Javon Hearn v. Commonwealth of Kentucky

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RENDERED: AUGUST 21, 2008
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
,;VUyrrMr Courf of ~i~oit
2005-SC-000708-MR
JAVON HEARN APPELLANT
ON APPEAL FROM JEFFERSON CIRCUIT COURT
V. HONORABLE MARTIN F. MCDONALD, JUDGE
NO. 02-CR-001962-001
COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY APPELLEE
MEMORANDUM OPINION OF THE COURT
AFFIRMING
I . INTRODUCTION
This is a matter of right appeal from a judgment in which Appellant Javon Hearn
was convicted of Murder, First Degree Robbery, and Tampering with Physical Evidence.
Appellant makes the following arguments on appeal : that different positions taken by
the prosecution as to his co-defendant's truthfulness violated due process and
fundamental fairness, the ethical duty of the prosecutor, and his right to present a
defense ; that the prosecutor's statements suggesting that defense counsel knew
Appellant to be a liar should have resulted in a mistrial; and that a photo lineup, which
resulted in a witness identifying Appellant, was unduly suggestive . For the following
reasons, we reject Appellant's arguments, and affirm the judgment of the Jefferson
Circuit Court.
II . BACKGROUND
On August 27, 2002, in Jefferson County, Kentucky, Kiphart, Jr. (Kiphart)
returned a movie to a Blockbuster Video at approximately noon. Though there is some
factual dispute as to what happened next, Kiphart apparently met with Appellant, at a
Bigfoot convenience store . About an hour later, at approximately 1 p.m., a worker at
Green Meadows Cemetery discovered Kiphart's body. Kiphart had been shot once in
the lower back, and three times in the back of the head .
Appellant's half brother, Gary Hearn, gave the police two statements implicating
Appellant . Gary claimed that, the day of the murder, he was in the Shagbark area near
Green Meadows Cemetery . Gary did not explain why he was in the Shagbark area,
aside from saying, "That's where I hang at" Gary also admitted that he "circled around"
the cemetery, but he denied seeing Kiphart's body, despite the fact that the body was in
plain view. Witnesses stated that a maroon (or similarly colored) SUV and a green
Buick sped in and out of the cemetery. The Buick was later identified as belonging to
Gary Hearn .
Gary claimed that he saw Appellant driving Kiphart's car. Gary's original
statement suggested that this was a random encounter with his brother . Gary asked
Appellant why he was driving Kiphart's car. Kiphart's car was well-known in the
its
neighborhood because of speakers, stereo system, and expensive rims.
According to Gary's statement, Appellant had encountered Kiphart around noon.
Because Appellant wanted to steal Kiphart's car, Appellant asked Kiphart to take him to
the cemetery to pick up some drugs Appellant had hidden there. According to Gary,
this was a ruse to get Kiphart alone . Appellant then pulled a gun on Kiphart and
accidentally shot him once in the lower back. Wanting to avoid an attempted murder
charge, Appellant then shot Kiphart three times in the back of the head.
Kiphart's car was soon located in an apartment complex parking lot . The car was
missing its rims, stereo, speakers, and personal items such as Kiphart's compact discs
and cell phone. According to Gary, Appellant had suggested that they strip the car,
after which Appellant gave Gary the stereo, CDs, and cell phone, and asked Gary to
hold them. Several days after the murder, apartment complex resident Luis Baez
identified Appellant-but not Gary-as one of the men stripping Kiphart's car.
On August 30, police stopped and arrested Gary in his car. He was in
possession of Kiphart's stereo and personal items at that time . Gary then gave police
the statements previously mentioned . The Commonwealth was suspicious of Gary's
story, particularly because he denied seeing the body, which was in plain view, and
because he claimed to have randomly encountered Appellant shortly after the murder .
The Commonwealth also considered Gary a suspect because he had Kiphart's stereo
and personal items in his car when police arrested him.
On September 3, Appellant learned that he was also a suspect in Kiphart's
murder, and turned himself in to the Louisville Police Department. Appellant waived his
Miranda rights and agreed to speak with Detective Mark Fulmore . Appellant initially
denied knowing Kiphart, but later said he had previously spoken to Kiphart about his
car.' Appellant told police that, on the day Kiphart was killed, he had slept until 3:30
p.m., had played video games with his little brother, had called his girlfriend's mother to
drive him to his girlfriend's home, and had gone to bed at his girlfriend's home at 8 :30
' Gary was apparently better acquainted with Kiphart than Appellant was.
3
p.m. Appellant's girlfriend, however, denied seeing Appellant on August 27. No other
person verified Appellant's story .
Though police did not know whether Appellant had been at the Bigfoot on August
27, Detective Fulmore told Appellant that the police had him on video tape at the
Bigfoot. Appellant responded, "What can I say, K you got it." Appellant made further
incriminating statements, including mentioning the removal of the tires from Kiphart's
car when Fulmore had not mentioned this fact to him . Appellant eventually told
Fulmore, "You got me there; I should have asked for a lawyer."
The Commonwealth charged both Gary and Appellant with Kiphart's murder.
Though the two men were originally to be tried together, the trials were ultimately
severed . Gary was the first to be tried. Further facts, relevant to Appellant's individual
arguments, are discussed below.
Ill . ANALYSIS
Appellant raises three arguments on appeal . Appellant argues (A) that the
Commonwealth's different positions as to Gary's truthfulness violated Appellant's rights,
violated the prosecutor's ethical duty, and should have been admitted as evidence ; (B)
that the Commonwealth's statements about defense counsel's ethical duty not to
present false testimony should have resulted in a mistrial; and (C) that a photo lineup
was unduly suggestive .
A. Different Theories by the Prosecution
During Gary's trial, the Commonwealth's theory was that both Gary and
Appellant were involved in Kiphart's murder. The Commonwealth charged Gary with
Murder on a theory of complicity. The Commonwealth argued that Gary was involved in
the murder, but that he may not have been the person who killed Kiphart . During the
Commonwealth's opening statement in Gary's trial, the prosecutor told the jury, "You
may or may not be convinced at the end of the case as to who specifically was the
triggerman." During the Commonwealth's closing argument, the prosecutor also stated
the following:
Ladies and gentlemen, let's get this very clear. This crime
was not a one-person crime ; it is obvious that more than one
person is involved in this crime . Gary's one of them . Clearly
Javon's one of them . . . . This is a complicity case . . . .
Just because one person doesn't pull the trigger doesn't
mean that person is not guilty of a murder.
Because a conviction depended upon the jury not believing Gary's story, the
Commonwealth sought to portray Gary as a liar. In his closing argument in Gary's trial,
the prosecutor elaborated extensively on why Gary was untrustworthy:
Gary lies and he lies a lot. He lies when he thinks he can
get away with it and he tells the truth when he feels like he
has to. . . . These words are very important, the lies and
what is missing are extremely important . An innocent
person doesn't lie about this stuff . . . . I can't stress this
enough, he lied continually . Innocent people don't lie . They
tell you the truth . The truth sets an innocent person free .
