IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 13-1362
Filed July 30, 2014
CORY MARUNA,
Petitioner-Appellee,
vs.
SAMANTHA E. PETERS and
KIMBERLY R. ORADE HARPER,
Respondents-Appellants.
___________________________________
IN THE MATTER OF THE GUARDIANSHIP
OF JACQUELINE RAELENE HARPER, Ward
KIMBERLY R. ORADE HARPER,
Guardian-Appellant.
________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Clayton County, John J.
Bauercamper (attorney fees and costs order) and Richard D. Stochl (visitation
order), Judges.
A guardian and the biological mother appeal the district court’s orders
setting visitation between the biological father and the ward and denying their
motion to tax costs to the biological father. AFFIRMED.
Webb L. Wassmer of Wassmer Law Office, PLC, Marion, for appellant
Harper.
Samantha E. Peters, McGregor, appellant pro se.
Jeffrey E. Clements, West Union, for appellee.
Considered by Vogel, P.J., and Doyle and Mullins, JJ.
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MULLINS, J.
In this consolidated appeal, guardian and maternal grandmother, Kimberly
Harper (formerly known as Kimberly Orade), and Samantha Peters, the mother
of the ward, appeal two rulings of the district court. Specifically, they challenge
the district court’s decision setting a visitation schedule between the ward, born
in 2005, and the ward’s biological father, Cory Maruna. They claim the schedule
set by the court, which did not specifically articulate time for Peters, was not in
the ward’s best interests. They also appeal the district court’s denial of their
motion to tax costs to Maruna from a previous custody action and appeal.
Because we find the visitation schedule set by the district court to be in the
ward’s best interests and conclude the court did not abuse its discretion in
denying the motion to tax costs, we affirm the district court’s decisions.
I. Background Facts and Proceedings.
The underlying facts of this case are adequately set forth in a previous
opinion of our court, and we need not repeat them here. Maruna v. Peters, No.
12-0759, 2013 WL 988716, at *1 (Iowa Ct. App. Mar. 13, 2013). Following our
opinion, reversing and remanding the district court’s decision to terminate the
guardianship, the guardian, Harper, along with Peters, filed a motion to tax costs
again Maruna. They sought to recover the cost of the preparation of the
transcript from the prior trial, the guardian ad litem fees from the prior action that
had been assessed to them under Iowa Code section 625.14 (2013), and the
attorney fees and expenses they incurred in the prior action pursuant to Iowa
Code section 598B.312. After an unreported hearing, the court granted the
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request to tax the costs of the preparation of the trial transcript to Maruna, but it
denied the request to assess the guardian ad litem fees to Maruna, finding these
fees were ordered to be split between the parties by a separate order and no
appeal was taken from that order, nor did our court address the issue in the
preceding appeal. The court also denied the request to assess attorney fees and
expenses to Maruna, concluding no pleading from Harper or Peters requested
the attorney fees, the trial court order provided each party should pay their own
fees, and our court’s previous opinion did not address the issue.
Harper also filed a motion to establish a visitation schedule with the ward’s
biological parents—Peters and Maruna. Harper asserted it was in the best
interests of the ward for a schedule to be established to provide all parties with
certainty. In addition, she claimed that Peters, Harper’s daughter, was no longer
living with her and the ward, and thus, a specified schedule for visitation was now
needed. Harper requested the visitation order should provide Peters and Maruna
with equal visitation.
After a reported hearing, where the court heard the testimony of all parties
involved, the district court established a visitation schedule for Maruna of every
other weekend from after school on Friday until Sunday evening, four weeks
during the summer, and every other holiday. The court found there was clear
animosity between Harper and Maruna and in the past Harper would limit the
ward’s time with Maruna because of Harper’s dislike, not due to any issue
involving the best interests of the ward. The court found a specific order outlining
visitation for Maruna was needed to assure the ward will spend quality time with
4
her father because visitation would not be facilitated by Harper without a court
mandate. The court did not specifically set a visitation schedule for Peters,
stating it viewed Peters and Harper as one and the same party in terms of
parenting time with the ward. It found there was no indication Harper had ever
limited the ward’s time with Peters or ever would. The court concluded that if and
when Harper restricts the ward’s time with Peters, then the court can intercede.
