State v. Hurst

No. 124,199
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF KANSAS
STATE OF KANSAS,
Appellee,
v.
ALLEN MICHAEL HURST,
Appellant.
SYLLABUS BY THE COURT
1.
This court uses the four-part Barker balancing test to determine whether a delay in
appellate proceedings has violated a defendant's due process rights under the United
States Constitution. The court must consider the (1) length of delay, (2) reason for the
delay, (3) defendant's assertion of their right, and (4) prejudice resulting from the delay.
Barker v. Wingo, 407 U.S. 514, 530, 92 S. Ct. 2182, 33 L. Ed. 2d 101 (1972).
2.
A defendant's writings, motions, statements to the court, and other
communications can support an assertion of their constitutional right to a speedy trial,
and no particular language or citation to a specific legal principle is required.
3.
The prejudice factor of the Barker balancing test carries crucial weight in
determining whether a defendant's due process rights were violated by a delay in the
appellate proceedings.
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Appeal from Leavenworth District Court; MICHAEL D. GIBBENS, judge. Opinion filed November
4, 2022. Affirmed.
Joseph A. Desch, of Law Office of Joseph A. Desch, of Topeka, for appellant.
Todd Thompson, county attorney, and Derek Schmidt, attorney general, for appellee.
Before CLINE, P.J., ISHERWOOD and HURST, JJ.
HURST, J.: In a case that spans many years and multiple states, Allen Michael
Hurst appeals his conviction asserting that his lengthy direct appeal process has deprived
him of his due process rights. While this court does not dispute the inexplicable delay,
Hurst presents no other errors, in either his underlying plea or the resulting sentence, that
were impacted or otherwise resulted from this delay. Although Hurst is correct that he
experienced an inexcusable and inordinate delay, he has made no showing of
constitutionally cognizable prejudice resulting from that delay.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
The underlying facts, which are reminiscent of a screenplay, are relevant to the
procedural posture of this case. On May 10, 2013, Allen Michael Hurst escaped from
Lansing Correctional Facility in Lansing, Kansas, with two fellow prisoners. During their
escape, Hurst and one other prisoner stole a car in Kansas and eventually crossed the state
line into Missouri where they engaged in a high-speed car chase. Hurst and his fellow
escapee shot at officers in Missouri who attempted to stop the vehicle. Eventually, Hurst
and his accomplice crashed the stolen vehicle and fled the scene on foot, where they
broke into a nearby house and barricaded themselves inside. An armed standoff with a
SWAT team ensued before the escapees were finally apprehended. Hurst received a 20-
year sentence in Missouri for the crimes he committed in that state following his escape,
and his codefendant received a 128-year sentence. See State v. Gilbert, No. 117,953,
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2018 WL 4939094 (Kan. App. 2018) (unpublished opinion); State v. Gilbert, 531 S.W.3d
94, 97 (Mo. Ct. App. 2017).
Hurst was also charged in Kansas with aggravated escape from custody and, in a
separate case, felony theft, and criminal possession of a firearm for his actions during the
prison break in 2013—but he remained in custody in Missouri for about five years with
no proceedings in Kansas. In April 2018, Hurst filed a Uniform Mandatory Disposition of
Detainers Act request seeking disposition of his Kansas charges and he was transported
across the border to face those charges. Shortly thereafter, on June 22, 2018, Hurst pled
no contest to the aggravated escape from custody charge in exchange for the State's
agreement to dismiss the other case. At sentencing, Hurst's criminal history score was
determined to be A and the district court sentenced him to 130 months' imprisonment.
The court further ordered that Hurst serve the Kansas sentence consecutive to the 20-year
sentence he was already serving in Missouri and the 25 months remaining on the Kansas
sentence he was serving when he had escaped prison. On August 3, 2018, Hurst's trial
counsel timely filed a notice of appeal.
A week after Hurst's counsel filed his notice of appeal, the district court appointed
the Kansas Appellate Defender's Office (ADO) to represent Hurst on appeal.