The jury apparently agreed with the Commonwealth's assessment of Gary's credibility .
However, the jury did not convict Gary of Murder. Instead, the jury found Gary guilty of
Facilitation to Murder, First Degree Robbery, and Tampering with Physical Evidence.
The trial court sentenced Gary to five years imprisonment for Facilitation to
Murder, and five years imprisonment for Tampering with Physical Evidence, with the
two sentences running consecutively for a total of ten years. Gary was not sentenced,
however, for Robbery. Instead, Gary entered into an agreement with the
Commonwealth, whereby he agreed to give the Commonwealth a new statement and to
testify truthfully at Appellant's trial. In exchange for Gary's cooperation, Gary would be
sentenced to ten years imprisonment for Robbery, with that sentence to run
5
concurrently with the other two sentences, for a total sentence of ten years . If Gary did
not cooperate, he would be subject to the full range of possible sentences for Robbery.
Pursuant to the terms of the agreement, Gary provided the Commonwealth with
a more complete statement than he had previously. Gary explained that he sold drugs,
and that he regularly went to the Shagbark area "every day to really hang out" and sell
drugs. This explained his encounter with Appellant, which Gary had previously
portrayed as a chance encounter. In addition, Gary admitted that, after Appellant told
Gary that he had killed Kiphart, Gary went to the cemetery to see the body. Gary
explained that he had helped Appellant strip Kiphart's car, and that he had agreed to
hold some of Kiphart's property for Appellant . Finally, Gary gave a more detailed
account of his whereabouts the day of the murder, and of his subsequent conversations
with Appellant .
Following this more complete statement, Gary testified against Appellant at his
trial. At Appellant's trial, the Commonwealth's theory changed ; the prosecution
essentially presented Gary's version of events . The same prosecutor told the jury that
Gary did not know what to think when Appellant told him that he had killed Kiphart .
Gary eventually went to see Kiphart's body, and then Appellant gave Gary some of
Kiphart's property to hold. The prosecutor told the jury that Appellant never had a
chance to get the property back from Gary. The prosecutor explained that Gary denied
involvement "at first," but that "it didn't take long for Gary to crack."
During Appellant's trial, the prosecutor also told the jury to watch Gary closely to
see if his testimony is corroborated by the other evidence. The prosecutor asked the
jury to decide whether Gary is telling the truth. He also told the jury, regarding Gary,
"We're convinced that you'll believe him." Throughout Appellant's trial, the
Commonwealth portrayed Gary as truthful.
At Appellant's trial, the Commonwealth also informed the jury in its opening
statement that Gary had been convicted of Facilitation to Murder, Tampering with
Physical Evidence, and Robbery for his role in Kiphart's death. The Commonwealth
further informed the jury that Gary still had his robbery conviction "hanging over his
head," and that his sentence would depend upon his cooperation during the trial. The
jury saw the agreement between Gary and the Commonwealth, which was admitted as
evidence . The Commonwealth also conceded that Gary had initially lied to police .
Over the course of Appellant's trial, the Commonwealth admitted the two statements
had
Gay, made shortly after the murder, as well as the more complete statement Gary
gave after his conviction.
During defense counsel's opening statement, Appellant's attorney argued
extensively that Gary was a liar and untrustworthy . Defense counsel pointed out
inconsistencies in the stories that Gary initially told police, including Gary's claim that he
only pulled into the cemetery to make a U-turn . Defense counsel repeatedly referred to
Gary as a "liar" and a "coward."
Several times during defense counsel's opening statement, Appellant's attorney
attempted to tell the jury that the prosecutors had previously believed Gary to be
involved in Kiphart's murder. The Commonwealth objected on the grounds that, if the
prosecutor's thoughts and beliefs were put into issue, then those thoughts and beliefs
would be evidence . The prosecutor did, however, offer to be a witness in Appellant's
trial to testify as to the Commonwealth's thoughts and beliefs with regard to charging
Gary. The trial court did not permit Appellant's attorney to discuss the thoughts or
beliefs of the prosecutors, but he was permitted to make the following statement in his
opening :
Mr. Bonar and Mr. Davis [the prosecutors] charged Gary
Hearn with capital murder and robbery. They placed him on
trial only six months ago in this very same courtroom . They
put him on trial, and he faced the death sentence, and he
was convicted. But now, they will bring him into this
courtroom, place him on this witness stand, have him placed
under oath, so he can sit there and tell his story to you.
Defense counsel also sought to introduce as evidence the prosecutor's statements from
Gary's trial about Gary's truthfulness . The trial judge did not permit the introduction of
these statements as evidence.
Gary testified to his version of events as a witness for the Commonwealth . On
cross-examination, defense counsel questioned Gary extensively . Defense counsel
asked Gary about statements he had made to the police, and Gary repeatedly admitted
to lying in his earlier statements . For example, Gary initially told police that he obtained
Kiphart's stereo from a man named Joe. Defense counsel also questioned Gary about
the fact that, when the police arrested him, he was attempting to sell Kiphart's stereo .
Based partly on Gary's testimony, the jury found Appellant guilty of Murder, First
Degree Robbery, and Tampering with Physical Evidence . The trial court sentenced
Appellant to life imprisonment without parole for at least 25 years .
After Appellant's conviction, the Commonwealth, pursuant to CR 60.02, filed a
motion to amend Gary's conviction. The Commonwealth asked the trial court to amend
the First Degree Robbery conviction to Receiving Stolen Property over $300, and to
amend the Facilitation to Murder conviction to Hindering Prosecution or Apprehension
in the First Degree . The Commonwealth asked the court to preserve the Tampering
with Physical Evidence conviction.
This motion went beyond the Commonwealth's obligation under the agreement it
entered into with Gary prior to Appellant's trial. Under that agreement, the
Commonwealth had only agreed to a concurrent sentence for Robbery. The
Commonwealth did not discuss the CR 60.02 motion with Gary until after the conclusion
of Appellant's trial. The motion contained the following language:
This motion is not made lightly. Extraordinary facts and
circumstances have prompted these actions, and only upon
very careful consideration of those facts and circumstances
does the Commonwealth make the present motion. . . . At
the trial of Gary Hearn, the Commonwealth believed he
played a larger roll [sic] in the murder and robbery of David
Kiphart, Jr. However, that belief was based on incomplete
information . . . . It was not until the complete facts
surrounding the murder and robbery came to light that the
Commonwealth was even in a position to imagine the
possibility of this extraordinary request.
The trial court partially granted the motion . Upon oral motion of the Commonwealth, the
court dismissed Gary's Robbery conviction . However, the court left the Facilitation to
Murder and Tampering with Physical Evidence convictions intact for a total sentence of
ten years.
Appellant claims the following with regard to the Commonwealth's differing
theories : (1) that the differing theories violated Appellant's rights to due process and
fundamental fairness, (2) that the Commonwealth's prosecutors violated their ethical
duty by presenting conflicting theories, and (3) that the prosecutor's statements about
Gary from Gary's trial should have been admitted as evidence in Appellant's trial .
