DWAGFYS Manufacturing, Inc. v. City of Topeka

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF KANSAS
No. 119,269
DWAGFYS MANUFACTURING, INC.,
d/b/a The Vapebar Topeka, and Puffs 'n' Stuff, L.L.C.,
Appellees,
v.
CITY OF TOPEKA, KANSAS,
a Municipal Corporation,
Appellant.
SYLLABUS BY THE COURT
1.
A city may adopt ordinary ordinances when no state law exists on the subject or
when a uniform law applicable to all cities exists on the subject but the Legislature has
not expressed a clear intent to preempt the field and there is no conflict between the state
and local law.
2.
Legislative intent to preempt the field must be clearly manifested on the face of
the statute. Courts will not find legislative preemption by implication.
3.
The provisions of K.S.A. 79-3301 et seq., do not show a clear manifestation of
intent by the Legislature to prohibit cities from enacting ordinances on the same subject.
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4.
When the Legislature has enacted a statute without preempting cities from acting
in the same area, the ordinance will stand as long as the ordinance does not conflict with
the statute.
5.
In order for an actual conflict to exist, the state statute must expressly authorize
what the ordinance prohibits, or expressly prohibit what the ordinance authorizes.
6.
Ordinance No. 20099 does not conflict with K.S.A. 79-3301 et seq., because it
does not prohibit what the statute expressly authorizes, nor does it expressly authorize
what the statute prohibits.
Appeal from Shawnee District Court; FRANKLIN R. THEIS, judge. Opinion filed June 28, 2019.
Reversed.
Mary Feighny, deputy city attorney, argued the cause and was on the brief for appellant.
Robert E. Duncan II, of Topeka, argued the cause and was on the briefs for appellees.
Amanda L. Stanley, general counsel, was on the brief for amicus curiae League of Kansas
Municipalities.
Jeffrey A. Chanay, chief deputy attorney general, Toby Crouse, solicitor general, Dwight R.
Carswell, assistant solicitor general, Bryan C. Clark, assistant solicitor general, and Derek Schmidt,
attorney general, were on the brief for amicus curiae State of Kansas.
Miriam E.C. Bailey, of Polsinelli, PC, of Kansas City, Missouri, and Dennis A. Henigan, of
Washington, D.C., were on the brief for amicus curiae Greater Kansas City Chamber of Commerce, The
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Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids, and Certain Other Public Health, Medical, and Community
Organizations.
W. Robert Alderson, of Alderson, Alderson, Conklin, Burghart, Crow & Slinkard, L.L.C., of
Topeka, was on the brief for amicus curiae Petroleum Marketers and Convenience Store Association of
Kansas.
The opinion of the court was delivered by
STEGALL, J.: The City of Topeka passed Ordinance No. 20099, amending
Uniform Public Offense Code § 5.7 (2015) making it unlawful for any person to:
"(1) Sell, furnish or distribute cigarettes, electronic cigarettes, tobacco products or liquid
nicotine to any person under 21 years of age; or (2) Buy any cigarettes, electronic
cigarettes, tobacco products or liquid nicotine for any person under 21 years of age." The
day before the Ordinance was to take effect, DWAGFYS Manufacturing, Inc., d/b/a The
Vapebar Topeka, and Puffs 'n' Stuff, L.L.C. sued Topeka seeking to prevent enforcement
of the Ordinance. Vapebar argued the Ordinance was unconstitutional under article 12,
section 5 of the Kansas Constitution because it impermissibly conflicted with and was
preempted by the Kansas Cigarette and Tobacco Products Act, K.S.A. 79-3301 et seq.,
referred to as the Act. Additionally, Vapebar argued the Ordinance exceeded Topeka's
police power authority.
