State v. Louis

NOT DESIGNATED FOR PUBLICATION
No. 121,339
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF KANSAS
STATE OF KANSAS,
Appellee,
v.
GLENDON G. LOUIS,
Appellant.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Appeal from Wyandotte District Court; J. DEXTER BURDETTE, judge. Opinion filed April 10,
2020. Affirmed.
James L. Spies, of Law Office of James L. Spies, P.A., of Kansas City, for appellant.
Daniel G. Obermeier, assistant district attorney, Mark A. Dupree Sr., district attorney, and Derek
Schmidt, attorney general, for appellee.
Before LEBEN, P.J., SCHROEDER, J., and LAHEY, S.J.
PER CURIAM: Glendon G. Louis appeals the district court's denial of his motion to
correct an illegal sentence. Presumptive sentences for most Kansas crimes are partially
based on the extent of a defendant's past crimes—summarized in a criminal-history score
ranging from A, the most serious, to I, the least serious. Louis argues that he got a longer
sentence than he should have because the district court mistakenly calculated his
criminal-history score when it treated his California "assault with a firearm on person"
conviction as a prior person crime.
A Kansas aggravated assault counts as a person offense, as does an out-of-state
aggravated assault conviction that's comparable to the Kansas statute. Louis argues that
his California conviction can't be counted as a person crime because the California statute
is broader than the Kansas aggravated-assault statute. But the sentencing rules in effect
when Louis was sentenced provided that out-of-state crimes only be comparable, not
identical, to a Kansas person crime to be scored that way. We have reviewed the
applicable Kansas and California statutes; they prohibit similar conduct, making them
comparable for sentencing purposes under the law in effect when Louis' sentence was
finalized.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
A jury convicted Glendon G. Louis of two counts of aggravated robbery, one
count of robbery, one count of theft, and one count of possession of cocaine—offenses
committed in 2006. A presentence investigation showed two prior convictions: a Florida
conviction for second-degree lewd or lascivious battery and a California conviction for
"assault with firearm on person." The report classified these convictions as person
felonies, and, based on that, the court gave Louis a criminal-history score of B. Louis did
not object to the classification of these crimes or to his criminal-history score at
sentencing. Based on Louis' convictions and criminal-history score, the court sentenced
Louis in January 2008 to 317 months in prison and 12 months in county jail.
Louis appealed, and this court affirmed the district court in May 2010. State v.
Louis, No. 100,530, 2010 WL 1882141, at *7 (Kan. App. 2010) (unpublished opinion).
In June 2014, Louis moved to correct an illegal sentence without the help of an attorney;
he later refiled that motion with an attorney in November 2014. Relying on State v.
Murdock, 299 Kan. 312, 313, 323 P.3d 846 (2014) (Murdock I), Louis argued that he had
committed his out-of-state crime before Kansas had enacted the Kansas Sentencing
Guidelines Act, so the California crime should have been classified as a nonperson
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offense. But the Kansas Supreme Court overruled Murdock I in State v. Keel, 302 Kan.
560, 563-64, 357 P.3d 251 (2015), undercutting Louis' argument. The district court
denied Louis' motion. Louis appealed without the help of an attorney in September 2015.
He appealed again through an attorney but later changed counsel twice, delays that help
explain why we are only now in position to rule on his appeal.
ANALYSIS
Louis challenges the district court's denial of his motion to correct an illegal
sentence. He argues his 1993 California conviction for "assault with firearm on person"
was improperly scored as a person crime, resulting in a higher criminal-history score and
longer sentence following his 2006 Kansas convictions.
Under the statute in place when Louis filed his motion, the district court had the
authority to "correct an illegal sentence at any time." K.S.A. 22-3504(a). Classification of
a defendant's prior crimes to determine his or her criminal-history score involves
interpretation of the Kansas Sentencing Guidelines Act. The interpretation of a statute is a
question of law over which this court has unlimited review, meaning this court gives no
required deference to the district court's conclusions. State v. Wetrich, 307 Kan. 552, 555,
412 P.3d 984 (2018).
Under the Kansas Sentencing Guidelines Act, a defendant's sentence is based on
the severity of the current offense and the defendant's criminal-history score. See K.S.A.
2019 Supp. 21-6804(d). A defendant's criminal-history score is based on the defendant's
prior convictions, including any out-of-state convictions revealed in a presentence
investigation. See K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 21-6809; K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 21-6811(e).