1. Due Process and Fundamental Fairness
Appellant argues that the prosecution's use of inconsistent theories regarding
Gary's involvement and Gary's truthfulness deprived Appellant of his due process right
to a fair trial. We conclude that the Commonwealth did not violate Appellant's rights to
due process and fundamental fairness when it changed its theory, for a combination of
three reasons. First, the Commonwealth's theory in Gary's trial did not preclude the
argument, and indeed suggested, that Appellant was also involved in the murder .
Second, significant new information came to light after Gary's conviction but prior to
Appellant's trial. This information provided a basis for the Commonwealth to change its
theory regarding Gary's involvement . Finally, the Commonwealth acted in good faith
and sought to correct its use of inconsistent theories by requesting that Gary's
conviction be amended to reflect the Commonwealth's new theory of Gary's
involvement .
This Court has never addressed the issue of whether a prosecutor's assertion of
inconsistent positions against multiple defendants in separate trials violates a
defendant's due process rights. However, other courts addressing the issue agree on
certain basic principles . 3 To violate a defendant's due process rights, "an inconsistency
must exist at the core of the prosecutor's case against defendants for the same crime ."4
In other words, when the prosecution changes its theory in order to convict multiple
2 Appellant's argument is well-summarized by Judge Clark's concurrence in Drake v. Kemp: "[T]he
prosecution's theories of the same crime in the two different trials negate one another. They are totally
inconsistent . This flip flopping of theories of the offense was inherently unfair . . . . The state cannot
divide and conquer in this manner . Such actions reduce criminal trials to mere gamesmanship and rob
them of their supposed purpose of a search for truth." 762 F.2d 1449, 1479 (11 th Cir. 1985) (Clark, J .,
concurring) . For the reasons stated in this opinion, however, we do not believe that Appellant's case is
analogous to Drake , or to any other case in which the prosecution's inconsistent theories rendered the
defendant's conviction fundamentally unfair.
3 See generally Kimberly J. Winbush, Annotation, Judicial Estoppel in Criminal Prosecution, 121 A.L.R .
5TH 551 (2004) .
4 Smith v. Groose, 295 F.3d 1045, 1052 (8th Cir. 2000) .
10
defendants, and both defendants could not have been convicted had the prosecution
used identical arguments, a due process violation has occurred . 5
For example, in Stumpf v. Mitchell, 6 the prosecutor argued in two separate trials
that two different defendants were each the one person who pulled the trigger, killing
the victim .' The court found the prosecutor's arguments at the two trials to be
"irreconcilably inconsistent . ,8 As such, the court ruled that the irreconcilably
inconsistent theories violated Stumpf's due process rights. 9
Had the prosecutor in Stumpf used consistent theories against the two
defendants, a jury could have only found that one man pulled the trigger. Instead, the
prosecutor used irreconcilably inconsistent theories against two men in two trials to
show that each was the sole person to pull the trigger .
A similar situation arose in Smith v. Groose .' ° In Smith , the owners of a home
were killed in the course of a robbery." One of the burglars gave two contradictory
5 United States v . Dickerson, 248 F.3d 1036,1043-44 (11th Cir . 2001) (distinguishing the case at bar from
cases where a due process violation occurred based on the fact that, in those cases, "the Government . . .
could not have prosecuted the remaining individual for the same crime had the Government maintained the
theory or facts argued in the earlier trial .") ; Stumpf v. Mitchell , 367 F.3d 594, 612 (6th Cir. 2004), rev'd sub
nom . Bradshaw v. Stumpf , 545 U.S. 175 (2005) (distinguishing Nichols v. Scott , 69 F.3d 1255 (5th Cir .
1995)) ('Therefore, [in Nichols ,] the prosecutor's arguments were not factually inconsistent, because both
defendants could have been convicted even if the prosecutor had used the identical argument in both
cases .") (citing Smith , 205 F.3d at 1051).
6 367 F.3d 594 . The United States Supreme Court reversed Stumpf . Bradshaw v. Stumpf , 545 U.S. 175
(2005) . However, the Appellant argues that the Court "did not dispute the Sixth Circuit's general
conclusion" with regard to the due process violation . The Commonwealth does not dispute this assertion,
and it does seem clear that the Court's reversal of Stumpf was based largely on the fact that the
defendant entered a guilty plea. See Bradshaw v. Stumpf , 545 U.S . at 186-87.
Stumpf . 367 F.3d at 613 . The United States Supreme Court also reversed Stumpf because it found that
the relevant substantive law made the question of who pulled the trigger immaterial. Bradshaw, 545 U.S.
at 184 .
8 Stumpf , 367 F.3d at 613
Id. at 617 .
1° 205 F.3d 1045.
" Id. at 1047.
 statements . 12 In the first statement, the burglar claimed that the defendant's group had
left the house before the murder occurred, and blamed a cohort . 13 In the second
statement, the burglar claimed that the defendant's group was in the house when the
murder occurred . 14 The burglar testified to the first statement at trial, and the prosecutor
used the second statement for impeachment . 15 The jury convicted the defendant of
felony murder. 16 Then, at a later trial of the burglar's cohort, the prosecution relied on
the burglar's first statement, which the prosecution had previously impeached, to convict
the cohort of felony murder ."
Smith could have only been convicted of felony murder under one of the theories
offered by the prosecution . 18 The burglar's two statements in Smith were irreconcilably
inconsistent . The prosecutor, manipulating the evidence to gain two convictions when
only one should have been possible, used the more favorable statement in each case in
order to gain a conviction .
Unlike Stump , the Commonwealth never argued that Gary was the triggerman .
During Gary's trial, the Commonwealth discussed the law of complicity in its opening
statement and closing argument. During the opening statement, the prosecutor stated,
"You may or may not be convinced at the end of the case as to who specifically was the
triggerman ." During the Commonwealth's closing argument, the prosecutor stated,
"This crime was not a one-person crime . It is obvious that more than one person is
12 Id. at 1047-48 .
is
Id. at 1047.
14
Id. at 1047-48 .
15
Id. at 1048.
"Smith, 205 F.3d at 1048
17
Id .
18
Id. at 1051 . ("In contrast to the situation in Nichols , the State's argument here is not factually consistent,
nor could Smith have been convicted of felony murder under both theories .")
12
involved in this crime ." The Commonwealth repeatedly theorized that others, including
the Appellant, were also involved in Kiphart's murder. The jury, clearly agreeing that
Gary was not the triggerman, and further believing that Gary was not intentionally
complicit in the murder, convicted Gary of the lesser charge of Facilitation to Murder .