The district court issued a temporary restraining order and eventually a permanent
injunction. Topeka appealed and moved to transfer the case to this court. Topeka asked us
to consider: (1) whether the Act preempts Topeka from prohibiting retailers from selling
cigarettes, electronic cigarettes, tobacco products, and liquid nicotine to persons under the
age of 21 years; and (2) whether the Ordinance conflicts with the Act. We granted
Topeka's motion to transfer and now hold the Ordinance is not preempted by and does
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not conflict with the Act. Thus, the Ordinance is a constitutionally valid exercise of
Topeka's home rule power under article 12, section 5 of the Kansas Constitution.
ANALYSIS
Topeka sought to join other Kansas cities in making it unlawful for retailers to
sell, furnish, or distribute cigarettes, electronic cigarettes, tobacco products, or liquid
nicotine to any person under 21 years old. The Ordinance passed by Topeka provided, in
part:
"(2) Section 5.7 of UPOC [Uniform Public Offense Code] 2015, relating to
selling, giving or furnishing cigarettes or tobacco products to a minor is hereby deleted
and the following language is substituted therefor:
"(a) It shall be unlawful for any person to:
(1) Sell, furnish or distribute cigarettes, electronic cigarettes, tobacco
products or liquid nicotine to any person under 21 years of age; or
(2) Buy any cigarettes, electronic cigarettes, tobacco products or liquid
nicotine for any person under 21 years of age.
"(b) It shall be a defense to a prosecution under this section if:
(1) The defendant is a licensed retail dealer, or employee thereof, or a
person authorized by law to distribute samples;
(2) The defendant sold, furnished or distributed the cigarettes, electronic
cigarettes, tobacco products, or liquid nicotine to the person under 21 years of
age with reasonable cause to believe the person was of legal age to purchase or
receive cigarettes, electronic cigarettes, tobacco products or liquid nicotine; and
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(3) To purchase or receive the cigarettes, electronic cigarettes, tobacco
products or liquid nicotine, the person under 21 years of age exhibited to the
defendant a driver's license, Kansas non driver's identification card or other
official or apparently official document containing a photograph of the person
and purporting to establish that the person was of legal age to purchase or receive
cigarettes, electronic cigarettes, tobacco products or liquid nicotine.
(4) For purposes of this section the person who violates this section shall
be the individual directly selling, furnishing or distributing the cigarettes,
electronic cigarettes, tobacco products or liquid nicotine to any person under 21
years of age or the retail dealer who has actual knowledge of such selling,
furnishing or distributing by such individual or both.
"(c) It shall be a defense to a prosecution under this subsection if:
(1) The defendant engages in the lawful sale, furnishing or distribution of
cigarettes, electronic cigarettes, tobacco products or liquid nicotine by mail; and
(2) The defendant sold, furnished or distributed the cigarettes, electronic
cigarettes, tobacco products or liquid nicotine to the person by mail only after the
person had provided to the defendant an unsworn declaration, conforming to
K.S.A. 53-601 and amendments thereto, that the person was 21 or more years of
age.
"(d) The words and phrases in Section 5.7 of UPOC 2015 shall have the same
meanings as defined in K.S.A. 79-3301, and amendments thereto. 'Liquid nicotine' shall
mean the active ingredient of the tobacco plant (nicotine) in liquefied form suitable for
the induction of nicotine, whether by nasal spray, ingestion, smoking or other means, into
the human body. 'Sale' shall mean any transfer of title or possession or both, exchange,
barter, distribution or gift of cigarettes, electronic cigarettes, tobacco products or liquid
nicotine with or without consideration.
"(f) [sic] Violation of this section shall constitute a Class B violation punishable
by a minimum fine of $200."
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According to Vapebar, the Ordinance is unconstitutional because it
"impermissibly conflicts with and is therefore preempted by uniform state law [the Act]
under the Home Rule Amendment to the Kansas Constitution, Article 12, §5(b)."
The Act, in relevant part, provides:
"It shall be unlawful for any person:
....
"(l) To sell, furnish or distribute cigarettes, electronic cigarettes or tobacco
products to any person under 18 years of age.
"(m) Who is under 18 years of age to purchase or attempt to purchase cigarettes,
electronic cigarettes or tobacco products.
