State v. Pevy

NOT DESIGNATED FOR PUBLICATION
No. 124,045
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF KANSAS
STATE OF KANSAS,
Appellee,
v.
JOHN LEE PEVY III,
Appellant.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Appeal from Riley District Court; KENDRA LEWISON, judge. Opinion filed July 1, 2022.
Reversed and remanded with directions.
Rick Kittel and Kasper Schirer, of Kansas Appellate Defender Office, for appellant.
David Lowden, deputy county attorney, Barry R. Wilkerson, county attorney, and Derek Schmidt,
attorney general, for appellee.
Before HILL, P.J., COBLE, J., and PATRICK D. MCANANY, S.J.
PER CURIAM: In this appeal John Lee Pevy III contends the district court abused
its discretion when, after finding Pevy violated the terms of his probation, the court
revoked his probation and ordered him to serve his underlying sentence. He contends that
the district court failed to follow K.S.A. 2018 Supp. 22-3716 in doing so. The details of
Pevy's crimes and the various grounds for finding that he violated his probation are well
known to the parties and need not be recounted here. The following chronology will
suffice.
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PROCEDURAL HISTORY
In July 2019, following a no-contest plea, Pevy was convicted of two counts of
aggravated battery that were committed in February 2019. Pevy was sentenced to 27
months in prison but was granted probation for 24 months.
In February 2020, the district court found that Pevy had violated the terms of his
probation and imposed a two-day jail sanction.
Four months later, Pevy was charged with another probation violation. After
finding that Pevy again had violated his probation, the court placed him on house arrest
for 30 days.
Thereafter, the State again moved to revoke Pevy's probation. Following an
evidentiary hearing in April 2021, the district court found that Pevy had violated the
terms of his probation. The court revoked Pevy's probation and ordered him to serve his
underlying prison sentence. The journal entry for the revocation of probation did not state
why probation was revoked. The district court, however, made the following comments
to explain its reasons for ordering Pevy to serve his prison sentence:
"Okay. Well, to be perfectly honest, after we had that initial hearing my
inclination was going to be to reinstate Mr. Pevy on his probation because although it was
far from perfect and he had some failed treatments in the past, he had gotten back on
track. He was—wasn't in the right level of substance abuse treatment as was
recommended for him, but he was getting the batterer's intervention treatment. He was
getting substance abuse treatment. His attendance wasn't perfect but generally he was
moving in the right direction but it was a close call because he had had a lot of issues
along the way. So you know, as I said earlier, this was really an opportunity for him,
partly as I said earlier it was out of concern for his safety by the Court to have him come
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here and personally be present but also it was an opportunity to prove to the Court that he
could continue to work with Ms. Lee and continue to do this probation.
"I had some lingering questions about the testimony that I heard about him
always waiting til the end of the day to do his UA's which is concerning because it can
especially in the case of alcohol mean that somebody is waiting it out and trying to avoid
having that substance in their system, and on the one time that Ms. Lee had surprised him
with a test earlier in the day he had the presence of alcohol in his system and so I thought
by having him do his testing earlier in the day we could—we could get to the heart of the
matter.
"Unfortunately, I find myself here today with him not only having refused to do
the last two UA's but frankly behaving in such a manner that's disrespectful to Ms. Lee
and an indication that he's just not willing to do this probation any more because these
UA's are integral to the probation.
"Ms. Lee can't do her job without knowing whether there are substances in Mr.
Pevy's system and she can't do her job if the most basic conditions of his probation he's
just refusing to do, and so while at the end of the day yesterday I in my mind thought I
would be—he would be continuing his probation, at this point in time I find myself at a
juncture where I just don't see how that is a plausible way to proceed in this case, so I am
going to revoke Mr. Pevy's probation and order him to serve his sentence under these
circumstances."
Pevy appeals. He claims the district court erred in revoking his probation and
ordering him to serve his underlying sentence. More specifically, he argues that in doing
so the district court erroneously bypassed the additional intermediate sanctions of being
sent to prison for a period of 60 to 180 days under K.S.A. 2018 Supp. 22-3716 without
making particularized findings—required by K.S.A. 2018 Supp. 22-3716(c)(9)(A)—that
"the safety of members of the public will be jeopardized or that the welfare of the
offender will not be served" by ordering further intermediate sanctions.
