See Suckow v. Boone State Bank & Trust Co., 314
N.W.2d 421, 425 (Iowa 1982). Fourth, Langlet did not state that the refusal to
give a requested jury instruction, generally, is reviewed for an abuse of
discretion. Thus, fifth and finally, our most recent precedents all ultimately rely
on a single case that does not stand for the proposition for which it is cited.
“The above discussion reveals that our precedents in this area are not
surefooted.” Rivera v. Woodward Res. Ctr., 865 N.W.2d 887, 898 (Iowa 2015).
The unsteady nature of the post-Piper precedents is highlighted by the manner in
which review is actually conducted. The abuse-of-discretion standard implicitly
recognizes that a decision “is a judgment call on the part of the trial court.” State
v. Rodriquez, 636 N.W.2d 234, 240 (Iowa 2001). In other words, there is some
play in the joints, and the reviewing court generally will not disturb the district
court’s decision unless it “is based on a ground or reason that is clearly
untenable or when the court’s discretion is exercised to a clearly unreasonable
degree.” Pexa v. Auto Owners Ins. Co., 686 N.W.2d 150, 160 (Iowa 2004).
However, controlling case law provides the district court does not have the
discretion to refuse to instruct the jury on the applicable law. Instead, “[t]he
district court must give a requested jury instruction if the instruction (1) correctly
states the law, (2) has application to the case, and (3) is not stated elsewhere in
the instructions.” Weyerhaeuser, 620 N.W.2d at 823. Because of this rule, when
18
a reviewing court concludes there is substantial evidence to support an
instruction, the reviewing court generally also concludes the district court was
required to give the instruction. See, e.g., id. at 823-24 (“‘Parties are entitled to
have their legal theories submitted to the jury if they are supported by the
pleadings and substantial evidence in the record.’” (citation omitted)); State v.
Hartsfield, 681 N.W.2d 626, 633 (Iowa 2004) (concluding there was substantial
evidence to support the instruction and the district court erred in failing to give the
requested instruction). Thus, while the most recent precedents state the
standard of review is for an abuse of discretion, the practice is review for legal
error.
The divergence between theory and practice is highlighted in this case.
The majority, following the most recent precedents, states it reviews the district
court’s refusal to give Marriott’s requested instruction on the continuing storm
doctrine for an abuse of discretion. The majority then examines the evidence in
the light most favorable to Marriott and concludes the evidence was sufficient to
submit the instruction to the jury. The majority also concludes the refusal to give
the requested instruction was prejudicial to Marriott and requires reversal.
Wholly lacking from the majority’s discussion is any statement or other indication
the district court’s declination of the requested instruction was “based on a
ground or reason that [was] clearly untenable” or based on discretion “exercised
to a clearly unreasonable degree.” Pexa, 686 N.W.2d at 160. Instead, the
majority simply disagrees with the district court’s decision and reverses it. This is
merely de facto application of the legal error standard.
19
The tension in our precedents is also demonstrated by the different
standards of review applied to the district court’s refusal to give a requested
instruction and the district court’s decision to give an instruction. Our most recent
precedents state that abuse of discretion applies to the refusal to give an
instruction “because the decision involves an assessment of the evidence in the
case.” Guerrero Cordero, 861 N.W.2d at 258. The distinction does not hold up.
The process of deciding whether or not to give a requested instruction always
involves an assessment of the evidence in the case. The conclusion that a
requested instruction should be given or refused based on the state of the
evidence does not change the process by which the decision was made.
Whatever conclusion is reached, the district court must make “an assessment of
the evidence in the case” to determine whether the requested instruction “has
application to the case.”
For over 150 years, our courts have reviewed issues related to jury
instructions for correction of legal error. See, e.g., Tyron v. Oxley, 3 Greene 289,
290-91 (Iowa 1851). Piper created unnecessary confusion in the standard of
review. If writing on a clean slate, I would adhere to the older line of authority
holding that we review issues related to jury instructions, including the decision to
give or refuse an instruction, for correction of legal error.
Turning to the merits of the argument, I conclude the district court did not
abuse its discretion or commit legal error by refusing Marriott’s requested
instruction.
The continuing storm doctrine holds the failure to remove the
natural accumulation of snow and ice prior to the cessation of the
20
weather event giving rise to such accumulation of snow and ice is
not a breach of the duty of ordinary care, as a matter of law, and is
thus not negligent, as a matter of law. See Cranshaw v.
