State v. Doll

NOT DESIGNATED FOR PUBLICATION
No. 124,147
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF KANSAS
STATE OF KANSAS,
Appellee,
v.
JESSE D. DOLL,
Appellant.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Appeal from Sumner District Court; WILLIAM R. MOTT, judge. Opinion filed December 16, 2022.
Affirmed.
Randall L. Hodgkinson, of Kansas Appellate Defender Office, for appellant.
Steven J. Obermeier, assistant solicitor general, and Derek Schmidt, attorney general, for
appellee.
Before WARNER, P.J., HURST, J., and TIMOTHY G. LAHEY, S.J.
PER CURIAM: This appeal arises from Jesse Dean Doll's innovative challenge to
his convictions for reckless aggravated battery and leaving the scene of an injury accident
resulting in great bodily harm. Doll argues the jury erred in finding his conduct met the
elements of both crimes, resulting in mutually exclusive convictions. Finding that the
crimes of reckless aggravated battery and leaving the scene of an injury accident are not
mutually exclusive, this court affirms Doll's convictions.
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FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
This case stems from an incident the evening of February 6, 2020, at the business
of K Doll Koatings, which was owned and operated by Jesse Doll's father, Kevin Doll.
On that night, Jesse and his wife, Stephanie Doll, went to dinner at Jesse's parents' house
where Jesse and Stephanie's three children had been staying. Jesse and Stephanie finished
dinner and left around 8:20 p.m., and sometime before leaving, Stephanie told one of her
children, "I don't know when we'll be back to visit you because we don't have any fuel for
the pickup."
At about 8:45 p.m. that same evening, Ron Heimerman arrived at K Doll Koatings
to check on the semi-trucks that he was storing, with Kevin's permission, on the business'
land. Sometime before, and then again on February 2, 2020, Ron had noticed that fuel
was missing from his trucks stored at K Doll Koatings. Ron suspected that someone was
stealing the diesel fuel, and in an attempt to thwart future theft he began sleeping in one
of his semi-trucks a few nights a week. Ron also set up a motion-sensor trail camera
aimed at one of the semi-trucks that had captured images of what appeared to be a man
driving a dark truck standing near the semi-trucks carrying a large gas can and hose. But
the exact date and time those images were taken could not be confirmed at trial.
On February 6, 2020, Ron again planned to sleep in one of his semi-trucks and
pulled his vehicle into the opposite side of the lot in an attempt to conceal its presence
from anyone who might approach the semi-trucks. While still inside of his regular
vehicle, Ron noticed a vehicle pull in and park behind him with its headlights shining
through Ron's back window. Ron testified that he got out of his vehicle, walked up to the
driver's side door of the vehicle that parked behind him, and recognized the driver as
Jesse and the passenger as Stephanie. Ron testified that Jesse and Stephanie were in a
black four-door Chevy diesel truck, and when Ron approached the truck, he "smelled
diesel fuel bad."
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Ron testified that he asked Jesse what he was doing at K Doll Koatings that night,
and Jess said he was there to get pallets from the lot. Ron testified that he told Jesse he
should get those pallets in the daylight hours because "we got some problems out here."
Ron testified that he saw one pallet in the bed of Jesse's truck—and Jesse then reversed
his truck and moved to another part of the K Doll Koatings lot and Ron followed him.
While Ron and Jesse were both parked at their new locations in the lot, Ron
testified that he exited his vehicle and noticed that the fuel caps were off both of his semi-
trucks, even though he had made sure the caps were on that morning. Ron also testified
that there was diesel fuel "all over the ground," which he found to be significant because
his gas tanks did not have any leaks. It was at this time that Ron said he noticed Jesse's
truck was leaving the K Doll Koatings lot and Ron ran up to it.
According to Ron's trial testimony, when he approached the truck Jesse said,
"Now what?" and Ron responded, "This ain't over." Ron testified that Jesse then "flipped
[him] off with both hands," said "FU," and then turned his truck in a quick circle and
started coming toward Ron at about 20 or 25 miles per hour. Ron testified that he was
standing "right in the middle" of the truck as it approached, but he jumped to the side and
the driver's side mirror hit him in the shoulder and knocked him down. Once on the
ground, Ron said the truck ran over his leg and Jesse circled back to where Ron was lying
on the ground.