Unlike Smith , neither of the Commonwealth's theories precluded the possibility of
involvement by the Appellant. In fact, during Gary's trial, the Commonwealth stated its
belief that Appellant was also involved . The Commonwealth argued only that Gary was
complicit in Kiphart's murder. Nothing in the Commonwealth's original theory about
Gary's role in the crime would have prevented Appellant's prosecution had the
Commonwealth's theory remained consistent. Unlike Stumpf, the Commonwealth did
not seek to prosecute both Gary and Appellant for a crime of which one must be
innocent. And unlike Smith, the Commonwealth did not present two theories, one of
which must mean that Appellant is innocent .
The Commonwealth's change in theories is further explained by the existence of
significant new information . The Appellant points to Thompson v. Calderon.'9 In
Thompson , the prosecutor first argued at the defendant's trial that the defendant acted
alone in killing the victim, and then argued at a co-defendant's trial that the two men
acted together. In the second trial, the prosecutor "discredited the very evidence he
had previously offered ."21 A plurality of the Ninth Circuit, sitting en banc, concluded that
Thompson was deprived of due process .
's 120 F.3d
1045 (9th Cir. 1997), vacated on other grounds, 523 U.S. 538 (1998) .
2°
Id. at 1059
21
Id.
22
Id.
13
The court's language in Thompson is significant : "[W]hen no new significant
evidence comes to light a prosecutor cannot, in order to convict two defendants at
separate trials, offer inconsistent theories and facts regarding the same crime ."23 The
Stumpf court further commented on this language, stating it agreed with this proposition
"to the extent that it is meant to acknowledge a state's need to continue to investigate
crimes and to present all available evidence in court. ,24 In short, the prosecution may
not present irreconcilably inconsistent theories in different trials, except when significant
new evidence comes to light.
After Gary's conviction, Gary provided the Commonwealth with a more detailed
explanation of the events that transpired the day of the murder . Gary filled in gaps in
his story . He admitted that he had gone to the cemetery to view the body. Gary also
explained that he sold drugs, and that he went to the Shagbark complex "every day to
really hang out." The Commonwealth argues that "[t]he encounter with Javon
[Appellant] became not chance, but a regularly expected event ." We agree.
Furthermore, Gary provided details of his conversations with Appellant after the murder .
All of this new information had the effect of clearing up the confusion, and making Gary
more credible . We believe that these new statements qualify as significant new
information . This new information came to light in the time between Gary's trial and
Appellant's trial. It explains why the Commonwealth would argue in Appellant's trial that
Gary was a credible witness .
In addition, the Commonwealth was straightforward about its dealings with Gary.
In the Commonwealth's opening statement against Appellant, the prosecutor informed
the jury that Gary had been convicted for his role in Kiphart's death. The
23
Id. at 1058 (emphasis added) .
24
367 F.3d at 616 .
14
Commonwealth disclosed exactly what Gary had been convicted of, and informed them
that Gary's sentence for Robbery was dependent upon his cooperation in Appellant's
trial. Furthermore, the Commonwealth introduced all of Gary's statements : the two
made before his trial and the one made after. This is in contrast to the prosecution's
conduct in Smith , where the prosecution withheld the witness' exculpatory statement,
and only introduced the inculpatory one . Such manipulation of the evidence is not
present here .
Also, it seems clear that, following the new information arising from Gary's fuller
statement, the Commonwealth no longer believed that Gary was directly involved in the
murder. The Appellant argues that "the prosecutor said that despite his convictions,
Gary Hearn was, in fact, innocent of robbery first degree and of facilitation to murder ."
This appears to be the case, based on the fact that the Commonwealth requested that
the trial court amend Gary's Robbery conviction to Receiving Stolen Property over
$300, and amend his Facilitation to Murder conviction to Hindering Prosecution or
Apprehension . When the Commonwealth no longer believed that Gary participated in
the murder, it took the extraordinary step of requesting that the trial court amend Gary's
conviction to comport with what the Commonwealth now believed to be true. The
Commonwealth should not be penalized for its efforts to ensure that Gary's convictions
were in line with its new theory .
In Stumpf, the court was particularly concerned with the fact that, when new
evidence came to light after the defendant's conviction, "the state had many
opportunities to correct its use of conflicting theories," but did not do So . 26 Had the
25
205 F.3d at 1048 .
26
368 F.3d at 616 . See also Drake , 762 F.2d at 1479 (Clark, J., concurring) ("[If the prosecutor believed
Campbell], then the prosecutor should not have prosecuted Campbell or, once he decided that he
15
Commonwealth successfully pursued a conviction against Gary for his involvement in
the murder, and then subsequently argued at Appellant's trial that Gary was not
involved, serious questions of fundamental fairness would be presented. But that is not
the case here . When the Commonwealth, as a result of significant new information, no
longer believed that Gary was directly involved in the murder, it corrected its use of
conflicting theories by requesting that Gary's conviction be amended to reflect his actual
involvement . This shows good faith on the part of the Commonwealth .
Neither of the Commonwealth's theories of Gary's involvement precluded
involvement by Appellant . In addition, significant new information came to the attention
of the Commonwealth after Gary's trial, and the Commonwealth corrected its earlier
version of events . Under these circumstances, Appellant's rights to due process and
fundamental fairness were not violated .
2. Ethical Duty of the Prosecutor
Appellant argues that the prosecutor disregarded his "ethical function and duty to
seek justice and truth" when he used inconsistent statements and theories regarding
Gary's involvement and truthfulness . For many of the same reasons stated above, we
conclude that the prosecutor did not disregard his ethical duty .
Prosecutors have a special role in the judicial system . Unlike other attorneys,
"[a] prosecutor has the responsibility of a minister of justice and not simply that of an
advocate ."28 The sovereign, represented in a criminal trial by the prosecutor, has an
believed Campbell's story (if this was after Campbell's trial), he should have taken steps to correct the
error.").
27
See In re Sakarias, 106 P.3d 931, 942 (Cal . 2005) ("[F]undamental fairness does not permit the
People, without a good faith justification, to attribute to two defendants, in separate trials, a criminal act
only one defendant could have committed.") (emphasis added).
28 MODEL RULES OF PROF'L CONDUCT R. 3.8 cmt . 1 .
16
,29
interest "not that it shall win a case, but that justice shall be done. The prosecutor
"may strike hard blows, but he is not at liberty to strike foul ones. ,30 In short, it is well
established that the prosecutor has an ethical duty to act fairly and to seek conviction
only when the facts support it.
We do not disagree with Appellant's arguments about a prosecutor's ethical duty.
But the facts here do not support a conclusion that the prosecutor disregarded that duty.
The Commonwealth's change in theory regarding Gary's involvement was supported by
significant new information . Furthermore, the Commonwealth took significant steps to
correct its use of inconsistent theories when it requested that the trial court amend
Gary's sentence to comport with its new theory. At each trial, the prosecutors'
arguments were supported by the facts then known to them .
Appellant points to In re Sakarias s1 as an example of a court finding inconsistent
theories to be at odds with prosecutorial ethics. In Sakarias , the Supreme Court of
California found that the prosecutor violated the defendant's due process rights through
the use of inconsistent theories . In two separate trials, the prosecutor secured a death
sentence against two co-defendants by arguing that each inflicted all of the chopping
hatchet wounds on the victim, even though the evidence suggested that each had
inflicted only some of the wounds . In Sakarias's trial, the prosecutor avoided
introducing evidence that suggested some of the blows were delivered after the victim's
death .
