In re the Matter of the Adoption of P.Z.K.

No. 111,198
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF KANSAS
In the Matter of the Adoption of P.Z.K., Minor.
SYLLABUS BY THE COURT
1.
Where a statute is ambiguous, a court may look to the canons of construction,
including the canon known as noscitur a sociis, which literally translates to "it is known
from its associates." This canon requires the court to compare the elements identified in
the statute to determine the meaning of any one of those words or phrases. Its effect is
that the meaning of a doubtful word or phrase may be clarified or ascertained by
reference to those words or phrases with which it is associated.
2.
K.S.A. 2013 Supp. 59-2136(d) only applies to stepparent adoptions when the child
has a presumed father due to a marriage or attempted marriage under K.S.A. 2013 Supp.
23-2208(a)(1), (2), or (3); or if the child qualifies as a legitimate child of the father under
pre-1985 law, which means a child born of a marriage.
3.
Because K.S.A. 2013 Supp. 59-2136(h) provides that a court may terminate
parental rights upon a finding by clear and convincing evidence of any of the factors
listed in that subsection, the district court's alternative finding under K.S.A. 2013 Supp.
59-2136(h)(1)(A) is sufficient to uphold its unfitness finding.
Appeal from Lyon District Court; W. LEE FOWLER, judge. Opinion filed August 1, 2014.
Affirmed.
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Stuart N. Symmonds, of Symmonds & Symmonds, LLC, of Emporia, for appellant.
Stephen J. Atherton, of Atherton & Huth, of Emporia, for appellee.
Before MALONE, C.J., POWELL and SCHROEDER, JJ.
POWELL, J.: P.Z.K.'s natural father, D.A. (Natural Father), appeals the district
court's ruling terminating his parental rights and granting the stepparent adoption by
D.M. (Stepfather). Natural Father argues (1) the district court should have applied K.S.A.
2013 Supp. 59-2136(d) instead of K.S.A. 2013 Supp. 59-2136(h), and (2) the district
court erred by refusing to consider the involuntary payment through garnishment of his
tax refund as payment towards his child support obligation. Because we hold that the
district court properly applied K.S.A. 2013 Supp. 59-2136(h), we affirm.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
P.Z.K. was born in 2002. In July 2011, P.Z.K.'s mother and the Kansas
Department of Social and Rehabilitation Services (SRS) filed a petition to establish
paternity, alleging Natural Father was the child's biological father and requesting an order
for child support. P.Z.K.'s mother (Mother) and Natural Father were never married. On
November 10, 2011, genetic testing established Natural Father as the child's biological
father. The court ordered Natural Father to pay $205 per month in child support and
reimburse SRS $5,071.47 for support it provided to the child.
Mother married Stepfather, who filed a petition to adopt P.Z.K. on October 4,
2013. Mother consented to the stepparent adoption, but Natural Father refused to consent.
In January 2014, the Lyon County district court terminated Natural Father's parental
rights and granted the adoption of P.Z.K. by Stepfather.
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Natural Father timely appeals.
SHOULD THE DISTRICT COURT HAVE APPLIED K.S.A. 2013 SUPP. 59-2136(d)
INSTEAD OF K.S.A. 2013 SUPP. 59-2136(h)?
K.S.A. 2013 Supp. 59-2136(d) typically governs the termination of parental rights
in stepparent adoptions while K.S.A. 2013 Supp. 59-2136(h) governs the termination of
parental rights in all other adoptions. For the first time on appeal, Natural Father argues
that as this was a stepparent adoption, the district court should have applied K.S.A. 2013
Supp. 59-2136(d) instead of K.S.A. 2013 Supp. 59-2136(h).
Generally, issues not raised before the trial court cannot be raised on appeal. See
Wolfe Electric, Inc. v. Duckworth, 293 Kan. 375, 403, 266 P.3d 516 (2011). Supreme
Court Rule 6.02(a)(5) (2013 Kan. Ct. R. Annot. 39) requires an appellant to explain why
an issue that was not raised below should be considered for the first time on appeal. See
State v. Breeden, 297 Kan. 567, 574, 304 P.3d 660 (2013) (declining to consider issue for
this reason). Natural Father fails to explain why we should consider this issue for the first
time on appeal. Nevertheless, an exception to the general rule applies: this issue involves
only a question of law which is determinative of the case. In re Estate of Broderick, 286
Kan. 1071, 1082, 191 P.3d 284 (2008) (new legal theory may not be asserted for first
time on appeal unless the theory involves question of law arising on proved or admitted
facts and is finally determinative of case), cert. denied 555 U.S. 1178 (2009).