Ron testified that Jesse circled back, stopped the truck, and exited from the driver's
side, and Ron yelled at Jesse to call an ambulance because his leg was broken. Rather
than call an ambulance, Ron testified that Jesse "started punching [him] in the face" and
said that he "ought to kill [him]." Ron testified that Jesse punched him four or five times
before Stephanie got out of the truck and yelled at Jesse to stop and "[l]et Ron go."
According to Ron, Jesse stopped hitting him and Jesse and Stephanie got back into their
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truck and left the K Doll Koatings lot. Ron testified that he then used his elbows to crawl
back to his vehicle—approximately 75 yards away—to get his phone and call for help.
Ron testified that he called Kevin Doll at 9:55 p.m. to come to the lot because he
had a broken leg. Ron testified that he drank a couple of beers while waiting for Kevin
because he was in pain, and after Kevin arrived Ron asked Kevin to put the fuel caps
back on his semi-trucks because of the possibility of rain. After Kevin helped Ron into
his truck and began driving him to the hospital, Kevin called 9-1-1 to report the incident.
Once at the hospital, Ron spoke with the sheriff and another law enforcement officer who
took photos of Ron that showed a cut on his lower lip, cuts on both of his hands, a cut on
his knee, and his slightly swollen left leg. Ron was transferred to a different Wichita area
hospital where he remained hospitalized for six days, and he testified that he had surgery
to place a rod and screws in his leg. After being released, Ron testified that he had to use
a walker for two months and then crutches for a period of time.
Jesse did not testify at trial, but his wife Stephanie did and recounted the events at
K Doll Koatings differently than Ron. Stephanie testified that after she and Jesse had
dinner at his parents' house, they went to their house a couple of minutes away to unload
the back of their truck. While at home, they ran into an acquaintance, B.P. (who did not
testify), and after about 15 minutes at home all three left to get pallets from K Doll
Koatings. She testified that B.P. drove them all in Jesse and Stephanie's truck, while she
and Jesse rode in the passenger seat.
After arriving at K Doll Koatings, Stephanie testified that the three of them had
just started to load pallets into the truck when they noticed a vehicle pull into the lot and
turn off its lights. Stephanie testified that the three then got into their truck and pulled up
behind the vehicle to see who it was, then she and Jesse exited the passenger side of their
truck, approached the vehicle, and saw Ron exit the driver's side of his vehicle. Stephanie
testified that Ron walked in a circle around their truck and Jesse and Ron had a brief
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conversation where Ron did not say much. Stephanie said that she, Jesse, and B.P. then
went back to finish loading the pallets.
After they finished loading the pallets, Stephanie testified that the three of them
were about to drive off the lot when they saw Ron walking between the two semi-trucks
and trying to say something to them. She testified that B.P. backed the truck up and then
Jesse asked Ron what he had said, and Ron responded that "[t]his isn't over. I will get
you. This is not over." Stephanie testified that Jesse laughed off Ron's comment, B.P. did
a "doughnut-type thing" when turning around to leave, and as they left, she saw Ron
walking toward the truck and sticking his hands out at the truck in a "hit me demeanor."
According to Stephanie, as B.P. pulled out of the lot, Ron's hand "slap[ped] the passenger
side mirror" and it made Ron "spin and fall." Stephanie testified she saw Ron fall and
then lift his upper body as if he were getting up, and she did not hear Ron scream, yell, or
say anything after he fell. Stephanie testified that the three of them continued to drive and
left the lot without any further encounter or incident.
Based on these events, the State charged Jesse with theft, knowing aggravated
battery, simple battery, reckless driving, leaving the scene of an injury accident resulting
in great bodily harm, and criminal threat. A jury convicted Jesse on all counts except for
knowing aggravated battery—and instead found Jesse guilty of the lesser charge of
reckless aggravated battery. The district court sentenced Jesse to a controlling term of 76
months in prison. Jesse timely appealed.
DISCUSSION
On appeal, Jesse only challenges his convictions for reckless aggravated battery
and leaving the scene of an injury accident resulting in great bodily harm—claiming that
the two crimes are mutually exclusive. Essentially, he argues that if he committed the
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elements of one crime, then he necessarily could not have committed the elements of the
second crime.
Preservation and Standard of Review for Mutual Exclusivity Challenges
Although Jesse did not object at the trial court level that his convictions for the
two crimes were mutually exclusive, this court may address Jesse's challenge for the first
time on appeal. Mutual exclusivity challenges are akin to arguments challenging the
sufficiency of the evidence and "are not constrained by a preservation requirement" for
appeals purposes. See State v. Chavez, 310 Kan. 421, 425, 447 P.3d 364 (2019)
(classifying defendant's argument that the stalking statute required a finding of mutually
exclusive mental culpability as a sufficiency challenge not requiring preservation below).