29
Berger v. United States , 295 U.S. 78, 88, 55 S. Ct. 629, 79 L. Ed. 2d 1314 (1935) .
30 Id.
31
106 P.3d 931 (Cal. 2005).
32
Id. at 934 .
33
Id. at 936 .
' Id. at 937
17
As with many of the other cases cited by Appellant, Sakarias involves a
prosecutor manipulating the facts in order to gain multiple convictions for the same act,
and arguing irreconcilably inconsistent theories . In the instant case, the prosecutor did
not act in bad faith. The Commonwealth's change in theory was based on newly
discovered information, and the Commonwealth sought to correct its inconsistent
theories by amending Gary's sentence. The Commonwealth acted in good faith.
For these reasons, the prosecutors did not violate any ethical duty by using
different theories in the two trials. The Commonwealth did not violate its duty to see
that justice be done.
3. Admissibility of Prosecutor's Statements from Gary's Trial Regarding
Gary's Credibilitv
Appellant argues that the trial court erred in refusing to admit the prosecutor's
statements from Gary's trial regarding Gary's truthfulness and credibility. According to
Appellant, the trial court unfairly prohibited him from showing the jury that the prosecutor
had believed Gary to be a liar. Appellant argues that the prosecutor's statements during
Gary's trial regarding Gary's truthfulness and credibility were adoptions of the
Commonwealth, and therefore not hearsay pursuant to KRE 801 A(b)(2) .35
The standard of review for the admission of evidence is whether the trial court
has abused its discretion. The test for determining whether the trial court abused its
discretion is "whether the trial judge's decision was arbitrary, unreasonable, unfair, or
35
"Admissions of parties . A statement is not excluded by the hearsay rule, even though the declarant is
available as a witness, if the statement is offered against a party and is . . . a statement of which the party
has manifested an adoption or belief in its truth."
36
Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. v Thompson , 11 S.W.3d 575, 577 (Ky. 2000) ; Commonwealth v. English ,
993 S.W.2d 941, 945 (Ky .1999) .
18
unsupported by sound legal principles."3' We conclude that the trial court did not abuse
its discretion by refusing to admit the prosecutor's statements from Gary's trial .
This Court has never addressed the issue of whether a prosecutor's statements
from a prior trial are excluded from the hearsay rule, and thus admissible as adoptions
of the Commonwealth. Appellant points to United States v. McKeon38 from the Second
Circuit for the proposition that the prosecutor's statements in Gary's trial were adoptions
of the Commonwealth and therefore admissible . In McKeon , the prosecution sought to
introduce defense counsel's statements from an earlier trial that ended in a mistrial . In
the defense counsel's statements from the previous trial, he had depicted the
defendant's wife's role differently than he had in the new trial . 4o
The court concluded that there was no per se rule barring the use of counsel's
statements from an earlier trial .41 "Assertions of fact" by counsel from an earlier trial are
admissible when they are inconsistent with a later position and are equivalent to a
"testimonial statement" by the party. 42 While we do not decide whether to adopt the
Second Circuit's approach under McKeon in Kentucky, we conclude that the
prosecutor's statements are not admissible, even under McKeon.
While McKeon concluded that counsel's earlier statements are admissible in
some circumstances, that admissibility was "tightly circumscribed." 43 The McKeon court
stated that "[s]peculations of counsel, advocacy as to the credibility of witnesses,
37
English, 993 S.W.2d at 945 .
38 738 F .2d 26 (2d . Cir . 1984).
39 Id .at 28.
40
4'
Id. at 31 ('We believe that prior opening statements are not per se inadmissible in criminal cases .").
42
United States v. DeLoach , 34 F.3d 1001, 1005 (11th Cir . 1994) (stating the holding of McKeon, 738
F.2d at 33) . While McKeon dealt with statements by defense counsel, DeLoach applied McKeon to
arguments by the prosecutor. DeLoach , 34 F.3d at 1005.
43
DeLoach , 34 F.3d at 1005.
19
arguments as to weaknesses in the prosecution's case or invitations to a jury to draw
certain inferences should not be admitted . "44
Even under McKeon, the prosecutor's statements in Gary's trial are not
admissible . Statements about Gary's truthfulness could be both "advocacy as to the
credibility of witnesses" and "invitations to a jury to draw certain inferences ." These are
exactly the type of statements that the Second Circuit, in McKeon , sought to avoid
admitting .
The McKeon court also believed that, for an attorney's prior statement to be
admissible, "[t]he inconsistency . . . should be clear and of a quality which obviates any
need for the trier of fact to explore other events at the prior trial."45 The inconsistency in
the prosecutor's statements at Gary's trial and Appellant's trial is quite clear. However,
the fact that significant new information came to light between the two trials creates a
"need for the trier of fact to explore other events."
Introduction of the prosecutor's earlier statements from Gary's trial would raise a
number of questions in the minds of the jurors. This would necessitate a response from
the Commonwealth explaining what led it to change its theory as to Gary's involvement .
This would be difficult-if not impossible-without calling the prosecutor in Appellant's
trial as a witness to testify as to his thoughts and beliefs in Gary's trial. 46 McKeon
sought to limit the admission of counsel's prior statements to situations where the
inconsistency is clear, and further explanation is not required . Such would not be the
case here.
44
738 F .2d at 33 (emphasis added).
45
46
This could have been an option for Appellant. When defense counsel attempted to introduce the
prosecutor's statements from Gary's trial, the prosecutor said that he would be willing to testify as a
witness in the case. This would have allowed defense counsel to thoroughly explore the
Commonwealth's earlier statements without creating a hearsay problem.
20
Furthermore, even if the prosecutor's statements were admissible, the exclusion
by the trial court would be harmless error. An error is harmless when there is "no
reasonable possibility that it affected the verdict ."47 Defense counsel argued in both
opening and closing that Gary was a liar. In addition, the Commonwealth admitted that
Gary had lied (although to a lesser degree than the defense pointed out) and informed
the jury that Gary had been convicted for his role in Kiphart's death. Furthermore,
defense counsel subjected Gary to rigorous cross-examination, during which Gary
repeatedly admitted to lying to the police.
It seems unlikely that the prosecutor's statements would have changed the jury's
determination of Gary's credibility. Appellant had multiple opportunities to show that
Gary was dishonest, and took full advantage of these opportunities . Nevertheless, the
jury presumably believed Gary's testimony and convicted Appellant . Given the
extensive evidence of Gary's dishonesty, any improper exclusion of the prosecutor's
statements that Gary was a liar would be harmless error.