"(n) Who is under 18 years of age to possess or attempt to possess cigarettes,
electronic cigarettes or tobacco products." K.S.A. 2018 Supp. 79-3321(l)-(n).
The district court found "conflicts between the city ordinance . . . and state law"
and enjoined enforcement of the Act on that basis. As such, the lower court declined to
rule on Vapebar's police power claim and dismissed it without prejudice.
The preemption and conflict issues raised in this appeal derive from article 12,
section 5 of the Kansas Constitution—also known as the home rule amendment. Taking
effect in 1961, the home rule amendment empowered local governments to determine
their local affairs and government by ordinance. Kan. Const. art. 12, § 5(b); Steffes v. City
of Lawrence, 284 Kan. 380, 385, 160 P.3d 843 (2007). Following the amendment, cities
no longer had to rely on the Legislature to specifically authorize the exercise of a
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particular power or action via statute. The amendment further provided that the "[p]owers
and authority granted cities pursuant to this section shall be liberally construed for the
purpose of giving to cities the largest measure of self-government." Kan. Const. art. 12,
§ 5(d).
Cities exercise this power through charter or "ordinary" ordinances. Kan. Const.
art. 12, § 5(b) and (c); see also Heim, Home Rule: A Primer, 74 J.K.B.A. 26, 31 (January
2005). Here, the parties agree the Ordinance is an ordinary ordinance. A city may adopt
ordinary ordinances when no state law exists on the subject or when a uniform law
applicable to all cities exists on the subject but the Legislature has not expressed a clear
intent to preempt the field and there is no conflict between the state and local law. City of
Wichita v. Hackett, 275 Kan. 848, 851-52, 69 P.3d 621 (2003).
Thus, to determine whether an ordinary ordinance is a valid exercise of home rule
power courts must ask: (1) Is there a state law that governs the subject? (2) If there is a
state law, is it uniformly applicable to all cities? (3) If there is a uniform state law, does it
preempt further action by cities? and (4) If there is a uniform state law but there has been
no preemption, does the local regulation conflict with the uniform state law? See Heim,
Home Rule Power for the Cities and Counties in Kansas, 66 J.K.B.A. 26, 32 (1997).
The first two questions are not in dispute. The parties agree that the Act and the
Ordinance govern the same subject—i.e., the regulation of cigarettes, electronic
cigarettes, tobacco products, and liquid nicotine in Kansas. The parties also agree that the
Act is a uniform state law applicable to all cities. Thus, we must resolve the latter two
questions—preemption and conflict. We exercise unlimited review over constitutional
challenges. Steffes, 284 Kan. at 388-89. To the extent this constitutional inquiry requires
us to engage in statutory interpretation, our review is likewise unlimited. Hackett, 275
Kan. at 850.
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Vapebar asks us to find that the Legislature preempted the field of tobacco
regulation when it passed the Act. But there is no express statement of preemption in the
Act, and since 1961, we have consistently rejected the doctrine of implied legislative
preemption. See McCarthy v. City of Leawood, 257 Kan. 566, 584, 894 P.2d 836 (1995);
City of Junction City v. Griffin, 227 Kan. 332, 336, 607 P.2d 459 (1980); Garten
Enterprises, Inc. v. City of Kansas City, 219 Kan. 620, Syl. ¶ 3, 549 P.2d 864 (1976);
City of Junction City v. Lee, 216 Kan. 495, 503, 532 P.2d 1292 (1975); City of Lyons v.
Suttle, 209 Kan. 735, 738, 498 P.2d 9 (1972). Instead, we have held that legislative intent
to reserve exclusive jurisdiction to the state must be clearly manifested by statute—i.e.,
by expressly prohibiting cities from enacting any type of ordinance related to the state
law. Zimmerman v. Board of Wabaunsee County Comm'rs, 289 Kan. 926, 973, 218 P.3d
400 (2009).
