State of Iowa v. Thomas Patrick Olofson

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 19-1841
Filed February 17, 2021
STATE OF IOWA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
vs.
THOMAS PATRICK OLOFSON,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Polk County, Lawrence P. McLellan,
Judge.
Thomas Patrick Olofson challenges his convictions of forgery based on the
claim there was insufficient evidence of one element of the offenses. AFFIRMED.
Karmen Anderson, Des Moines, for appellant.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Kyle Hanson and Genevieve
Reinkoester, Assistant Attorneys General, for appellee.
Considered by Doyle, P.J., and Tabor and Ahlers, JJ.
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AHLERS, Judge.
Following a trial on the minutes of evidence, the district court found Thomas
Patrick Olofson guilty of two counts of forgery by creating counterfeit checks using
a stranger’s account information and passing the checks to retail businesses in
exchange for goods or services while signing his own name. On appeal, Olofson
does not challenge the district court’s finding that he engaged in the scheme as
described and admits his conduct constituted a crime. His challenge is that his
crime was that of theft by “bad check” in violation of Iowa Code section 714.1(6)
(2019) and not forgery in violation of Iowa Code section 715A.2(1) and
715A.2(2)(a)(3). Finding the district court correctly interpreted the statute in finding
Olofson’s conduct constituted the crime of forgery and substantial evidence
supported the district court’s guilty findings, we affirm Olofson’s convictions of
forgery.
I. Factual Background
Olofson purchased goods or services at two separate retail businesses by
giving the retailers checks drawn on a financial institution account of a third party
who did not know Olofson or authorize Olofson to use the account. The checks
bore printing that included the account owner’s account number, the routing
number of the financial institution at which the account owner held the account,
and the name of the financial institution. However, the checks also bore printing
of Olofson’s name and address rather than the name of the account owner. When
giving the checks to the retail businesses in exchange for the goods and services
he received, Olofson signed his own name. The account owner discovered the
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unauthorized transactions and alerted the financial institution and law
enforcement.
II. Procedural Background
Olofson was originally charged with five counts of forgery in violation of Iowa
Code section 715A.2(1) and 715A.2(2)(a)(3). The charges stemmed from
allegations Olofson had given five checks drawn on accounts of two separate
account holders at several retail businesses in exchange for goods or services.
Olofson filed a motion to dismiss the charges,1 contending his actions did not fit
the crimes charged. The parties reached a plea agreement pursuant to which the
State would dismiss all but two charges. The two remaining charges involved
separate checks issued to separate retail businesses, both of which were drawn
on the same account of the same account owner. The plea agreement allowed
Olofson to continue to challenge the remaining two charges via his motion to
dismiss. If the motion to dismiss was denied, Olofson agreed to a trial on the
minutes of evidence. The district court denied Olofson’s motion. Based on the
agreed-upon trial on the minutes, the district court found Olofson guilty of both
charges of forgery. Olofson appeals.
III. Standard of Review
Olofson challenges the sufficiency of the evidence sustaining the district
court’s findings of guilt. Claims of insufficient evidence are reviewed for correction
of legal error. State v. Schiebout, 944 N.W.2d 666, 670 (Iowa 2020). “We will
1 Olofson’s motion was captioned as a “motion for adjudication of law points.” The
district court, noting the rules of criminal procedure no longer provide for a motion
for adjudication of law points, treated the motion as a motion to dismiss pursuant
to Iowa Rule of Criminal Procedure 2.11(2).
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uphold the verdict on a sufficiency-of-evidence claim if substantial evidence
supports it.” Id. “Evidence is substantial ‘if, when viewed in the light most favorable
to the State, it can convince a rational jury that the defendant is guilty beyond a
reasonable doubt.’” Id. (quoting State v. Trane, 934 N.W.2d 447, 455 (Iowa 2019)).
The sufficiency of the evidence in this case turns on whether Olofson, by
his actions, made, completed, executed, issued, or transferred a check “so that it
purport[ed] to be the act of another who did not authorize that act” within the
meaning of Iowa Code section 715A.2(1)(b). This is a question of statutory
interpretation, which we also review for errors at law. State v Alvarado, 875
N.W.2d 713, 715–16 (Iowa 2016).
IV. Analysis
To begin our discussion of the merits, we first address the parties’
arguments whether Olofson’s actions constituted the crimes of forgery, as
charged, or should have been charged as theft by “bad check” in violation of Iowa
Code section 714.1(6).2 We need not and do not decide which charge “best fits”
the facts or whether, as Olofson claims, charging forgery instead of theft
constitutes “overcharging.” Our task on appeal is to determine whether Olofson’s
actions constitute the crimes charged, not whether they constitute crimes not
charged, as the prosecutor selects which charges to file and has the burden to
2Iowa Code section 714.1(6) defines one manner of committing the crime of theft
as occurring when a person:
Makes, utters, draws, delivers, or gives any check, share
draft, draft, or written order on any bank, credit union, person, or
corporation, and obtains property, the use of property, including a
rental property, or service in exchange for such instrument, if the
person knows that such check, share draft, draft, or written order will
not be paid when presented.
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prove the chosen charges. See id. at 718 (“When a single act violates more than
one criminal statute, the prosecutor may exercise discretion in selecting which
charge to file. This is permissible even though the two offenses call for different
punishments. It is common for the same conduct to be subject to different criminal
statutes.” (quoting State v. Perry, 440 N.W.2d 389, 391–92 (Iowa 1989))).