Because this issue involves the interpretation and application of K.S.A. 2013
Supp. 59-2136, this is a legal question over which appellate courts exercise unlimited
review. In re Adoption of J.M.D., 293 Kan. 153, 158, 260 P.3d 1196 (2011).
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Natural Father argues the district court should have applied K.S.A. 2013 Supp. 59-
2136(d) because it specifically governs stepparent adoptions. K.S.A. 2013 Supp. 59-
2136(d) states:
"(d) In a stepparent adoption, if a mother consents to the adoption of a child who has
a presumed father under subsection (a)(1), (2) or (3) of K.S.A. 2013 Supp. 23-2208 . . . or
who has a father as to whom the child is a legitimate child under prior law of this state or
under the law of another jurisdiction, the consent of such father must be given to the
adoption unless such father has failed or refused to assume the duties of a parent for two
consecutive years next preceding the filing of the petition for adoption or is incapable of
giving such consent."
Natural Father relies on J.M.D. where our Supreme Court analyzed the statutory
framework in K.S.A. 2010 Supp. 59-2136 and how it applies when a stepfather seeks to
adopt his wife's children. 293 Kan. at 159. It carefully looked at subsections (d) and (h)
and found:
"The clearly stated intent [of the legislature] was to treat the parental rights
termination of natural or presumed fathers differently in stepparent adoptions than in
other types of adoptions. That stated intent contradicts any implication that the legislature
intended to incorporate the parental termination provisions of subsection (h) into the
stepparent adoption provisions of subsection (d)." 293 Kan. at 162.
Our Supreme Court also stated that K.S.A. 2010 Supp. 59-2136(h)
"do[es] not apply to the question of whether a natural father must consent to the adoption
of his children by a stepfather. The legislature intended for that question to be answered
by the provisions of K.S.A. 2010 Supp. 59-2136(d), unaffected by the provisions
governing the termination of parental rights in other types of adoptions." 293 Kan. at 163.
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In J.M.D., the father was a presumed father of the child under K.S.A. 38-
1114(a)(1) because the father and mother were married when J.M.D. was born.
Therefore, the stepparent adoption of J.M.D. was governed by K.S.A. 2010 Supp. 59-
2136(d) which specifically states it applies when the father is "a presumed father under
subsection (a)(1), (2) or (3) of K.S.A. 38-1114" or when the child is a "legitimate child
under prior law of this state."
This case is distinguishable from J.M.D. because K.S.A. 2013 Supp. 59-2136(d)
only governs when there is a presumed father due to a marriage relationship as described
in K.S.A. 2013 Supp. 23-2208(a)(1), (2), or (3), or when the child is the father's child
under the prior law of this state. In this case, Natural Father became the presumed father
due to genetic testing under K.S.A. 2013 Supp. 23-2208(a)(5), not subsections (1), (2), or
(3). See also In re Adoption of C.A.T., 47 Kan. App. 2d 257, 262-63, 273 P.3d 813 (2012)
(distinguishing J.M.D. for same reason).
However, Natural Father does not claim K.S.A. 2013 Supp. 23-2208(a)(1), (2), or
(3) apply. Instead, he claims subsection (d) applies because P.Z.K. is his legitimate child
under the law due to the 2011 paternity case. However, Natural Father's interpretation
excludes a very important word. K.S.A. 2013 Supp. 59-2136(d) says the child must be
the father's "legitimate child under prior law of this state." (Emphasis added.) The goal of
statutory interpretation is to ascertain the intent of the legislature. See In re Adoption of
S.J.R., 37 Kan. App. 2d 28, 33, 149 P.3d 12 (2006). Words must be given their plain
meaning, and language found in the statute cannot be excluded. 37 Kan. App. 2d at 33.