Cumberland Farms, Inc., 613 F. Supp. 2d 147, 149 (D. Mass. 2009)
(stating “a property owner is generally not liable for injuries caused
by the natural accumulation of snow or ice”). The doctrine further
holds that the failure to clear the natural accumulation of snow and
ice prior to the cessation of the weather giving rise to such
accumulation is not a breach of the duty of ordinary care even
where the party voluntarily has undertaken snow removal efforts
prior to the end of the weather event. See id. at 149 (“Nor does
liability arise merely because a property owner removes a portion of
snow or ice but fails to remove or treat the remaining natural
accumulation.”); Avalos v. Pulte Home Corp., 474 F. Supp. 2d 961,
970 (N.D. Ill. 2007) (stating that “simply removing snow leaving a
natural ice formation underneath does not constitute negligence”);
Wheeler v. Grande’vie Sr. Living Cmty., 819 N.Y.S.2d 188, 189
(2006) (“[T]he mere failure to remove all snow and ice from a
sidewalk or parking lot does not constitute negligence and does not
constitute creation of a hazard.”).
While the continuing storm doctrine holds there is no breach
of duty for failing to clear the natural accumulation of snow until a
reasonable time after the cessation of the weather event, “liability
may result if the efforts [the party] did take created a hazardous
condition or exacerbated the natural hazards created by the storm.”
Id. at 188. This is consistent with the general rule that an actor
ordinarily has a duty to exercise reasonable care when the actor’s
conduct creates a risk of physical harm. See Thompson v.
Kaczinski, 774 N.W.2d 829, 835 (Iowa 2009) (adopting
Restatement (Third) of Torts § 7(a) that an “actor ordinarily has a
duty to exercise reasonable care when the actor’s conduct creates
a risk of physical harm”); see also Van Fossen v. MidAm. Energy
Co., 777 N.W.2d 689, 696 (Iowa 2009) (recognizing adoption of
Restatement (Third) of Torts § 7(a)); Hill v. Damm, 804 N.W.2d 95,
99 (Iowa Ct. App. 2011) (quoting Restatement (Third) of Torts § 3
and stating a person “acts negligently if the person does not
exercise reasonable care under all the circumstances”); see
generally Avalos, 474 F. Supp. 2d at 970 (“[A] landowner does not
have a duty to remove natural accumulations of snow and ice, but
the landowner who voluntarily removes snow or ice negligently may
be subject to liability.”).
Wailes v. Hy-Vee, Inc., 861 N.W.2d 262, 266-67 (Iowa Ct. App. 2014).
21
The rationale underlying the doctrine is that the party responsible for
maintaining the premises at issue should have a reasonable period of time
following the cessation of the weather event to ameliorate the hazards caused by
the weather event because any prior action would be impractical or ineffective.
See Cotter v. Brookhaven Mem. Hosp. Med. Ctr., Inc., 947 N.Y.S.2d 608, 608
(N.Y. App. Div. 2012); Powell v. MLG Hillside Assocs., 737 N.Y.S.2d 27, 28 (N.Y.
App. Div. 2002) (“The rule is designed to relieve the worker(s) of any obligation to
shovel snow while continuing precipitation or high winds are simply re-covering
the walkways as fast as they are cleaned, thus rendering the effort fruitless.”).
There is no hard demarcation between the severity of a weather event sufficient
to support an instruction and the severity of a weather event insufficient to
support an instruction. See Rochford v. G.K. Dev., Inc., 845 N.W.2d 715, 718
(Iowa Ct. App. 2014) (stating “there is no Iowa case law that addresses how
severe or significant the weather event has to be to qualify as a storm”). There is
also no specific delineation of what constitutes a reasonable time following the
cessation of a weather event by which ameliorative efforts are required. See
Powell, 737 N.Y.S.2d at 29 (“Once there is a period of inactivity after cessation of
the storm, it becomes a question of fact as to whether the delay in commencing
the cleanup was reasonable.”). We thus only know the outer edges of the
issue—the easy cases where it is clear the instruction is warranted or not
warranted. As to all of the other cases in the middle, given the rationale of the
rule, the district court must make a common sense determination as to whether
the evidence shows there was an ongoing weather event of sufficient severity
22
that would have made prior ameliorative efforts to remove the natural
accumulation of ice or snow impractical or ineffective. See Cheung v. N.Y.
Transit Auth., 964 N.Y.S.2d 596, 597 (N.Y. App. Div. 2013) (“If the storm has
passed and precipitation has tailed off to such an extent that there is no longer
any appreciable accumulation, then the rationale for continued delay abates, and
commonsense would dictate that the rule not be applied.” (internal quotation
marks omitted)).
I submit this is one of the easy cases where the instruction is not
warranted. The majority relies on a weather forecast for a wide geographic area
for the two-day period surrounding the accident at issue. A forecast: “Dewey
Defeats Truman.” The evidence is largely immaterial to the issue. First, it is a
forecast of expected events; it is not evidence of actual events. See Grant v.
Wakeda Campground, LLC, 631 F. Supp. 2d 120, 128 (D.N.H. 2009) (stating
“weather forecasts are often wrong”); Lyman v. Town of Cornwall, 318 A.2d 129,
130 (Conn. Ct. App. 1973) (holding forecasts “could not be introduced as
evidence of the weather on the days in question” and the district court committed
reversible error in allowing such evidence to establish actual weather conditions);
Hearst Magazines, Div. of Hearst Corp. v. Cuneo E. Press, Inc., 296 F. Supp.