Prior out-of-state convictions must be classified as felony or misdemeanor
offenses and person or nonperson crimes. K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 21-6811(e). The
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classification of prior out-of-state convictions heavily influences the defendant's criminal-
history score. Because the presentence investigation labeled two of Louis' prior out-of-
state convictions as person felonies, Louis received a criminal-history score of B. K.S.A.
2019 Supp. 21-6809. But Louis argues on appeal that the 1993 California conviction
should have been scored as a nonperson felony. That would have given Louis a criminal
history of C and a lesser presumptive sentence under the guidelines.
Louis only challenges the classification of his 1993 California conviction for
"assault with firearm on person" as a person offense. There's no dispute about whether
Louis' 1993 California conviction was a felony, so the next step is to classify the
defendant's out-of-state conviction as a person or nonperson offense. To do this, the
district court compares the out-of-state conviction to a comparable Kansas statute in
effect on the date the defendant committed the current crime of conviction. K.S.A. 2019
Supp. 21-6811(e)(3). If there's no comparable offense in Kansas, the conviction must be
classified as a nonperson crime. K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 21-6811(e)(3).
In 2018, the Kansas Supreme Court adopted a new test for determining whether a
statute is comparable: "[T]he elements of the out-of-state crime must be identical to, or
narrower than, the elements of the Kansas crime." Wetrich, 307 Kan. 552, Syl. ¶ 3. But
Wetrich's "identical-or-narrower" comparability test does not apply to Louis' 2008
sentencing. The Wetrich test applies only to sentences finalized after Wetrich was
decided or cases that were on direct appeal when Wetrich was decided. See K.S.A. 2019
Supp. 22-3504(c)(1) ("A sentence is not an 'illegal sentence' because of a change in the
law that occurs after the sentence is pronounced."); State v. Weber, 309 Kan. 1203, 1209,
442 P.3d 1044 (2019) (holding that Wetrich was a "change in the law"); State v. Williams,
__ Kan. __, 456 P.3d 540, 546-47 (2020) (applying Wetrich when a direct appeal was
pending when Wetrich was decided).
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Wetrich doesn't apply here. The court sentenced Louis in 2008 and this court
affirmed his convictions in 2010, well before Wetrich was decided in 2018. He is
appealing the district court's later decision to deny his motion to correct an illegal
sentence, first filed in 2014, and "a party moving to correct an illegal sentence is stuck
with the law in effect at the time the sentence was pronounced." State v. Murdock
(Murdock II), 309 Kan. 585, 591-92, 439 P.3d 307 (2019).
So we must apply sentencing rules as they stood before Wetrich. At that time,
Kansas courts applied a more lenient comparability standard. An out-of-state offense was
comparable to a Kansas offense if both prohibited similar conduct; the elements of both
crimes didn't have to be identical. See, e.g., State v. Riolo, 50 Kan. App. 2d 351, 353, 330
P.3d 1120 (2014); State v. Barajas, 43 Kan. App. 2d 639, 643, 230 P.3d 784 (2010). In
State v. Vandervort, the Kansas Supreme Court suggested that the Kansas crime with the
"closest approximation" to the out-of-state crime was a comparable offense. State v.
Vandervort, 276 Kan. 164, 179, 72 P.3d 925 (2003), overruled on other grounds by State
v. Dickey, 301 Kan. 1018, 350 P.3d 1054 (2015).
Both Louis and the State identify Cal. Pen. Code § 245(a) (West 1993), assault
with a deadly weapon or by force likely to produce great bodily injury, as the applicable
California statute. The State cites subsection 245(a)(2), which prohibits an "assault upon
the person of another with a firearm." Cal. Pen. Code § 245(a)(2). But Louis focuses on
subsection 245(a)(1), a much broader part of the statute. It prohibits an "assault upon the
person of another with a deadly weapon or instrument other than a firearm or by any
means of force likely to produce great bodily injury." Cal. Pen. Code § 245(a)(1). The
1993 California assault statute defines assault as "an unlawful attempt, coupled with a
present ability, to commit a violent injury on the person of another." Cal. Pen. Code §
240 (West 1993).