The parties disagree about the nature of Jesse's appeal, and thus the applicable
standard of review. The State incorrectly characterizes the appeal as a challenge to the
jury instructions, but the appellant's brief only passingly mentions jury instructions. It is
clear that Jesse argues that his convictions for reckless aggravated battery and leaving the
scene of an injury accident resulting in great bodily harm are mutually exclusive.
"Whether convictions are mutually exclusive is a legal question subject to de novo
review." State v. Salazar-Moreno, No. 119,702, 2020 WL 1814321, at *3 (Kan. App.
2020) (unpublished opinion). To the extent this analysis requires this court to interpret
statutes, statutory interpretation is a question of law also subject to de novo review. See
Chavez, 310 Kan. at 425-26.
Reckless Aggravated Battery and Leaving the Scene of an Injury Accident Resulting in
Great Bodily Harm are not Mutually Exclusive Crimes
Jesse argues that his convictions are mutually exclusive because they each require
a different legal intent or mens rea. Jesse claims that a conviction for reckless aggravated
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battery requires a finding that he acted with a reckless intent, whereas a conviction for
leaving the scene of an injury accident requires that he acted accidentally—not recklessly
or intentionally. Although Kansas criminal statutes do not define the term "accident,"
Jesse argues that the definition of "reckless" does not explicitly include accidental
conduct and Kansas courts have treated the term "accident" more narrowly when
analyzing insurance disputes in auto accidents. Simply put, Jesse argues that if he were
convicted of recklessly hitting Ron with the truck, then the conduct was not accidental
and thus Ron could not simultaneously be convicted of leaving the scene of an accident.
Although innovative and zealous, this argument lacks legal support.
Although Kansas Supreme Court authority addressing mutually exclusive verdicts
is limited, the law is not helpful to Jesse. See State v. Williams, 308 Kan. 1439, 1449-50,
430 P.3d 448 (2018) (where the court adopted the North Carolina Supreme Court's
elements approach to analyzing whether verdicts are mutually exclusive). In Williams,
the court explained that
"[m]utually exclusive verdicts include: (1) those that are a legal impossibility,
such as guilty verdicts on both a greater and its lesser included offense and (2) those that
purport to establish a defendant's guilt for two separate and distinct criminal offenses, the
nature of which are such that guilt of one necessarily excludes guilt of the other—that is,
when a conviction as to one of the crimes negates an element of the other." 308 Kan.
1439, Syl. ¶ 3.
The Williams court ultimately rejected the defendant's argument that his convictions for
aggravated burglary and domestic battery were mutually exclusive because the elements
of each crime did not negate each other, and therefore it was legally possible for the
defendant to be convicted of both crimes. 308 Kan. at 1449-50. Thus, the first step in the
mutual exclusivity analysis requires a comparison of the elements of Kansas statutes for
reckless aggravated battery (K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 21-5413[b][2][A]) and for leaving the
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scene of an injury accident resulting in great bodily harm (K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 8-
1602[b][3]).
Reckless aggravated battery is "recklessly causing great bodily harm to another
person or disfigurement of another person." K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 21-5413(b)(2)(A). A
person acts "recklessly" when they consciously disregard "a substantial and unjustifiable
risk that circumstances exist or that a result will follow, and such disregard constitutes a
gross deviation from the standard of care which a reasonable person would exercise in the
situation." K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 21-5202(j). The jury instruction at Jesse's trial provided:
"To establish this charge, each of the following claims must be proved:
1. The defendant recklessly1 caused great2 bodily harm to [Ron].
2. This act occurred on or about the 6th day of February, 2020, in Sumner
County, Kansas.
"1
A defendant acts recklessly when the defendant consciously disregards a
substantial and unjustifiable risk that great bodily harm to another person will be
the result of defendant's actions.
"2
The word 'great' distinguishes the bodily harm necessary from slight, trivial,
minor, or moderate harm."
A driver involved in an accident violates the law by failing to immediately stop
and remain at the scene because
"[t]he driver of any vehicle involved in an accident resulting in injury to, great
bodily harm to or death of any person . . . shall immediately stop such vehicle at the
scene of such accident, or as close thereto as possible, but shall then immediately return
to and in every event shall remain at the scene of the accident until the driver has fulfilled
the requirements of K.S.A. 8-1604, and amendments thereto." K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 8-
1602(a).