The Commonwealth's earlier theory did not preclude Appellant's involvement in
Kiphart's murder. In addition, significant new information supported the
Commonwealth's changed theory . For these reasons, the Commonwealth's differing
theories as to Gary's involvement in the murder did not violate Appellant's due process
rights . For similar reasons, the prosecutor did not violate any ethical duty . Finally, the
trial court did not abuse its discretion in excluding the prosecutor's statements from
Appellant's trial . For these reasons, we conclude that Appellant's rights to due process
and fundamental fairness were not violated .
B. Prosecutor's Statements About Defense Counsel's Ethical Dutv
47
Emerson v. Commonwealth, 230 S .W.3d 563, 570 (Ky . 2007).
21
After Appellant turned himself in, Detective Mark Fulmore questioned him.
Detective Fulmore asked Appellant whether he knew Kiphart. Although Appellant
initially denied knowing Kiphart, Appellant eventually admitted to having spoken to
Kiphart about Kiphart's car. At trial, during cross-examination, Appellant stated that he
had previously seen Kiphart. However, for the first time, Appellant stated that he had
seen Kiphart in a burgundy or cranberry-colored SUV . Witnesses had seen this color
SUV and Gary's car together at the cemetery. Appellant's new statement suggested
that Gary and Kiphart were at the cemetery at the same time . Appellant stated that he
had never seen Kiphart in Kiphart's car (the car from which the stereo was stolen),
despite having previously told Detective Fulmore that he had spoken to Kiphart about
his car .
During the Commonwealth's closing argument, the prosecutor pointed to a
number of inconsistencies in Appellant's story. The prosecutor stated that Appellant
claimed, for the first time during cross-examination, to have seen Kiphart in an SUV.
The prosecutor went on to comment on the professional responsibility of lawyers :
Another thing I think is telling about that SUV comment is
how it came up here in trial . [Appellant] testified to it, but not
during his direct examination . It came up on cross-
examination . . . . [Lawyers are] professionals. There are
rules that we have to live by. A lawyer cannot ask a
question when he knows the answer would be a lie. So they
[the defense counsel] didn't.
Appellant's counsel objected to the prosecutor's statement and moved for a
mistrial. The trial judge sustained the objection, but denied Appellant's request for a
mistrial, and instead admonished the jury to "disregard . . . any comment about
professional ethics or responsibilities that a lawyer has in a case . . . . It was not part of
22
the trial, so disregard that please." Later, defense counsel again requested a mistrial,
but did not ask for any further admonishment .
Appellant argues that the trial court erred in refusing to grant a mistrial after the
prosecutor commented on the ethical duty of attorneys. Appellant contends that a
mistrial was the only appropriate remedy.
A trial court should only grant a mistrial when a "manifest necessity" exists to do
48
SO . The standard of review for denial of a mistrial is whether the trial court abused its
discretion .49 A trial court abuses its discretion only when "the trial judge's decision was
arbitrary, unreasonable, unfair, or unsupported by sound legal principles .'°so
For prosecutorial misconduct in a closing argument, this Court, in Barnes v.
Commonwealth ,' adopted the Sixth Circuit's test from United States v. Carroll. 52 Under
Barnes and Carroll, the first step is to determine whether the prosecutor's remarks were
improper. 53 If the remarks were improper:
[W]e reverse for prosecutorial misconduct in a closing
argument only if the misconduct is "flagrant" or if each of the
following conditions is satisfied:
(1) Proof of defendant's guilt is not overwhelming;
(2) Defense counsel objected ; and
(3) The trial court failed to cure the error with a sufficient
admonishment to the jury . 54
In determining whether the misconduct is "flagrant," we consider four factors:
48
Mart. v. Commonwealth , 170 S.W. 3d. 374, 381 (Ky. 2005) (citing Maxie v. Commonwealth , 82
S.W.3d 860, 863 (Ky. 2002)) .
4s
Shabazz v. Commonwealth , 153 S.W .3d 806, 811 (Ky. 2005).
50 English, 993 S.W.2d at 945
5'
91 S.W.3d 564, 568 (Ky. 2002).
52
26 F.3d 1380, 1385-86 (6th Cir . 1994).
53
Id. at 1385.
54
Barnes , 91 S.W.3d at 568 (emphasis in original).
23
(1) whether the remarks tended to mislead the jury or to
prejudice the accused;
(2) whether they were isolated or extensive ;
(3) whether they were deliberately or accidentally placed
before the jury; and
(4) the strength of the evidence against the accused.
In evaluating the first of these factors, we consider whether the trial judge gave the jury
an appropriate admonishment .56 These two sets of factors overlap to some extent .57
First, we conclude that the prosecutor's remarks were in fact improper. An
attorney may not allude to any matter that the lawyer does not reasonably believe will
be supported by admissible evidence. It is also improper for an attorney to assert
personal knowledge . 59
In addition, a prosecutor "may not testify" and "is limited to fair
argument on matters in the record and legitimate deductions therefrom .,,60 Neither the
Commonwealth nor the Appellant admitted any evidence of a lawyer's ethical duties or
responsibilities . It was improper for the prosecutor to instruct the jury about defense
counsel's ethical duties when defense counsel had not had a chance to address this
during the trial. It was also improper for the prosecutor to assert his personal
knowledge of ethical standards . We conclude that the trial court properly ruled that the
prosecutor's remarks were improper.
Next, we address whether the prosecutor's misconduct qualifies as "flagrant ."
We therefore first consider whether the prosecutor's remarks tended to mislead the jury
55
Carroll , 26 F.3d at 1385.
56
Id. ("The first factor includes consideration of whether the trial judge gave an appropriate cautionary
instruction to the jury.")
57
5e
SCR 3 .130-3.4(e) ("[A lawyer shall not] allude to any matter that the lawyer does not reasonably believe
is relevant or that will not be supported by admissible evidence, assert personal knowledge of facts in
issue except when testifying as a witness, or state a personal opinion as to . . . the credibility of a
witness .")
5s
Id.
60 Bowler v. Commonwealth, 558 S.W.2d 169,172 (Ky. 1977).
24
or prejudice the Appellant . The prosecutor's statements about counsel's ethical duties,
while true, could certainly have suggested to the jury that Appellant lied, and that
defense counsel knew Appellant to be lying. However, the trial court judge immediately
admonished the jury to disregard any statements about a lawyer's ethical duty. "A jury
is presumed to follow an admonition to disregard evidence and the admonition thus
cures any error."6' Here, there is no evidence that the prosecutor's single comment
about a lawyer's ethical duty continued to prejudice the accused following the court's
admonition .
The Commonwealth argued extensively in its closing that Appellant had lied on
multiple occasions . While suggesting that Appellant's attorneys knew him to be lying
was certainly improper, it was not the only comment which might have led the jury to
infer that Appellant was not credible . Because the Commonwealth produced a great
deal of evidence that Appellant was not credible, it would be difficult to say that, after an
admonishment, the prosecutor's improper comment unfairly prejudiced Appellant .
The next factor we consider is whether the prosecutor's comments were isolated
or extensive . The prosecutor only once referred to an attorney's ethical responsibilities .