As previously noted, Olofson does not challenge the finding that he created
the checks at issue3 or that he transferred them to retailers in exchange for goods
or services. He challenges the finding that his conduct constituted the crime of
forgery in violation of Iowa Code section 715A.2(1)(b), which states:
1. A person is guilty of forgery if, with intent to defraud or
injure anyone, or with knowledge that the person is facilitating a fraud
or injury to be perpetrated by anyone, the person does any of the
following:
....
b. Makes, completes, executes, authenticates, issues, or
transfers a writing so that it purports to be the act of another who did
not authorize that act, or so that it purports to have been executed at
a time or place or in a numbered sequence other than was in fact the
case, or so that it purports to be a copy of an original when no such
original existed.
“An essential element of the crime of forgery under the provisions of section
715A.2(1)(b) is that the defendant make, complete, execute, authenticate, issue,
or transfer a writing ‘so that it purports to be the act of another.’” State v. Phillips,
569 N.W.2d 816, 820 (Iowa 1997). This essential element is the only element
Olofson challenges on appeal, claiming the State failed to prove it. Olofson
contends that, by signing his own name, he did not meet this essential element
3 Olofson was found in possession of the account holder’s account information,
blank check paper, and a printer.
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because his actions did not “purport[ ] to be the act of another who did not authorize
that act.”
In support of his contention, Olofson relies primarily on Phillips. In Phillips,
the defendant’s ex-wife had a checking account in her name alone and had been
furnished personalized checks imprinted with her name, social security number,
phone number, and current address. Id. at 817. Phillips took his ex-wife’s checks
to retailers, signed his own name on the checks, and transferred them to the
retailers in exchange for goods or services. Id. In reversing Phillips’s conviction
for forgery, the supreme court found insufficient evidence of the “purports to be the
act of another” element as Phillips signed his own name as drawer, did not
represent that he signed the check as agent or with the authority of his ex-wife,
and did not purport to be acting for her. Id. The court stated, “When a check is
drawn on an existing bank account and signed by the drawer in his or her own
name, the check is exactly what it purports to be—a written request by the drawer
to the drawee bank to pay a specified sum of money to a third person.” Id.
Olofson argues his conduct is the same as that of the defendant in Phillips,
arguing he cannot be guilty of forgery when he signed his own name and the
checks he passed were “exactly what they purported to be.” We disagree with
both premises of Olofson’s argument. Phillips does not stand for the proposition
that someone cannot be guilty of forgery under any circumstances when the
person signs the person’s own name. It merely holds that such is the case when
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the document itself is authentic.4 The problem for Olofson is the checks here were
not authentic and they were not what they purported to be.
Via Iowa Code section 715A.2, our legislature has adopted verbatim the
forgery provisions of section 224.1 of the Model Penal Code, and we presume the
legislature intended our statute to have the same meaning as explained in the
comments to the model law. Id. at 819. The explanatory note to this section of the
Model Penal Code states the forgery provision is drafted to prohibit conduct “so as
to focus the offense upon falsity as to genuineness or authenticity, rather than upon
the falsity of any statement contained in a legitimate document.” Model Penal
Code § 224.1 (Am. L. Inst.).
Here, unlike in Phillips, the checks Olofson made and transferred were not
authentic and were not what they purported to be. The checks purported to be
drawn on the account designated by the account and financial institution routing
numbers printed in the lower left-hand corner of the check. In that sense they may
have been what they purported to be. However, by Olofson’s name and address
being printed in the upper left-hand corner of the checks, the checks also
represented that Olofson was the account owner associated with the unique
account and financial institution routing numbers printed on the checks and the
4 In United State v. Tasher, a case involving stolen United States Postal Service
money orders that were claimed to have been forged, the court explained how a
person signing the person’s own name (or initials) can still be guilty of forgery by
stating: “Whoever placed the initials on the money orders, whether it be his own
initials, those of someone else, or merely two letters randomly selected from the
alphabet, did so intending to lend authenticity to the money orders when, in fact,
they were false.” 453 F.2d 244, 246 (10th Cir. 1972). The same is true here. By
use of checks that purported to show him as the account owner and signing his
own name, Olofson intended to “lend authenticity” to the checks when, in fact, they
were fake.
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account owner had authorized the production of the checks in Olofson’s name. In
that sense, the checks were not what they purported to be.
By making or transferring checks that included printing as if Olofson was
the account holder who had authorized the creation of the checks, Olofson’s
conduct met the essential element of forgery that the checks he made and
transferred purported to be the act of another who did not authorize the act. That
was the whole point of the counterfeit checks—to dupe the retailers into believing
he was the account owner affiliated with the account upon which the checks were
drawn and he had authorized the creation of checks drawn on the account when
in fact he was not the account owner and the account owner had not authorized
the creation of checks naming Olofson as the account owner. In short, Olofson
made and transferred writings that were not genuine, which is “the very essence
of a forgery.” State v. Brooks, 555 N.W.2d 446, 450 (Iowa 1996); accord State v.
Ross, 512 N.W.2d 830, 831–32, (Iowa Ct. App. 1993) (finding the evidence
sufficient to convict of forgery a defendant who stole blank payroll checks from his
employer, prepared and endorsed the checks in his name without authorization,
and cashed the checks at retailers).
We find sufficient evidence supporting the conclusion Olofson made and
transferred checks that purported to be the act of another who did not authorize
the act. Therefore, the State met its burden of establishing the only element
challenged on appeal, and we affirm.
AFFIRMED.