To avoid application of this caselaw, Vapebar first points us to our decision in
Trimble v. City of Topeka, 147 Kan. 111, 75 P.2d 241 (1938), suggesting that the
Legislature may implicitly preempt even without an express statement of intent. Trimble,
of course, was decided long before the home rule amendment. Prior to 1961, the general
rule was that "the superior power is with the state" and "the city's only power is that
delegated to it by the state." Trimble, 147 Kan. at 114. In other words, unless the statute
expressly granted cities a right to act, it was presumed the state had preempted the field.
After the amendment, however, cities no longer need a legislative delegation of power.
Rather, cities are "empowered to determine their local affairs" and courts are to construe
this power "liberally . . . for the purpose of giving to cities the largest measure of self-
government." Kan. Const. art. 12, § 5(b) and (d). Legislative silence is no longer
sufficient to imply state preemption. Rather, "'"legislative intent to reserve to the state
exclusive jurisdiction to regulate an area must be clearly manifested by statute before it
can be held that the state has withdrawn from the cities the power to regulate in the
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field."'" McCarthy, 257 Kan. at 584 (quoting Garten Enterprises, Inc., 219 Kan. 620,
Syl. ¶ 3).
Here, the Act does not manifest a clear intent to preempt cities from action. The
language of the Act is plain and unambiguous and we "merely interpret[] the language as
it appears"—we are "not free to speculate and cannot read into the statute language not
readily found there." Steffes, 284 Kan. at 386. Moreover, the Legislature knows how to
expressly preempt city home rule power but did not do so here. See, e.g., K.S.A. 2018
Supp. 75-5174(a) ("The power to regulate, license and tax the management, operation
and conduct of and participation in games of bingo and raffles is hereby vested
exclusively in the state." [Emphasis added.]). In fact, some provisions of the Act seem to
contemplate cities enacting ordinances covering at least some of the same conduct. See
K.S.A. 2018 Supp. 79-3393(c) ("Acts classified as cigarette or tobacco infractions by
K.S.A. 79-3322[d], and amendments thereto, shall be classified as ordinance cigarette or
tobacco infractions by those cities adopting ordinances prohibiting the same acts. The
fine for an ordinance cigarette or tobacco infraction shall be $25.").
Vapebar suggests that perhaps the Legislature's enactment of a "comprehensive
scheme" of regulation is sufficient to clearly manifest an intent to preempt the field. We
disagree. We have already rejected the idea that the Legislature's adoption of a
comprehensive scheme can establish a clear intent to preempt the field. See Lee, 216
Kan. at 502-04. In Lee, the defendants relied on a Judicial Council comment that
described the state weapons control act as "'a comprehensive weapons control act.'" 216
Kan. at 503. Rejecting this argument for preemption, we held that "[l]egislative intent to
preempt is not to be so simplistically found. . . . Absent clear expression to that effect, we
cannot conceive that the legislature intended by its enactment, comprehensive though it
be, to exclude cities' traditional resources" from protecting its citizens' well-being. 216
Kan. at 503.
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Next, Vapebar directs us to State ex rel. Schneider v. City of Kansas City, 228
Kan. 25, 612 P.2d 578 (1980), for authority. Our decision in Schneider, however, is
distinguishable because it only questioned whether the home rule amendment authorized
Kansas City to enforce its building permit and code ordinances upon the Board of
Regents, which derives its authority from article 6, section 2(b) of the Constitution. Given
these unique circumstances and the interplay between the two constitutional provisions,
the Schneider court limited its holding "to the parties and factual situation before us."
Schneider, 228 Kan. at 33; see also State ex rel. Kline v. Board of Comm'rs of Unified
Gov't of Wyandotte Co./KC, 277 Kan. 516, 85 P.3d 1237 (2004) (refusing to recognize
Schneider as applicable precedent). Schneider is inapplicable here.
In a final bid for implied preemption, during oral argument, Vapebar cited our
decision in Blevins v. Hiebert, 247 Kan. 1, 795 P.2d 325 (1990). The Blevins court held:
"An enabling act is uniformly applicable to all cities or counties if it authorizes
all cities or counties to perform certain acts. Such statutes are state law and preempt the
field of their application without the use of preemptive language unless there are express
exceptions in the statutes or unless the statutes pertain to police power regulations." 247
Kan. 1, Syl. ¶ 4.