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ANALYSIS
The parties agree that the intermediate sanction scheme of K.S.A. 2018 Supp. 22-
3716 applies to Pevy's probation.
We review the district court's revocation of an offender's probation for any abuse
of discretion. State v. Coleman, 311 Kan. 332, 334, 460 P.3d 828 (2020). Once
a probation violation and an exception to the intermediate sanctions requirement have
been established, the district court has discretion—within the statutory framework of
K.S.A. 2018 Supp. 22-3716—to continue the probation or to revoke probation and to
require the defendant to serve the underlying prison sentence. See State v. Brown, 51
Kan. App. 2d 876, 879-80, 357 P.3d 296 (2015).
A judicial action constitutes an abuse of discretion if (1) it is arbitrary, fanciful, or
unreasonable; (2) it is based on an error of law; or (3) it is based on an error of fact. State
v. Ingham, 308 Kan. 1466, 1469, 430 P.3d 931 (2018). The movant bears the burden of
showing an abuse of discretion. See State v. Thomas, 307 Kan. 733, 739, 415 P.3d 430(2018).
The general rule is that the district court must apply the intermediate sanctions
scheme upon finding a probation violation. Coleman, 311 Kan. at 337. But under K.S.A.
2018 Supp. 22-3716(c)(9)(A), a district court may bypass intermediate sanctions if it
finds that the safety of the public will be jeopardized or the welfare of the offender will
not be served by imposing an intermediate sanction. But in doing so, the district court
cannot rely on generalized findings that could found in any probation revocation case.
State v. Duran, 56 Kan. App. 2d 1268, 1276, 445 P.3d 761 (2019), rev. denied 312 Kan.
895 (2020).
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To bypass intermediate sanctions, the district court must make findings that are
"'distinct rather than general, with exactitude of detail, especially in description or stated
with attention to or concern with details.'" State v. Dooley, 308 Kan. 641, 652, 423 P.3d
469 (2018). Whether the reasons set forth by the district court were sufficiently
particularized, as required by K.S.A. 2018 Supp. 22-3716(c)(9)(A), is a question of law
over which we exercise unlimited review. State v. McFeeters, 52 Kan. App. 2d 45, 49,
362 P.3d 603 (2015).
Because the statute requires the court to set forth with particularity the reasons for
finding this exception applies, "'an implicit determination is not enough.'" Dooley, 308
Kan. at 652. To rely on this exception, the district court must explain how the safety of
the members of the public will be jeopardized if the offender remains on probation or
how the offender's welfare will not be served by imposing an intermediate sanction. A
conclusory remark about a probationer's unwillingness or inability to follow the probation
terms is not enough to establish how the probationer's welfare would not be served by
imposing intermediate sanctions. McFeeters, 52 Kan. App. 2d at 49.
This requirement for particularized findings was reaffirmed in our Supreme
Court's recent decision in State v. Tafolla, 315 Kan. 324, 330, 508 P.3d 351 (2022):
"[T]he court may bypass intermediate sanctions if the court sets forth with particularity
the reasons for finding the welfare of the offender will not be served by imposing
intermediate sanctions. When the law requires a court to make findings and state them
with particularity, the findings must be distinct rather than general, giving exact
descriptions of all details. Implicit findings by a court are insufficient when particularized
findings are required by statute. [Citations omitted.]"
Here, in bypassing further intermediate sanctions under K.S.A. 2018 Supp. 22-
3716(c)(9)(A), the district court mentioned Pevy's safety in passing, but the court did not
provide details on how imposing the underlying sentence would better serve Pevy's
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welfare. In fact, nowhere in the district court's ruling did the court state with particularity
that bypassing yet another intermediate sanction would serve either public safety or
Pevy's welfare.
Accordingly, we conclude that by not following the statutory mandates of K.S.A.
2018 Supp. 22-3716(c)(9)(A), the district court abused its discretion in bypassing further
intermediate sanctions and ordering Pevy to serve his underlying prison sentence.
Accordingly, the district court is directed to either impose an intermediate sanction
authorized by K.S.A. 2018 Supp. 22-3716 or to bypass further sanctions and order Pevy
to serve his underlying sentenced based on a particularized finding under K.S.A. 2018
Supp. 22-3716(c)(9)(A).
Reversed and remanded with directions.
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