After the trial judge ruled that the statement was improper, the prosecutor did not raise
the issue again . It is true that the Commonwealth continued to mention to the jury that
Appellant's SUV statement came up for the first time on cross-examination. But given
the trial judge's admonition, and the other examples mentioned in the Commonwealth's
closing, the prosecutor's improper statement was a rather isolated occurrence .
Next, we consider whether the improper statements were deliberately or
accidentally placed before the jury. The Commonwealth argues that the statements
s' Johnson v.
Commonwealth , 105 S.W.3d 430, 441 (Ky. 2003) (citing Mills v. Commonwealth, 996
S.W.2d 473, 485 (Ky. 1999)) .
25
were accidental and "seemed to flow from the prosecutor's argument about Appellant's
ever evolving statement." While the prosecutor's statement may have naturally flowed
from his earlier comment, we find it hard to believe that the prosecutor's statement was
not deliberate . It seems highly unlikely that the prosecutor would accidentally comment
on the ethical and professional responsibilities of an attorney. This comment appears to
have been planned by the Commonwealth, and to have been deliberately placed before
the jury.
Finally, in determining whether the prosecutor's misconduct was flagrant, we
must look to the strength of the evidence against the accused . As stated previously,
Appellant's SUV comment was by no means the Commonwealth's only example of
inconsistencies in Appellant's statements . The Commonwealth asserted other
examples from which the jury could have inferred that Appellant was not truthful . In
addition, the Commonwealth had other evidence linking Appellant to Kiphart's murder .
In Appellant's statement to the police, after mentioning Kiphart's tires without being
asked about them, Appellant stated, "You got me there" and "I should have asked for a
lawyer." Luis Baez also identified Appellant from a photo pack as one of the men
stripping Kiphart's car. The Commonwealth also presented extensive testimony from
Gary Hearn regarding Appellant's involvement in Kiphart's death . The Commonwealth
presented substantial evidence of Appellant's guilt.
With regard to whether the prosecutor's misconduct qualifies as "flagrant," three
of the four factors favor the Commonwealth . Because of the trial judge's admonishment
to the jury, it cannot be said that the prosecutor's improper comments unfairly misled
the jury or prejudiced Appellant . The prosecutor's improper comments were isolated to
a single occurrence. And the Commonwealth presented substantial evidence of
26
Appellant's guilt. Although the Commonwealth's improper remarks were likely
intentional, we conclude, on balance, that the factors favor the Commonwealth . We
conclude that the prosecutor's misconduct was not flagrant.
Even if a prosecutor's misconduct is not flagrant, the conduct may still warrant
reversal if proof of the defendant's guilt is not overwhelming, defense counsel objected,
and the trial court failed to cure the error with a sufficient admonishment. Appellant
argues that the trial court's admonishment was insufficient to cure the error. The trial
court, Appellant argues, left intact the prosecutor's implication that defense counsel
knew that Appellant was lying about the SUV. Further, Appellant argues that this partial
admonishment served to reinforce the implication that Appellant was lying.
First, we believe that the trial judge's admonishment to the jury was sufficient.
The prosecutor did not separately state that Appellant's attorneys knew he was lying.
Instead, this was implied from the prosecutor's statement about the ethical duty of
attorneys : "A lawyer cannot ask a question when he knows the answer would be a lie.
So they didn't." Given the nature of the prosecutor's statement, a reasonable jury could
infer from an admonishment to "disregard . . . any comment about professional ethics or
responsibilities that a lawyer has in a case" that it should also disregard any implications
arising from those comments .
Furthermore, even if the trial judge's admonishment was insufficient to cure the
prosecutor's error, defense counsel did not request a further admonition . After the trial
judge denied Appellant's request for a mistrial, the judge admonished the jury to
disregard statements about ethical responsibilities . Defense counsel made no further
objections until a request for a mistrial at the conclusion of the trial .
It is well settled that a failure to request an admonition is generally regarded as
trial strategy, and that a failure to request an admonition waives the issue on appeal .62
While no prior cases specifically address this point, we believe that, after the trial judge
denied Appellant's second request for a mistrial, it was incumbent upon defense
counsel to request a further admonition .
Defense counsel could have easily requested that the judge admonish the jury to
disregard comments suggesting that Appellant's attorneys knew that he had lied . Most
likely, defense counsel chose not to request such an admonition because it would have
drawn further attention to Appellant's statements and the prosecutor's argument . This
is a matter of trial strategy, and we will not reverse based on defense counsel's decision
not to request that the jury be further admonished.
For non-flagrant prosecutorial misconduct to result in reversal, each of the three
conditions under Barnes must be satisfied. Because we conclude that the trial court
provided a sufficient admonishment to the jury, the third condition is not satisfied.
Therefore, we do not address the question of whether evidence of Appellant's guilt was
"not overwhelming." Because the prosecutor's misconduct was not flagrant, and
because the conditions for reversal for non-flagrant conduct have not been met, we
conclude that the trial court's admonishment to the jury was sufficient . Therefore, the
trial court did not err when it refused to grant a mistrial .
C. The Photo Lineup
The day of Kiphart's death, a police officer discovered Kiphart's car, stripped and
on blocks, in an apartment complex. While canvassing the area, the police learned that
62
See, e .g. , Ernst v. Commonwealth , 160 S.W.3d 744, 759 (Ky. 2005) ('We have held that such
admonitions are required only `upon request' and that the failure to request an admonition is generally
regarded as trial strategy."); Hall v. Commonwealth, 817 S.W.2d 228, 229 (Ky. 1991), overruled on other
grounds by Commonwealth v. Ramsey, 920 S.W.2d 526 (Ky. 1996) (holding that not requesting an
admonition is an issue of trial strategy, and thus waives the issue on appeal) .
28
Luis Baez had observed persons stripping the car. Baez saw the men through the
window of his ground-level apartment at approximately 2 p.m . or 3 p.m . on the day of
Kiphart's death. He identified the persons as young, black males. According to Baez,
the men put Kiphart's tires into a Jeep or SUV, and quickly drove off. It was at this
point, Baez testified, that he "knew that they had done something wrong." Baez did not
consider the men's behavior suspicious prior to their quick exit. Baez stated that he
observed the men until they pulled away, but was uncertain as to the length of time.
Several days later, Detective Terry Jones returned to Baez's apartment .
Because Baez is Cuban and did not speak English, Officer Willie Ortiz accompanied
Jones to interpret . Officer Ortiz is fluent in both English and Spanish . Officer Ortiz
testified that he interpreted exactly what Detective Jones said, and that he did not add
any other information . Other than his interpreting duties, Officer Ortiz was not involved
in the investigation of Kiphart's death.
Detective Jones brought with him two photo packs, each of which contained
photos of six men on one page. Each of the two photo packs contained a picture of one
suspect. One pack contained Gary Hearn, while the other contained Appellant . The
other five men in each photo pack were "decoys" with similar characteristics to the
suspect. Detective Jones knew which man was the target in each pack, but Officer
Ortiz and Mr. Baez did not. No one suggested to Baez which men were suspects .