Approximately 14 months later, on October 24, 2019, the ADO moved to withdraw from
the case because that office had previously represented Hurst's codefendant and believed
it was conflicted out of representing Hurst. The motion noted that the ADO had only
learned about its appointment to represent Hurst the week prior—on October 17, 2019.
The ADO's withdrawal was granted the next week, but—for reasons which remain
unclear to this court—the district court did not appoint substitute counsel at that time. It
appears the ADO may have been appointed to represent Hurst again after its first
withdrawal, as the record contains a second motion to withdraw filed in October 2020
due to the same conflict issue.
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On August 19, 2020, Hurst wrote to the Leavenworth County Court Clerk,
requesting "help or advice in the matter of [his] appeal," noting that he had not been
contacted about the matter for over two years. Then in September 2020, Hurst filed a
"Motion To Dismiss" based on the delay in his appeal and requested that his conviction
be "overturned and dismissed due to violation of Due Process and Constitution of Rights
being violated." That same month, Hurst filed two additional motions for dismissal in
which he contended that he had received ineffective assistance of counsel based on the
delay in the appellate process. Hurst explained that "[b]ecause of said acts, the
Defendant, me, has not been able to move forward with the above case, and places me,
the Defendant, under duress." The State promptly opposed Hurst's request for dismissal,
noting that dismissal of Hurst's sentence or conviction was not an appropriate remedy
regardless of any delay. Hurst then filed a "Petition To Court," requesting the district
court to review his motion and notify him of its decision.
On November 30, 2020, the district court appointed Hurst new, conflict-free
counsel for his appeal. Three months later, the court held a hearing on Hurst's pro se
motions to dismiss, during which Hurst argued that he had received deficient
performance from the various attorneys appointed to represent him and had been
prejudiced because his "appeal could have been received" and he "could know what [his]
future outcome would be." Ultimately, the district court denied Hurst's motions,
explaining:
"The Court has reviewed this file and it appears that Mr. Lee had been counsel here in the
district court, and that upon conclusion of it he had filed a notice of appeal. And then he
had withdrawn so the Appellate Defender could be appointed and that the Appellate
Defender was actually appointed. And all of that was done timely and properly except the
Appellate Defender then determined that they had a conflict of interest 'cause they were
representing a co-defendant and so they withdrew. When they withdrew it looks like the
ball got dropped and replacement counsel didn't get appointed.
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"And then when this motion was filed and it was brought to the Court's attention,
that's when new counsel was appointed, Mr. [] was appointed. I think initially the
Appellate Defender was reappointed and they continued to decline representation, then
Mr. [] was appointed.
"But either event, the proper remedy, though, here, if there is one, is not a
dismissal. . . . I'm not sure that there's any remedy for it. It was delayed and—and—and
that's what happened."
Some months after the court denied Hurst's pro se motions to dismiss, on July 28,
2021, his new counsel moved to docket Hurst's appeal out of time—this court granted the
motion on August 11. However, less than two months later, on September 20, 2021,
Hurst's attorney withdrew because of a conflict of interest and breakdown of the attorney-
client relationship, which is evinced by a testy exchange of letters. The next month, the
district court appointed Hurst new appellate counsel who finally filed a brief on Hurst's
behalf in January 2022—about three and a half years after his notice of appeal.
DISCUSSION
On appeal, Hurst argues only that the lengthy delay in getting his appeal before
this court deprived him of his due process rights under the Fifth and Fourteenth
Amendments to the United States Constitution. Hurst asserts no other claim of any
deficiency in his plea or the sentence imposed in this case—he merely argues that he was
denied due process because of the objectively lengthy time between the filing of his
notice of appeal and the filing of his appellate brief.
The United States Constitution affords criminal defendants due process rights on
appeal. "[I]f a State has created appellate courts as an integral part of its system for
finally adjudicating the guilt or innocence of a defendant, the procedures employed in the
appeal process must comport with the demands of the Due Process and Equal Protection
Clauses of the Constitution." State v. Bussart-Savaloja, 40 Kan. App. 2d 916, 920, 198
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P.3d 163 (2008), abrogated on other grounds by City of Kingman v. Ary, 312 Kan. 408,
475 P.3d 1240 (2020). The United States Supreme Court established a balancing test—
known as the Barker balancing test—to determine whether a trial delay has violated a
criminal defendant's right to a speedy trial under the Sixth Amendment to the United
States Constitution. Barker v. Wingo, 407 U.S. 514, 530, 92 S. Ct. 2182, 33 L. Ed. 2d 101(1972).