Harper and Peters now appeal.
II. Scope and Standards of Review.
Our review of district court’s decision establishing a visitation schedule in
a guardianship case is de novo inasmuch as it was heard in equity at the district
court. In re Guardianship & Conservatorship of Ankeney, 360 N.W.2d 733, 738
(Iowa 1985); see also Iowa Code § 633.33 (noting actions to appoint a guardian
or conservator are triable as law actions but all other matters triable in probate
court are heard in equity). We give deference to the factual findings of the district
court, especially its assessment of credibility, though we are not bound by those
findings. Iowa R. App. P. 6.904(3)(g).
A trial court’s decision regarding the award of costs or attorney fees is
reviewed for abuse of discretion.1 See Markey v. Carney, 705 N.W.2d 13, 25
(Iowa 2005) (applying Iowa Code section 600B.25(1)). The decision to award
1
Harper claims our review is de novo and cites In re Estate of Bockwoldt, 814 N.W.2d
215, 221–22 (Iowa 2012), in support of this proposition. We note the Bockwoldt case
dealt with the district court’s award of extraordinary attorney fees in connection with the
resolution of an estate under Iowa Code chapter 633. 814 N.W.2d at 218. The
Bockwoldt case did not deal with the award of attorney fees related to an action to
terminate a guardianship or an action to obtain custody of a child born out of wedlock.
We therefore find the Bockwoldt statement regarding the standard of review inapplicable
in this case.
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attorney fees rests in the district court’s sound discretion, and we will not disturb
it on appeal absent a finding of the abuse of that discretion. Id.
III. Visitation.
Harper and Peters assert on appeal the ward’s best interests are not
served by the visitation schedule set by the district court. They claim by
awarding “liberal visitation” to Maruna but no visitation rights to Peters, the court
ignored the ward’s interest in having substantial and equal contact with both her
biological parents and her guardian—the person the ward has known as her
mom since birth. Harper claims that if she gives visitation voluntarily to Peters
equal to what the court ordered for Maruna, she would be left with no weekends,
holidays, or any substantial summer time with the ward. She claims this is not in
the ward’s best interests.
Harper and Peters claim the court ignored the evidence that Peters does
not see the ward on a regular basis, Peters started a new job working second
shift, precluding evening visitation and leaving only weekends available during
the school year, and Peters plans to move approximately twenty minutes away in
the near future, where she had previously lived just a few blocks away from the
ward. They also claim the district court ignored the opinion of the ward’s treating
therapist who provided a report to the court stating the ward expressed a desire
to spend no more than one night at Maruna’s home because she misses the
guardian.
Harper asserts her proposed visitation schedule is in the ward’s best
interests as it gives the ward equal visitation time with both biological parents as
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well as providing ample time with her, as the ward’s guardian. The proposed
schedule asked the court for an order providing Maruna and Peters one weekend
overnight every other weekend, splitting the holidays among the three parties,
and providing for no extended summer vacation except to Harper.
At the conclusion of the hearing, the court stated on the record that it had
reviewed the file and found “anything [the guardian] can do to prevent [Maruna]
from spending time with his daughter, [the guardian is] going to do. That’s
obvious. And I’m not going to allow that to happen.” It concluded the guardian’s
proposed schedule was not in the ward’s best interest: “[O]ne day every two
weeks is not enough time.”
The district court found it necessary to specifically outline a visitation
schedule for Maruna due to the conflict that existed in the past between Harper
and Maruna. In fact our review of the court record notes three different district
court judges since March 2011 have indicated that Harper has withheld or limited
visitation time between the ward and Maruna for no legitimate reason. To the
contrary, there has never been any indication that Harper has likewise attempted
to curtail or limit the visitation time Peters has with the ward. The district court
thus concluded no specific visitation schedule for Peters is necessary as Peters
has been allowed to see the ward whenever she desired. If such problems occur
in the future, Peters can petition the court for a specific visitation schedule.