At trial, Detective Jones testified several times to the effect that he asked Baez to
identify the man he saw at Kiphart's car. For example, Jones stated on direct
examination, "I wanted him [Baez] to view the photo pack to identify the person he saw
removing the rims from the vehicle ." Baez examined each photo pack "at his leisure."
63
Baez could not recall exactly how many days later he spoke to the police, but he stated that it was "a
couple days after" the incident with Kiphart's car. According to the Commonwealth, the police returned
three days later.
29
In the photo pack containing Gary, Baez did not identify any of the men. In the photo
pack containing Appellant, Baez identified Appellant as a person he saw stripping
Kiphart's car. However, when Baez testified at trial, he was unable to identify Appellant
in court.
Appellant argues that the photo pack procedure used by the police with Luis
Baez was unduly suggestive . Appellant therefore argues that it was error not to
suppress the evidence of the photo lineup .
First, we note that "[t]he lack of an in-court identification merely goes to the
weight, and not to the admissibility, of the evidence ." 64 In McCloud , much like this case,
a witness identified the defendant from a photo pack, but was unable to make an in-
court identification .65 This Court determined that the extra-judicial photo pack
identification was admissible without an in-court identification . The failure to make an
in-court identification goes only to the weight of the evidence. 6'
Next, we note again that the standard of review for the admissibility of evidence
is abuse of discretion .68 This is a question of "whether the trial judge's decision was
arbitrary, unreasonable, unfair, or unsupported by sound legal principles." 69
In examining a pre-trial identification, we must "first determine whether the
confrontation procedures employed by the police were `suggestive ."''° If we conclude
64
McCloud v. Commonwealth , 698 S.W.2d 822, 823 (Ky. 1985).
65
Id.
66
Id.
67
Id.
68 Goodyear, 11 S.W.3d at 577.
6s
English , 993 S.W.2d at 945 .
7° Wilson v. Commonwealth , 695 S.W.2d 854,857 (Ky. 1985).
30
that the procedures were not suggestive, then the analysis ends." If we conclude that
the procedures were suggestive, then we must determine "whether under the totality of
the circumstances the identification was reliable even though the confrontation
procedure was suggestive." 72
Appellant claims that the procedures employed by Detective Jones were unduly
suggestive, because Detective Jones asked Baez to identify the man he saw near
Kiphart's car . The implication was that the photo pack contained a picture of a suspect.
We agree that suggesting that a witness should "identify the person he saw" is
not an ideal, or even a desirable, police procedure. However, we agree with the
Supreme Court of Connecticut's position on this issue:
A statement of the police that a suspect is included in the
photographic array or in a line-up should be considered in
determining whether it was unduly suggestive, but little harm
is likely to arise when the witness, even without the police
comment, would have inferred that the occasion for his being
requested to identify someone is that the police have a
particular person in mind who has been included among
those to be viewed .
A police officer's implication that the suspect is included in the photo pack or
lineup is one factor to consider in determining whether the procedures are suggestive .74
However, this implication alone is unlikely to render the procedures suggestive . A
" King v. Commonwealth , 142 S.W.3d 645,649 (Ky. 2004) .
72
Neil v. Biggers , 409 U.S. 188, 199, 93 S. Ct. 375, 34 L. Ed . 2d 401 (1972) (internal quotations omitted).
This is because "the primary evil to be avoided" is the possibility of misidentification . Id. at 198 . See also
Savage v. Commonwealth , 920 S.W.2d 512, 513 (Ky. 1995) (applying the Bi ers test).
73
State v. Austin , 488 A.2d 1250, 1253 (Conn . 1985). In Austin, the victim looked through a tray of
seventy-five mug shots. Id. at 1252 After the victim gave the police some idea of her attacker's
characteristics, the police officer, in the presence of the victim, told another officer to bring in another tray
and "put Richard Austin's picture in it." Id. The victim, however, did not know at that time who Richard
Austin was . Id. at 1254.
74
See State v. King , 915 A.2d 587, 596 (N.J. 2007) (`Types of factors to be considered include whether
the police told the eyewitness that the photo array contains a picture of a suspect, although that alone is
not determinative .") .
31
witness can easily infer that the police already have a suspect in mind, and that that
suspect is likely included in the photo pack. Mr . Baez, through his own common sense,
could have determined that each photo pack contained a suspect . Therefore, the
implication that the suspect is included is not, by itself, enough to make the photo
procedure suggestive .
In this case, additional factors cut against Appellant's argument that the photo
pack was suggestive. Baez identified Appellant in his photo pack . However, in the
photo pack containing Gary's picture, Baez did not make an identification . This
suggests that Baez did not feel pressured by the police to make an identification . In
addition, while Detective Jones suggested that the suspects were in the photo pack, he
never plainly told Baez that the photos did in fact contain the suspects .
Appellant has pointed to nothing else about the photo lineup that shows it to be
suggestive . Appellant cites one case" for the proposition that a police officer telling a
witness that the suspect is in the photo array makes the array suggestive . However,
many other factors in that case made the photo array suggestive, and the police
officer's actions were only one factor."
Because we conclude that the photo pack was not suggestive, we do not
consider whether the identification was reliable under Neil v. Biggers . We conclude that
the procedures used by the police, while not perfect, do not rise to the level of being
suggestive . Therefore, the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it denied
Appellant's motion to suppress the evidence of Mr. Baez's identification of Appellant .
7s
Id.
76
Id. at 597 (holding that the photo array was suggestive because police officers suggested to the
witness that they had a suspect, but also because two persons in the photo array were older and only the
suspect had a scar on his face).
" Id. at 596 .
32
IV. CONCLUSION
Because the Commonwealth's two theories of Gary Hearn's involvement were
not mutually exclusive with regard to Appellant, and because the change in theory was
supported by new information, the Commonwealth did not violate Appellant's rights to
due process or fundamental fairness . For similar reasons, the Commonwealth's
prosecutors did not violate their ethical duty by using different theories . In addition, the
trial court did not err in refusing to admit into evidence the prosecutor's statements from
Gary's trial . The prosecutor's comments about defense counsel's ethical duties were
improper, but were cured by an admonition from the trial court. And finally, the photo
lineup procedure used by the police was not suggestive . For these reasons, the
judgment of the Jefferson Circuit Court is hereby affirmed .
All sitting . All concur, except Venters, J., not sitting .
COUNSEL FOR APPELLANT :
Randall L. Wheeler
Assistant Public Advocate
100 Fair Oaks Lane, Suite 302
Frankfort, KY 40601
COUNSEL FOR APPELLEES :
Jack Conway
Attorney General
Criminal Appellate Division
Office of the Attorney General
1024 Capital Center Drive
Frankfort, KY 40601
Jeanne Deborah Anderson
Assistant Commonwealth's Attorney
514 West Liberty Street
Louisville, KY 40202
Teresa Ann Young
Assistant Commonwealth's Attorney
514 West Liberty Street
Louisville, KY 40202