Although Barker addressed a criminal defendant's right to a speedy trial under the
Sixth Amendment, the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals has since adopted the Barker
balancing test for determining whether a delay in the appellate process has violated a
defendant's due process rights. Harris v. Champion, 15 F.3d 1538, 1558-65 (10th Cir.
1994). In the appellate context, the Tenth Circuit modified the fourth factor of the test—
prejudice to the defendant—by expanding the prejudice element as fully explained below.
A panel of this court has adopted the Harris formulation of the Barker balancing test
when considering whether a delay in the appellate process has violated a defendant's
constitutional due process rights, and this panel finds that to be the appropriate analysis.
See Bussart-Savaloja, 40 Kan. App. 2d at 921.
In determining whether Hurst's appellate delay violated his constitutional due
process rights, this court must balance the following factors: (1) length of the delay; (2)
reason for the delay; (3) the defendant's assertion of their rights; and (4) prejudice to the
defendant. See Barker, 407 U.S. at 530.
The Length of Appellate Delay
Here, the first factor in the balancing test weighs heavily in favor of Hurst. Around
three and a half years elapsed from when Hurst filed his notice of appeal in August 2018
to when his counsel filed his appellate brief in January 2022. This court has held that only
the passing of an "inordinate amount of time" triggers due process concerns. State v.
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Delacruz, 52 Kan. App. 2d 153, 165, 364 P.3d 557 (2015), rev'd on other grounds 307
Kan. 523, 411 P.3d 1207 (2018); Bussart-Savaloja, 40 Kan. App. 2d at 921 ("If
inordinate delay cannot be shown, we need not inquire into the other factors."); see also
Barker, 407 U.S. at 530 ("The length of the delay is to some extent a triggering
mechanism."). A two-year delay from the notice of appeal to final adjudication will be
considered presumptively excessive, requiring examination of the remaining factors.
Bussart-Savaloja, 40 Kan. App. 2d at 921-22; see Harris, 15 F.3d at 1559-60.
Although the filing of a notice of appeal starts to run the clock, Kansas courts
have used different measures for when a delay officially ends, including the docketing of
the appeal, the filing of an appellate brief, or the resolution of the case by this court. See
Delacruz, 52 Kan. App. 2d at 164-65 (measuring delay from filing of defendant's notice
of appeal to when appeal was docketed); Bussart-Savaloja, 40 Kan. App. 2d at 921-22
(measuring delay from filing of defendant's notice of appeal to actual adjudication); State
v. Ballou, No. 107,155, 2013 WL 646485, at *3 (Kan. App. 2013) (unpublished opinion)
(measuring delay from the filing of defendant's notice of appeal to the filing of his
appellate brief). Here, the length of delay was presumptively unreasonable regardless of
the measuring stick. Even by the shortest standard—stopping the clock when Hurst's
appeal was docketed—Hurst suffered a 27-month delay. If measured from when Hurst's
appellate brief was filed, it was about a 40-month delay and both delays weigh in favor of
Hurst's contention that his due process rights were violated.
The Reason for the Inordinate Delay
Having found a presumptively inordinate delay, this court must determine the
reason for the delay. If the delay was purposefully caused, this factor weighs heavily
against the government. But if the delay resulted from a neutral reason, such as
overcrowded courts, this factor carries less weight. No matter the reason for the delay,
"[t]he ultimate responsibility rests with the government rather than with the defendant."
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Bussart-Savaloja, 40 Kan. App. 2d at 922 (citing Barker, 407 U.S. at 531). In fact,
"reasons such as lack of funding, briefing delay by court-appointed attorneys, and
mismanagement of resources by public defender offices are not considered acceptable
excuses for inordinate delay." 40 Kan. App. 2d at 922 (citing Harris, 15 F.3d at 1562).