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Both parties agree that the California statute should be compared to Kansas
aggravated assault. K.S.A. 2006 Supp. 21-3410. A Kansas aggravated assault is "an
assault . . . committed: (a) with a deadly weapon; (b) while disguised in any manner
designed to conceal identity; or (c) with intent to commit any felony." K.S.A. 2006 Supp.
21-3410. "Assault" means "intentionally placing another person in reasonable
apprehension of immediate bodily harm." K.S.A. 2006 Supp. 21-3408.
To figure out whether the proper comparison is to subsection 245(a)(1) or
245(a)(2) in the California statute, we turn to Louis' presentence-investigation report. It
classified Louis' California offense as "assault with firearm on person." That crime would
fall under the assault-with-a-firearm subsection, (a)(2). It would not fall within the
assault-with-a-deadly-weapon subsection, (a)(1), because items other than firearms are
included there. See Cal. Pen. Code § 245(a).
When we compare California's assault-with-a-firearm offense to the Kansas
assault with a deadly weapon, we find them comparable. Both statutes criminalize
assaults with the use of a deadly weapon. See State v. Kershaw, 302 Kan. 772, 772, 359
P.3d 52 (2015) (treating an assault with a firearm as an assault with a deadly weapon).
"Assault" is defined similarly in both states, requiring an intent to act and some act of
placing someone in danger or attempting to commit injury. Cal. Pen. Code § 240; K.S.A.
2006 Supp. 21-3408; see People v. Williams, 26 Cal. 4th 779, 789-90, 29 P.3d 197, 111
Cal. Rptr. 2d 114 (2001). The attendant circumstances differ slightly. In California, the
attacker must have had the "present ability to commit a violent injury"—an objective
question. Cal. Pen. Code § 240; People v. Licas, 41 Cal. 4th 362, 369, 60 Cal. Rptr. 3d
31, 159 P.3d 507 (2007). In Kansas, the victim must have been in "reasonable
apprehension" of immediate bodily harm. That language contains both a subjective and
objective element. State v. Angle, No. 116,152, 2017 WL 4216161, at *3 (Kan. App.
2017) (unpublished opinion), rev. denied 307 Kan. 988 (2018).
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But it's not a deal-breaker that these statutes contain some different language and
slightly different elements. Under pre-Wetrich law, statutes could be comparable even
though they contained different elements. See Vandervort, 276 Kan. at 178-79 (holding
that a Virginia conviction for taking indecent liberties with a child was comparable to the
Kansas statute prohibiting lewd and lascivious behavior though the Virginia statute was
broader). Cf. Barajas, 43 Kan. App. 2d at 643-48 (holding that a California felony of
DUI causing bodily injury was not comparable to a Kansas aggravated battery because
the statutes were in different codes, had differing purposes, and only one element in
common). Here, the California and Kansas offenses were comparable because they
shared many of the same elements and sought to prevent similar conduct—attempting to
injure or placing someone in danger using a deadly weapon.
Louis argues for a different comparison. Instead of using his prior conviction as
the starting point, Louis starts with the Kansas statute. If Louis assaulted someone with a
firearm in Kansas in 2006, he would have committed aggravated assault—assault with a
deadly weapon. K.S.A. 2006 Supp. 21-3410. From there, Louis compares the Kansas
subsection for assault with a deadly weapon to the California subsection of assault with a
deadly weapon or instrument other than a firearm or by any means of force likely to
produce great bodily injury.
Louis argues that the California offense is broader than the Kansas offense
because a beer bottle could be a deadly weapon in California but not in Kansas. Even if
this were the proper subsection for comparison, this argument is unpersuasive. The
touchstone for determining comparability is whether the statutes prohibit similar
conduct—the out-of-state statute doesn't need to be identical or narrower. See
Vandervort, 276 Kan. at 178-79 (rejecting defendant's argument that the out-of-state
offense was not comparable to the Kansas offense because the out-of-state offense was
broader). Without citing it, Louis is trying to strong-arm Wetrich into the analysis. We
cannot do so. See Murock II, 309 Kan. at 591.
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We conclude that a Kansas aggravated assault was the "closest approximation" to
a California assault with a firearm. Those offenses are comparable because they had
similar elements and prohibit similar conduct. Louis' prior conviction for "assault with
firearm on person" was properly classified as a person felony and Louis properly received
a criminal-history score of B. His sentence was legal when pronounced, so the district
court properly denied Louis' motion to correct an illegal sentence.
We affirm the district court's judgment.
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