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Additionally, as required by K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 8-1604, the driver of any vehicle
involved in an accident resulting in injury to another person is required to render
reasonable assistance to the injured person. Reasonable assistance may include making
"arrangements for the carrying of such person" for medical treatment when the need is
apparent or upon the injured person's request. See K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 8-1604(a)(2). The
jury instruction provided at Jesse's trial for this charge read:
"To establish this charge, each of the following claims must be proved:
1. The defendant was the driver of a vehicle involved in an accident.
2. The accident resulted in great1 bodily harm to a person.
3. The defendant failed to immediately stop at the scene of the accident and
remain until he had rendered reasonable assistance to the injured person
when it was apparent that medical treatment was necessary or when the
injured person requested the defendant to call an ambulance for transport to a
medical facility.
4. This act occurred on or about the 6th day of February, 2020, in Sumner
County, Kansas.
"1
The word 'great' distinguishes the bodily harm necessary from slight, trivial,
minor, or moderate harm."
Essentially, Jesse argues that because the jury found he acted recklessly when he
struck Ron with the mirror of his truck, then his actions could not also have been an
accident. The State disagrees, noting that Jesse's conviction for leaving the scene of an
injury accident causing great bodily harm merely required that he was "involved in an
accident," not that the collision resulted from purely accidental conduct.
Under the elements approach adopted in Williams, the crimes of reckless
aggravated battery and leaving the scene of an injury accident resulting in great bodily
harm are not mutually exclusive as the elements of each crime do not negate each other.
It is legally possible for Jesse to be convicted of both crimes. See Williams, 308 Kan. at
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1449-50. In finding Jesse guilty of reckless aggravated battery, the jury found that Jesse
recklessly caused Ron bodily harm because Jesse "consciously disregard[ed] a substantial
and unjustifiable risk that great bodily harm to another person w[ould] be the result" of
his conduct. This crime did not require Jesse to act intentionally—but merely
recklessly—with a disregard for substantial and unjustifiable risk.
The jury also found Jesse guilty of leaving the scene of an injury accident resulting
in great bodily harm because, despite Stephanie's testimony to the contrary, he was the
driver of the truck that was "involved in an accident," that "accident resulted in great
bodily harm" to Ron, and Jesse failed to "render reasonable assistance" to Ron. The jury
was not given a definition of the term "accident," and there is no definition within the
relevant criminal statute, but it is a commonly understood word—particularly in the
context of what is commonly referred to as a car accident. The trial court is not required
to define every word or phrase in the jury instructions. "It is only when the instructions as
a whole would mislead the jury, or cause them to speculate, that additional terms should
be defined. A term which is widely used and which is readily comprehensible need not
have a defining instruction. [Citations omitted.]" State v. Norris, 226 Kan. 90, 95, 595
P.2d 1110 (1979); see State v. Armstrong, 299 Kan. 405, 440, 324 P.3d 1052 (2014).
Additionally, Black's Law dictionary defines "accident" as:
"An unintended and unforeseen injurious occurrence; something that does not
occur in the usual course of events or that could not be reasonably anticipated; any
unwanted or harmful event occurring suddenly, as a collision, spill, fall, or the like,
irrespective of cause or blame." Black's Law Dictionary 18-19 (11th ed. 2019).
A "car accident" is defined as "[a]n accident in which a motor vehicle collides with
another vehicle or with a person, animal, or object, usu. causing damage or injury."
Black's Law Dictionary 19 (11th ed. 2019).
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The Black's Law Dictionary definitions of "accident" and "car accident" are
consistent with the common understanding of those terms. Neither the cited definitions,
nor the common understanding of the word "accident," preclude recklessness from
causing or contributing to an accident. A person may be involved in an accident that
results from reckless conduct. Jesse's reliance on insurance caselaw to argue to the
contrary is misplaced when insurance policies may provide different coverage or results
based on the driver's culpability and include contractual definitions. It was legally
possible for the jury to find that Jesse satisfied each element of reckless aggravated
battery and leaving the scene of an injury accident resulting in great bodily harm without
any element of one crime negating an element of the other. See Williams, 308 Kan. at
1449-50. Moreover, there was more than enough evidence to support the jury's finding as
to each element of each crime.
CONCLUSION
Jesse Doll's convictions for the two separate, distinct crimes of reckless aggravated
battery and leaving the scene of an injury accident resulting in great bodily harm were not
mutually exclusive and are thus both affirmed.
Affirmed.
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