Hurst does not allege the delay was purposeful, and this court finds no intentional
delay or subterfuge by the State to orchestrate the delay. Hurst addresses the initial delay
from the time he filed his notice of appeal to when the court appointed him replacement
counsel after the ADO withdrew from his case—about 28 months. After its first
appointment as Hurst's appellate counsel, the ADO waited 14 months to request to
withdraw from the representation. However, the ADO explained that it was not made
aware of its appointment until the week prior to moving to withdraw. At that point, after
more than a year-long delay, the district court failed to appoint another attorney to
represent Hurst for another 13 months. There is no explanation for this delay beyond the
district court's comment that "the ball got dropped."
The State argues that the delays caused by the ADO's conflict of interest should
not be assessed against it and that Hurst is somehow responsible for much of the total
delay. The State apparently contends that Hurst should have taken some action to obtain
counsel sooner or alert the court and State of the delay—yet could not identify the
appropriate mechanism for Hurst to take such action. This court disagrees with the State
and finds its position untenable. The State attempts to avoid accountability for the delay
because it was not purposeful and by pointing responsibility onto the ADO and Hurst.
This attempt contradicts the governing speedy trial caselaw as well as logic, particularly
when a defendant is relying on the district court to appoint him counsel and has no other
access to an attorney.
More than a decade ago, the Bussart-Savaloja panel explained that "[p]roblems in
the prompt appointment of appellate counsel and notification of the appointment have
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been a persistent problem to our court." 40 Kan. App. 2d at 923. Based on Hurst's
experience, this problem persists. After Hurst filed his notice of appeal in August 2018,
his appeal was not docketed by appointed counsel for three years. Most of this delay was
caused by failures in the timely appointment of conflict-free counsel—failures for which
Hurst has no culpability. The State has identified no procedural rule or process that
Hurst—as an indigent, incarcerated defendant—failed to follow in obtaining conflict-free
counsel. Yet, this court finds no intentional delay by the State and thus this factor only
weighs slightly in favor of Hurst and the finding of a due process violation.
Hurst's Assertion of His Rights
Hurst first contacted the district court about the delay in the appellate process
through a letter in August 2020—two years after his sentence and the filing of his notice
of appeal. In the letter, Hurst explained that in October 2019 he tried to obtain
information about the delay from his trial counsel but received no response. Hurst asked
the court to grant him "help or assistance in the matter of [his] appeal" because he had
"heard nothing in 2 years." He then filed several motions to dismiss based on the delay in
the appellate process and requested that "this conviction be overturned and dismissed due
to violation of Due Process and Constitution of Rights being violated."
The State contends that through his motions Hurst failed to request a prompt
resolution of his appeal, but merely requested a dismissal of the underlying conviction
and sentence. The Kansas Supreme Court has noted that "'an assertion that charges be
dismissed for a speedy trial violation is not a value protected under Barker." In re Care &
Treatment of Ellison, 305 Kan. 519, 538, 385 P.3d 15 (2016). Despite Hurst's pro se
request for an inappropriate remedy, he did invoke his due process rights, albeit without
citing the specific right to an expeditious appeal. Hurst's pro se motions and letter to the
court make clear that he brought the unreasonable delay of his appeal to the attention of
the district court and sought a remedy, which is an adequate assertion of his rights. This is
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particularly true when the defendant, as here, has requested appointment of counsel to
pursue his rights and such appointment has not occurred, requiring him to assert his rights
without counsel.
The Prejudicial Effect of the Inordinate Delay
Finally—and most importantly—this court considers whether Hurst suffered
prejudice from the objectively unreasonable delay. In determining the prejudice to
defendant, this court examines whether the defendant suffered (i) oppressive
incarceration pending appeal; (ii) constitutionally cognizable anxiety; or (iii) impairment
of the ability to present a defense upon a retrial or reversal. Bussart-Savaloja, 40 Kan.
App. 2d at 920 (citing Harris, 15 F.3d at 1559). Hurst focuses his argument on the second
factor—constitutionally cognizable anxiety while awaiting appellate resolution.