This language may suggest Kansas has recognized the doctrine of implied legislative
preemption except where police powers were concerned. See 66 J.K.B.A. at 36.
Our decisions since Blevins have not treated it as such. Of the eight cases that cite
Blevins, none repeat Blevins' use of implied legislative preemption. 74 J.K.B.A. at 31
(citing David v. Board of Norton County Comm'rs, 277 Kan. 753, 760, 89 P.3d. 893
[2004]; Hackett, 275 Kan. 848; City of Junction City v. Cadoret, 263 Kan. 164, 170, 946
P.2d 1356 [1997]; McCarthy, 257 Kan. at 584; Johnson County Water Dist. No. 1 v. City
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of Kansas City, 255 Kan. 183, 193, 871 P.2d 1256 [1994]; Dillon Stores v. Lovelady, 253
Kan. 274, 279, 855 P.2d 487 [1993]; Executive Aircraft Consulting, Inc. v. City of
Newton, 252 Kan. 421, 425, 845 P.2d 57 [1993]; Blevins v. Board of Douglas County
Comm'rs, 251 Kan. 374, 376, 834 P.2d 1344 [1992]).
Instead, we have recognized that the "'[b]road language in Blevins unsettled the
principle'" of requiring a clearly manifested legislative intent by statute to preempt the
field. McCarthy, 257 Kan. at 584. And cases since Blevins continue to require a clear
statement of legislative intent in order to limit home rule power. See, e.g., Wyandotte
Co./KC, 277 Kan. at 533-35; Kansas City Renaissance Festival Corp. v. City of Bonner
Springs, 269 Kan. 670, 673, 8 P.3d 701 (2000); McCarthy, 257 Kan. at 584. Based on
these "cases decided since Blevins, this court seems to be restricting it to its facts." 257
Kan. at 584. Here too, we restrict Blevins to its facts and disapprove any indication in
prior unclear language that we are adopting the doctrine of implied preemption.
With no language manifesting a clear intent to preempt the field in the Act, the Act
does not preempt the Ordinance. But preemption is not the last restriction on a city's
home rule power. In order to clear the final hurdle, the Ordinance must not conflict with
state law. 257 Kan. at 570-71; see State v. Jenkins, 295 Kan. 431, 437, 284 P.3d 1037
(2012) (if a state statute applies uniformly to all cities and the state has not preempted the
field, a city may adopt an ordinance that does not conflict with state law). We have
emphasized that "'[a] city ordinance should be permitted to stand unless an actual conflict
exists between the ordinance and a statute.'" McCarthy 257 Kan. at 569 (quoting Moore
v. City of Lawrence, 232 Kan. 353, Syl. ¶ 4, 654 P.2d 445 [1982]); see Heartland
Apartment Ass'n v. City of Mission, 306 Kan. 2, 9, 392 P.3d 98 (2017). In determining
whether an actual conflict exists between an ordinance and a statute, we apply the well-
cited conflict test articulated in Lee, 216 Kan. at 501:
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"[W]hether the ordinance permits or licenses that which the statute forbids or prohibits
that which the statute authorizes; if so, there is conflict, but where both an ordinance and
the statute are prohibitory and the only difference is that the ordinance goes further in its
prohibition but not counter to the prohibition in the statute, and the city does not attempt
to authorize by the ordinance that which the legislature has forbidden, or forbid that
which the legislature has expressly authorized, there is no conflict."
As with all things home rule, our consideration of whether there is a conflict must
be informed with the constitutional command to "liberally construe[]" the home rule
power so as to give "to cities the largest measure of self-government." Kan. Const. art.
12, § 5.