1202, 1204 (E.D. Pa. 1969) (noting forecasts were admissible to establish notice,
“not to show the accuracy of the reports”). Second, this particular forecast
encompasses a broad geographical area. For example, the report encompasses
both Clinton and Bettendorf, which are 45 miles apart. The geographic breadth
of the forecast precludes any reasonable inference regarding the weather
23
conditions at the premises at issue. Third, the temporal scope of the forecast is
for a two-day period; it is not probative of the weather conditions at the premises
at issue during or near the time of the accident. See Powell, 737 N.Y.S.2d at 29
(“In applying this rule in derogation of liability, we should be less concerned with
what was happening at the very moment of the accident. More relevant is what
was happening during the period immediately preceding the accident.”).
The relevant evidence is the climatological data reporting the actual
weather conditions in the area at or near the time of the accident. I respectfully
disagree with the majority’s interpretation of the climatological data. The
climatological data from Quad City International Airport shows no weather event
sufficient to support the instruction. That report has an hour-by-hour observation
table. Between midnight and the time of the accident, approximately 8:00 a.m.,
the weather type is identified as “mist.” Marriott repeatedly characterizes this as
“freezing mist.” The evidence does not support that characterization. The
temperature never dipped below freezing on the morning of the accident. There
was no recorded precipitation on the morning of the accident. Indeed, there was
no measurable amount of precipitation at all on the day of the accident. The
climatological data from Davenport Municipal Airport showed only a trace amount
of precipitation for the entire day. Ultimately, two different climatological centers
showed there was no measurable precipitation on the day of the accident. It is
clear from these reports and the testimony that whatever weather event may
have occurred on the day before Alcala’s slip and fall surceased long before the
time of her accident.
24
The fact that all measurable precipitation had ended the day before
Alcala’s slip and fall makes this case readily distinguishable from the cases on
which Marriott relies. In Amos v. NationsBank, N.A., 504 S.E.2d 365, 368 (Va.
1998), the court held the premises owner had no duty to clear ice from a
sidewalk where there was evidence the weather event was occurring at the time
of the plaintiff’s fall. Specifically, the plaintiff testified there was a “light drizzle”
and the meteorologist confirmed freezing rain fell in the area for more than one
hour after the plaintiff’s accident. Amos, 504 S.E.2d at 349. Likewise, in
Rochford, the evidence showed there was freezing rain at the time of the fall that
continued for six hours afterward. 845 N.W.2d at 718. In Schleifman v. Prime
Hospital Corporation, 668 N.Y.S.2d 258, 259 (N.Y. App. Div. 1998), the evidence
showed freezing rain was falling at the time of the accident. In this case, the
district court’s post-trial ruling made very clear that there simply was no evidence
supporting the requested instruction:
Defendant relies on Defendants’ Exhibit M, a collection of tables of
climatological data as reported by the National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration from the Quad City International Airport
in Moline, Illinois approximately 9.2 miles from the area of Plaintiff’s
fall. The climatological data from the day before Plaintiff’s fall and
the day of Plaintiff’s fall reveals the following: (1) no precipitation fell
on the day of Plaintiff’s fall; (2) the last recorded trace amount of
precipitation fell approximately 13 hours before Plaintiff’s fall; (3)
the last recorded amount of measurable precipitation (.15 inches)
fell approximately 17 hours before Plaintiff’s fall; (4) for most of the
day before Plaintiff’s fall until 4 hours after Plaintiff’s fall, the
climatological data indicated the presence of moderate mist, which
is listed in the provided table of weather notations under
“obscuration” and not under “precipitation”; (5) in the 18 hours
before Plaintiff’s fall, the actual air temperature ranged from 32-34
degrees; and (6) for 3 hours before and after Plaintiff’s fall, wind
speeds were 15-20 miles per hour.
25
Given the actual weather conditions at the time of the accident, the
majority’s decision ignores the purpose of the doctrine. Ice and snow are part
and parcel of Iowa winter. The purpose of the doctrine is to relieve one
responsible for clearing the natural accumulation of ice and snow from the
premises from the burden of acting when the weather makes ameliorative efforts
impractical or ineffective. There is no evidence that weather conditions at the
time of the accident or even a reasonable period of time before the accident
made ameliorative efforts impractical or ineffective. The purpose of the doctrine
is not to provide a shield for liability whenever there is a forecast of inclement
weather but no evidence of actual weather that made ameliorative efforts
impractical or ineffective during the relevant time period. Application of the
doctrine here transforms the “continuing storm doctrine” into the “storm that
ended yesterday doctrine.” The cases do not go that far.
For the foregoing reasons, I respectfully concur in part and dissent in part.