The legislature's reference to "prior law" is ambiguous because it could refer to
laws prior to the current statutes, laws in effect before K.S.A. 2013 Supp. 59-2136(h) was
enacted, or laws before any other specified point in time. Because the statute is
ambiguous, we may look to the canons of construction, including the canon known as
noscitur a sociis, which literally translates to "it is known from its associates." This canon
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requires us to compare the elements identified in the statute to determine the meaning of
any one of those words or phrases. State v. Spencer, 291 Kan. 796, 808, 248 P.3d 256(2011). Its effect is that the meaning of a doubtful word or phrase "may be clarified or
ascertained by reference to those words or phrases with which it is associated." Young
Partners v. U.S.D. No. 214, 284 Kan. 397, 408, 160 P.3d 830 (2007).
Looking at the subsection as a whole, the use of the term "legitimate child" signals
that the prior law being referred to was when Kansas statutes distinguished between
legitimate and illegitimate children. Prior to 1985, Kansas law differentiated between
children born of a marriage (legitimate) and children born outside of marriage
(illegitimate). See K.S.A. 59-501 (Ensley 1983); Gross v. VanLerberg, 231 Kan. 401,
Syl. ¶ 1, 646 P.2d 471 (1982) ("The father of an illegitimate child has a duty of support
similar to that imposed upon the father of a legitimate child where the relationship of
father and child has been established by acknowledgment of paternity or the judgment of
a court of record having jurisdiction of the case."); K.S.A. 38-1101 et seq. (Ensley 1981);
K.S.A. 38-1101 et seq. (Ensley 1986) (K.S.A. 38-1101 through 38-1110 repealed in 1985
and replaced by K.S.A. 38-1111 through 38-1130); K.S.A. 38-1112 (Ensley 1986) ("The
parent and child relationship extends, equally to every child and to every parent,
regardless of the marital status of the parents.").
We conclude K.S.A. 2013 Supp. 59-2136(d) refers to situations covered under
Kansas statutes prior to 1985 to the extent that the statute applies if the child qualifies as
"a legitimate child under prior law" of this state. The genetic test presumption in K.S.A.
2013 Supp. 23-2208(a)(5), under which Natural Father's paternity was established, was
not added until 1994. L. 1994, ch. 292, sec. 5 (Subst. H.B. 2583). K.S.A. 2013 Supp. 59-
2136(d) only applies to stepparent adoptions when the child has a presumed father due to
a marriage or attempted marriage under K.S.A. 2013 Supp. 23-2208(a)(1), (2), or (3); or
if the child qualifies as a legitimate child of the man under pre-1985 law. Natural Father
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does not fall into either of these categories. Therefore, the district court was not required
to apply K.S.A. 2013 Supp. 59-2136(d).
WAS THERE SUFFICIENT EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT
THE DISTRICT COURT'S FINDING OF UNFITNESS?
The district court found Natural Father unfit under K.S.A. 2013 Supp. 59-
2136(h)(1)(A) & (G), which state as follows:
"[T]he court may order that parental rights be terminated, upon a finding by clear and
convincing evidence, of any of the following:
(A) The father abandoned or neglected the child after having knowledge of the
child's birth; [or]
....
(G) the father has failed or refused to assume the duties of a parent for two
consecutive years next preceding the filing of the petition."
Because K.S.A. 2013 Supp. 59-2136(h) provides that a court may terminate
parental rights upon a finding by clear and convincing evidence of any of the factors
listed in that subsection, the district court's alternative finding under K.S.A. 2013 Supp.
59-2136(h)(1)(A)—that Natural Father abandoned or neglected P.Z.K. from 2005 to the
present—is sufficient to uphold its unfitness finding. The district court found "that while
there was contact between the minor child and the natural father for the first three years
of the child's life, that contact largely ended in 2005." Natural Father does not challenge
this ruling on appeal.
In light of the fact that Natural Father does not challenge the district court's finding
of abandonment or neglect under K.S.A. 2013 Supp. 59-2136(h)(1)(A) as a basis for its
unfitness finding, we affirm the district court on that basis alone. We need not address
Natural Father's other arguments concerning whether there was sufficient evidence to
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support the district court's finding under K.S.A. 2013 Supp. 59-2136(h)(1)(G) that he
failed or refused to assume the duties of a parent for 2 consecutive years preceding the
filing of the petition.
Affirmed.
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