Harper and Peters fault the district court for ignoring the opinion of the
ward’s treating therapist, whose report states the ward wants to spend no more
than one night at Maruna’s home because she misses Harper. We note Maruna
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was permitted alternating weekends with the ward in September 2011, consisting
of two overnights. These alternating, two-night weekends continued until the
supreme court denied further review of the prior appeal in May 2013—some
twenty months. There is no indication that the ward had difficulty with this
arrangement as alleged by Harper. In addition, under Harper’s proposed
visitation schedule, the ward would spend two overnights way from Harper every
other weekend—one night with Maruna and one night with Peters. If the ward
was having difficulty spending two nights away from Harper, as the therapist
contends, this arrangement would not be any less traumatizing to the ward.
Harper’s claim that she would be left with no weekend, holiday, or summer
time with the ward under the court ordered visitation schedule, is unpersuasive.
The court did not order a specific schedule for Peters, thus any visitation that
occurs between the ward and Peters is accomplished by agreement between
Peters and Harper. They are free to arrange visits that are mutually
advantageous considering the schedules of the ward and the parties. As we
stated earlier, in the event Peters finds Harper is not providing adequate
visitation with the ward, she can seek an order from the court to set a schedule.
Because we agree with the district court that the visitation set for Maruna
is in the best interest of the ward and no such set schedule needs to be
established at this time for Peters, we affirm the decision of the district court.
IV. Attorney Fees and Costs.
The right to recover attorney fees does not exist at common law, and fees
are not to be allowed absent “a statute or agreement expressly authorizing it.”
8
Van Sloun v. Agans Bros., Inc., 778 N.W.2d 174, 182 (Iowa 2010). Harper and
Peters claim Iowa Code section 598B.3122 authorizes, in fact demands, the
award of attorney fees to them for the action Maruna brought seeking custody of
the ward. They claim Maruna filed his action under Iowa Code chapter 598B,
and because they became the prevailing party following the prior appeal, the
district court should have awarded them attorney fees and costs.
Section 598B.312 is contained within the enforcement article of the
Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction and Enforcement Act (UCCJEA). While
Harper and Peters claim Maruna’s custody petition was filed under chapter 598B,
the action did not seek to register or enforce a custody order issued by the court
of another state or another jurisdiction. See Iowa Code §§ 598B.303, .305, .306.
It was an original petition to obtain custody of his minor child, who had been
subject to a voluntary guardianship, which he also sought to terminate. See Iowa
Code § 600B.40 (stating if a judgment of paternity has been entered, a father of a
child born out of wedlock may petition in equity for rights of visitation and
custody); § 633.675 (setting out the grounds for terminating a guardianship).
Because neither the issue of the jurisdiction of the Iowa court, nor the
enforceability of a prior custody determination of another jurisdiction under the
UCCJEA was an issue in this case, we conclude section 598B.312 does not
2
Iowa Code section 598B.312(1) provides:
The court shall award the prevailing party, including a state,
necessary and reasonable expenses incurred by or on behalf of the party,
including costs, communication expenses, attorney fees, investigative
fees, expenses for witnesses, travel expenses, and child care expenses
during the course of the proceedings, unless the party from whom fees or
expenses are sought establishes that the award would be clearly
inappropriate.
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apply.3 We thus conclude the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying
Harper and Peters’s motion to tax the guardian ad litem fees and their attorney
fees to Maruna under this code section.4
However, even if we conclude Harper and Peters have statutory authority
to seek an award of attorney fees, such an award is within the district court’s
discretion. In the district court’s previous decision terminating the guardianship
and establishing physical care of the ward with Maruna, the court ordered each
party to pay their own attorney fees and assessed the costs in the guardianship
case to Harper and the costs in the custody case to Peters. Both Harper and
Peters appealed the court’s ruling, asserting the guardianship should remain in
place, but neither party appealed the attorney fee ruling or cost assessment, nor
did they seek an award of appellate attorney fees. See Bankers Trust Co. v.
