Citation Numbers: 42 Kan. 302
Judges: Horton, Johnston, Simpson, Valentine
Filed Date: 7/15/1889
Status: Precedential
Modified Date: 9/8/2022
Opinion by
One H. Malloy was engaged in the mercantile business at Severy, Greenwood county, and was largely indebted to wholesale merchants and others, to an amount in excess of his ability to pay. In January, 1885, he sold out his stock of goods to a brother-in-law named W. H. Orvis for a lump sum of $2,500, no invoice being taken. Orvis paid for the goods as follows: He claimed that Malloy owed him $200, money loaned to Malloy’s wife in Canada — this was to be considered as a cash payment on the stock; a note was executed for $1,100, payable in six months, without interest; and $1,200, payable in one year. These notes were signed by Orvis alone, no security being demanded or given. At the same time, Orvis purchased the store building in which the goods were kept, and in payment thereof gave his note secured by a second mortgage for $450, subject to a first mortgage for $650. The first note was turned over to Sowders & Dennis, in pursuance of an arrangement between Orvis and Malloy. The reason for the transfer of the note to Sowders & Dennis, was to secure them for indorsements made by them to wholesale houses, for Malloy. Dennis is a brother-in-law of Orvis & Malloy. It is claimed by Orvis that this note was paid by him to Dennis about the time it became due. Orvis took possession of the store-room and stock of goods, and commenced selling them, and realized about $600 out of the sales, when in a few days thereafter the goods were attached by the creditors of Malloy, and sold out by the sheriff of Greenwood county. In March, 1885, Orvis brought this action against C. H. DeFord, the sheriff of Greenwood county, for damages for the unlawful seizure' and sale of the goods. The case was tried at the May term, 1886, and resulted in a judgment in favor of Orvis for the sum of $2,185.66 and costs. The case was tried by a jury, and a general verdict rendered, there being no special find
The first serious objection that demands notice is, that the court permitted the plaintiff below to detail to the jury the conversations he had with other persons before he made the purchase, as to its advisability. These conversations were had with the brother-in-law Dennis; with one Huff, who had worked in the store occasionally for Malloy; and with Sowders. These conversations were objected to by the defendant in error, but were allowed to go to the jury. The defendant in error then made a motion to strike this evidence out, and withdraw it from the jury, and the motion was overruled. These conversations were offered and admitted to show that Orvis had acted in good faith in the purchase of the goods; that he took the matter under advisement; that he consulted with persons whom he believed had more knowledge of the condition, and were better qualified to judge of the value of the goods than he was; to show that it was not a sudden, secret sale and purchase, but that there was delay, negotiation, and publicity attending the transaction. We are not furnished with authority on this question on either side, but each very emphatically asserts his own belief about the admissibility of this evidence. Under our practice the mouth of a party to the action is open, and he can be examined and cross-examined as to his motives, and his condition of mind with reference to the particular transaction in question. His acts are the best test of his mental condition. If in this case it had been shown that he bought out Malloy hurriedly and secretly, and without consultation with anyone better acquainted with the value of goods of this character, an inference of bad faith would arise. It would seem that any fact that would justify good faith on his part ought to be admissible. If he had made inquiries in
In this case we are inclined to hold, that as every act of the defendant in error that tends to show bad faith on his part in purchasing these goods can be proved, they may be met by showing all his' acts, even to the extent of inquiries of third persons, to show his good faith. But we see no reason why what third persons have said in response to such inquiries should, under any circumstances, be permitted to go to the jury. But the fact that inquiries were made, counsel, advice and opinions solicited, tends to show good faith, i. e., absence of concealment and haste, and what was done in this respect is admissible.
The statements made by Huff, Dennis and others to Orvis, ought not to have been admitted, as they are hearsay, and under any or all rules of evidence inadmissible. They may
Orvis when on the witness stand testified to a conversation between Malloy and himself after the attachments were levied, tending to show that as soon as he discovered that Malloy was insolvent he denounced him as a swindler, etc. On cross-examination he was asked many questions with reference to this conversation, which under objection were ruled out by the court. The language used by the witness was not choice, but this was no reason for the refusal to permit a most searching cross-examination. The rule established in this state is, that a great latitude should be allowed in cross-examination, and this rule applies in all its vigor in cases of this character. (Fields v. Davis, 27 Kas. 400; C. B. U. P. Rld. Co. v. Andrews, 30 id. 590.)
We think there was material error in all these rulings, and because of them we recommend a reversal of the judgment, and that the cause be remanded with instructions to grant a new trial.
By the Court: It is so ordered.
The record shows that H. Malloy was engaged in the dry-goods business at Severy, in Greenwood county; that he was largely indebted to different wholesale houses for goods, greatly in excess of his ability to pay, aud was being pressed by his creditors, and, being upon the eve of bankruptcy, sold his entire stock of goods to W. H. Orvis for $2,500. No invoice was made, but the goods were sold in lump for that sum. In the payment for these goods, an old indebtedness of $200, advanced by Orvis to Mrs. Malloy while in Canada, was deducted, and the remainder was paid by two notes, one of $1,100, payable in six months, without interest, and one for $1,200, payable in one year, signed by Orvis alone, and without security. At the same time, Orvis purchased the store building in which the goods were on sale, and in payment gave his note, secured by a second mortgage
Orvis recovered judgment for $2,185.66 for the goods which he alleged he purchased of Malloy, and which the creditors of Malloy levied upon to pay their claims. It is conceded that Malloy was insolvent at the time that Orvis purchased his goods.
I have some doubt whether the refusal of the trial court to permit the cross-examination concerning the payment of the $1,100 note was material error. It appears from the record that Orvis testified that he paid that note, and upon the witness stand he produced the note which had been executed by him, for the inspection of all the parties. I think the court committed error in rejecting the evidence concerning the $1,2JO note referred to. Orvis should have been permitted to answer among other questions the following: “Q,. Have you seen the $1,200 note since you signed it, at any time?” “Q,. Have you paid any portion of that note?” “Q,. Do you know who holds that note at this time?” And also the other questions referred to in the opinion.
I base my concurrence in the reversal of the judgment of the trial court principally, however, upon the ground that Orvis was a bona fide purchaser of the stock to the amount of $1,100 only. The note for that amount was delivered to Sowders & Dennis, who were indorsers for Malloy, at the request of the latter. The other notes, one for $1,200, and the one for $450, have not been paid by Orvis, and there is nothing in the record showing conclusively that these were negotiable notes. Orvis testified that these notes were payable to Malloy — not to his order, or bearer.
At the time of the trial, the $1,200 note was overdue, and had not yet been paid. The evidence in the record leads to the belief that at the time of the trial these notes were in the hands of Malloy, who now resides in Canada. Even if the notes were negotiable, if they have never passed out of
Again, it appears from the testimony that within two or three days after Orvis made his alleged purchase of the stock of goods, and executed his notes, several attachments were levied upon the stock, and he had then full knowledge of the insolvency and fraud of Malloy. At this time the $1,200 and $450 notes were in the hands of Malloy to the knowledge of Orvis. If he had been prudent and diligent he could have prevented the payment of these two notes by proper legal proceedings against Malloy, who had obtained them by fraud. (Bush v. Collins, supra.) I also think the statements of Huff, Dennis and others to Orvis, as stated in the opinion, were hearsay only, and therefore inadmissible. For the above reasons I concur in the reversal of the judgment, and the order for a new trial of the cause.