Vapebar argues that the Ordinance conflicts with the Act because the Ordinance
prohibits what the Act authorizes. If there was an express authorization in the Act for
people under the age of 21 to buy tobacco products, or an express authorization to sell
tobacco to those people, Vapebar would have a point. But there is no express
authorization. The Act is silent with respect to people who are 18, 19, or 20 years old. In
the face of such silence, "where both an ordinance and the statute are prohibitory and the
only difference is that the ordinance goes further in its prohibition . . . there is no
conflict." 216 Kan. at 501.
For example, in Lee we found an ordinance outlawing the carrying of both
concealed and unconcealed weapons did not conflict with a state statute outlawing only
the carrying of concealed weapons. 216 Kan. at 500-01. The court found the essential
difference to be that "the ordinance denounces carrying on one's person a dangerous knife
or firearm . . . while the statute makes such carrying criminal only where the weapons are
concealed." 216 Kan. at 500. The court held that no conflict existed between the statute
and ordinance because the ordinance was merely "more restrictive" than the statute. 216
Kan. at 501. And a more restrictive ordinance will stand as long as "the city does not
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attempt to authorize by the ordinance that which the legislature has forbidden, or forbid
that which the legislature has expressly authorized." (Emphasis added.) 216 Kan. at 501.
More recently in Hackett, we reiterated the Lee test and found an ordinance
criminalizing the operation of a bicycle while intoxicated did not conflict with the state
law that criminalized motor vehicle DUIs. There, the state statute at issue defined
"vehicle" to exclude "'devices moved by human power.'" 275 Kan. at 850. The City
adopted additional traffic regulations that prohibited operation of a bicycle while under
the influence of alcohol. In holding this ordinance valid, the court ruled the statute did not
expressly authorize the operation of bicycles by those intoxicated. Rather, the statute
merely failed to proscribe it. 275 Kan. at 851.
Similarly, the Ordinance and the Act coexist without conflict. The Act does not
"expressly authorize" what the Ordinance prohibits—the selling and buying of tobacco
products to and by 18-, 19-, and 20-year-olds. The Act simply fails to proscribe it. Thus,
the Ordinance does not conflict with the Act because the Ordinance does not prohibit
what the Act expressly authorizes. The Ordinance merely enlarges a provision of the
statute by requiring more than the statute—a practice we have repeatedly treated as
creating no conflict. See, e.g., City of Wichita v. Basgall, 257 Kan. 631, 635, 894 P.2d
876 (1995) ("Where a municipal ordinance merely enlarges . . . the provisions of a statute
by requiring more than is required by the statute, there is no conflict between the two
unless the legislature has limited the requirements for all cases to its own prescription.");
Leavenworth Club Owners Assn v. Atchison, 208 Kan. 318, 320-22, 492 P.2d 183 (1971)
(upholding more stringent local closing hours).
The Ordinance prohibiting retailers from selling, furnishing, or distributing
cigarettes, electronic cigarettes, tobacco products, or liquid nicotine to any person under
21 years old is a constitutional exercise of Topeka's home rule power. The Act does not
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preempt cities from regulating tobacco products, and the Ordinance does not conflict with
the Act by imposing greater restrictions. Because the Ordinance is a constitutional
exercise of the City's home rule power, we reverse the district court's permanent
injunction. Vapebar remains free to pursue any of its claims previously dismissed without
prejudice in a separate action should it choose to do so.
Reversed.
LUCKERT and JOHNSON, JJ., not participating.
KAREN ARNOLD-BURGER, Chief Judge of the Kansas Court of Appeals, assigned.1
MICHAEL J. MALONE, Senior Judge, assigned.2
1
REPORTER'S NOTE: Chief Judge Arnold-Burger, of the Kansas Court of Appeals,
was appointed to hear case No. 119,269 vice Justice Luckert under the authority vested in
the Supreme Court by K.S.A. 2018 Supp. 20-3002(c).
2
REPORTER'S NOTE: Senior Judge Malone was appointed to hear case No. 119,269
vice Justice Johnson under the authority vested in the Supreme Court by K.S.A. 20-2616.
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