3
In support of their argument section 598B.312 applies in this case, Harper and Peters
cite an unpublished case from our court, In re Marriage of Pereault, No. 12-1178, 2013
WL 750439, at *4-5 (Iowa Ct. App. Feb. 27, 2013). We conclude Pereault offers no
support for Harper and Peters’s claim. Pereault involved a mother filing a custody
petition in Iowa after the father petitioned for custody in the State of Washington. 2013
WL 750439, at *1-2. The father defended the Iowa action by filing a motion to dismiss
asserting Iowa did not have jurisdiction of the case under Iowa Code chapter 598B. Id.
at *2. The district court agreed and dismissed the action, and the mother appealed. Id.
at *2-3. After affirming the decision of the district court, we awarded the father both trial
and appellate attorney fees under section 598B.312. Id. at *4-5. Because chapter 598B
was directly implicated by the father’s motion to dismiss the Iowa action for lack of
jurisdiction, section 598B.312 was applicable. Neither the jurisdiction of the Iowa court
nor the enforcement of a custody determination made by a jurisdiction other than Iowa
was at issue in this case, as it was in Pereault. Thus, Pereault offers no support for
Harper and Peters’s claim that attorney fees should be awarded to them in this case
under section 598B.312.
4
While Harper and Peters do not assert their right to attorney fees and guardian ad litem
fees under any other statute, we do note another code section, authorizing the
assessment of attorney fees to a prevailing party, is applicable in this case. Iowa Code
section 600B.26 provides that a court may award the prevailing party reasonable
attorney fees in an action to determine or modify custody or visitation under this chapter.
Because we conclude Maruna’s custody petition was filed under section 600B.40,
section 600B.26 permitted the district court to assess attorney fees.
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Woltz, 326 N.W.2d 274, 278 (Iowa 1982) (holding a statute authorizing the award
of attorney fees in the trial court also justifies awarding attorney fees on appeal).
Following the filing of the notice of appeal, the district court issued a separate
order stating the fees for the guardian ad litem would be divided one-half to
Maruna and one-half to Harper and Peters, jointly and severally. No appeal was
taken from this order.
Following the appeal, our court reversed the district court’s termination of
the guardianship and remanded the case directing the district court to dismiss
Maruna’s custody and termination petitions. Maruna, 2013 WL 988716, at *4.
“When an appellate court remands a case to a trial court for some stated further
proceeding, the nature and extent of that proceeding are circumscribed. The
authority of the court on remand is limited to the matters specified by the
appellate court.” Winnebago Indus. v. Smith, 548 N.W.2d 582, 584 (Iowa 1996).
“[T]he trial court has no authority to act on matters outside the appellate court’s
mandate.” Id.
Our court did not direct, nor was it asked to direct, the district court to
consider whether attorney fees should be awarded to Harper or Peters or
whether the assessment of the guardian ad litem fees should be reconsidered in
light of the outcome on appeal. Harper and Peters did not appeal the district
court’s orders on these issues when they had the chance in the prior appeal, and
our court did not direct the district court to consider the issues in our remand
order. We therefore find the district court did not abuse its discretion in declining
to order Maruna to pay Harper’s and Peters’s attorney fees or reconsider its
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assessment of the guardian ad litem fees following our remand. The fact Harper
and Peters were not yet the prevailing party until such time as our prior appeal
decision was filed has no bearing on the obligation of a party to appeal an
adverse decision of the district court if they want that decision to be modified.
V. Appellate Attorney Fees.
Maruna requests an award of appellate attorney fees. Harper and Peters
claim Maruna has no statutory right to attorney fees on appeal. As we stated
earlier, when a statute authorizes the award of attorney fees in the trial court, it
also justifies an award of attorney fees on appeal. See Bankers Trust, 326
N.W.2d at 278. Under section 600B.26, attorney fees may be awarded in a case
such as this.
The decision to award appellate attorney fees rest in our discretion, and
we will consider “the needs of the party making the request, the ability of the
other party to pay, and whether the party making the request was obligated to
defend the trial court's decision on appeal.” In re Fiscus, 819 N.W.2d 420, 425
(Iowa 2012). After considering these factors, we conclude Maruna is entitled to
an award of $1000 in appellate attorney fees as he was obligated to defend the
district court’s decision. Harper and Peters shall be jointly and severally liable to
pay this amount.
VI. Conclusion.
Because we conclude the visitation schedule set by the district court was
in the ward’s best interest and find the court did not abuse its discretion in
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denying Harper and Peters’s motion to tax costs, we affirm the decisions of the
district court.
Costs on appeal are assessed against Harper and Peters, jointly and
severally.
AFFIRMED.