Before analyzing Hurst's anxiety stemming from the delay, this court notes that
Hurst has suffered no prejudice that falls within the other two categories. First, Hurst
suffered no oppressive incarceration pending the resolution of this appeal because he has
not even begun to serve the 130-month sentence resulting from his Kansas conviction.
His Kansas sentence was ordered to run consecutive to his 20-year sentence in Missouri
as well as the 25 months remaining on the Kansas sentence he was serving when he
escaped prison in 2013. Thus, Hurst will not begin serving his present sentence for about
17 years. Accordingly, any remedy sought through his appeal to this court—including his
impermissible request for "dismissal" of his conviction—would not affect Hurst until he
completes his other sentences.
Similarly, the delay in Hurst's appeal has not prejudiced or impaired his grounds
for relief or any defenses he could raise if this court were to reverse and remand any
aspect of his conviction or sentence. While Hurst's decision to enter a plea agreement
limits his grounds for appeal—he has asserted no grounds other than the deprivation of
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his due process rights due to the delay in the appellate process. He alleges no error and
presents no other grounds for reversal or relief stemming from his plea or sentencing in
this case. By asserting no other basis for appellate relief, Hurst essentially admits that he
has suffered no prejudice or impairment of any grounds for direct appeal or potential
defenses if his case were reversed and remanded. Additionally, by not challenging any
aspect of his underlying plea or sentence, he has waived any potential argument of
infirmity in the underlying proceedings from which this direct appeal derives. See State v.
Arnett, 307 Kan. 648, 650, 413 P.3d 787 (2018) (issues not briefed are deemed waived
and abandoned).
Hurst's only prejudice argument centers on the anxiety subfactor. Hurst contends
that he has suffered anxiety about the outcome of his case and felt as if he were
abandoned during the delay in the appellate process. However, to establish the requisite
prejudice stemming from anxiety, Hurst must make a "particularized and substantial
showing of anxiety distinguishable from anxiety suffered by other similarly situated
defendants." Bussart-Savaloja, 40 Kan. App. 2d at 925. Therefore, the general anxiety
which Hurst claims he suffered during the delay in his appeal is insufficient to
demonstrate prejudice. In Harris, the Tenth Circuit explained:
"A petitioner has no reason to be anxious or concerned about the time it takes to
adjudicate an appeal that is without merit. Therefore, to establish prejudice resulting from
anxiety, a petitioner must once again assert a colorable state or federal claim that would
warrant reversal of the petitioner's conviction or reduction of sentence to an amount of
time less than that taken to adjudicate the appeal." 15 F.3d at 1565.
Hurst asserts no potentially colorable claims under state or federal law that would
warrant reversal of his conviction or reduction of his sentence. His only basis for relief is
the inordinate delay in his appeal, meaning he cannot suffer legally prejudicial anxiety
because he has no meritorious appellate claim. Moreover, even if he asserted a potentially
meritorious claim, he would not recognize that benefit for about 17 years, making any
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increased anxiety from the delay in his appeal unreasonable. Hurst's frustration, anxiety,
and feeling of abandonment based on the lack of information he received during the delay
in his appeal is unfortunate. This court does not condone or excuse the delay in this case.
But under the unique facts of Hurst's case, he could not have suffered the type of
constitutionally cognizable anxiety that amounts to prejudice. In sum, Hurst has failed to
show that he suffered any prejudice from the delay in his appeal.
Although three of the four Barker balancing test factors weigh in favor of finding
that the delay in Hurst's appeal violated his due process rights—his inability to
demonstrate prejudice outweighs all the other factors. Defendants cannot establish a
constitutional due process violation from a delay in their direct appeal without showing
that they suffered some amount of prejudice from the delay.
CONCLUSION
While Hurst unquestionably experienced an inordinate delay during the appellate
process, he suffered no additional incarceration, unique anxiety, or impairment of his
ability to present a defense. In other words, he did not suffer any constitutionally
cognizable prejudice as a result of the delay. Accordingly, this court finds that the delay
in the appellate process did not deprive Hurst of his due process rights.
Affirmed.
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