DocketNumber： 96-SC-0577-MR
Judges： Cooper, Graves, Johnstone, Keller, Wintersheimer, Stumbo, Lambert
Filed Date： 12/16/1999
Status： Precedential
Modified Date： 10/19/2024
Opinion of the court by
Sometime prior to 12:30 p.m. on June 12, 1995, Appellant Terry Johnson’s father, Stanford Johnson, was strangled to death in their home. A Jefferson Circuit Court jury convicted Appellant of his father’s murder and sentenced him to imprisonment for life. He appeals to this Court as a matter of right, Ky. Const. § 110(2)(b). The primary issue on appeal is whether the testimony of a hair analysis expert should have been suppressed. Appellant
I. FACTS.
Appellant and his father shared a residence in Jefferson County, Kentucky. Between 12:30 and 12:45 p.m. on Monday, June 12, 1995, Appellant telephoned his cousin, Lisa McDowell, and told her that he thought his father was dead. When McDowell inquired whether the victim had been sick, Appellant replied, “I don’t know, I haven’t been here for two days.” At 12:56 p.m., Appellant telephoned the Jefferson County 911 emergency service and advised that he had found his father lying on a couch and that, while attempting to arouse him, he noticed that the victim’s body was cold. When Lisa McDowell arrived at the residence, she immediately noticed cuts and abrasions on the victim’s body which she had not noticed when she last saw him several days before. It was subsequently determined that the victim had been strangled to death.
Because the residence was equipped with security doors and there was no evidence of forced entry, Appellant became an immediate suspect. A blood spot found on the victim’s clothing was consistent with Appellant’s blood type, which is found in only three of every one thousand persons. Hairs were found between the fingers of the victim’s left and right hands. The hair found in the victim’s right hand was subsequently determined to have the same characteristics as hair samples obtained from Appellant’s head. The hair found in the victim’s left hand was determined to have the same characteristics as hair samples obtained from the victim’s head. While obtaining hair and blood samples from Appellant, Dr. William Smock, the assistant medical examiner, noticed that Appellant had a ⅜ inch abrasion across the bridge of his nose and numerous scrapes, contusions, and abrasions on his neck, left shoulder, left upper chest, right arm, and right knee, all of which appeared to be of recent origin. Appellant told Dr. Smock that he sustained those injuries while changing a flat tire. Dr. Smock testified at trial that he had never before seen a patient who had sustained such injuries while changing a tire. Four witnesses testified that they noticed no marks or bruises on Appellant during their respective encounters with him between 4:30 p.m. and 11:30 p.m. on June 11.
Appellant told the police that his father was “hard to get along with,” that he and his father had had problems in the past, and they had argued a great deal. He denied ever hitting his father, but claimed that his father once “took a slug” at him. Appellant further told the police that he left home at about 4:00 or 5:00 p.m. on June 11 and did not return to the house until about 6:00 or 6:30 a.m. the next morning. (A neighbor testified that she saw Appellant in the back yard of the house at 12:00 a.m. on June 12.) Upon returning home, Appellant noticed nothing unusual and went to bed. He awoke at about 11:00 or 11:30 a.m. and went to a restaurant and then to a department store. When he returned home at about 12:30 or 12:45 p.m., he found his father dead. Appellant was the .beneficiary of his father’s $15,000 life insurance policy.
An autopsy revealed multiple injuries to various parts of the victim’s body, including a fracture of the top vertebra of the neck and a fracture of the hyoid bone, which is located deep within the neck. The cause of death was manual strangulation.
II. HAIR COMPARISON EVIDENCE.
Appellant filed a motion in limine to suppress evidence that the hair found between the fingers of the victim’s right hand had the same characteristics as hair
Prior to the United States Supreme Court’s decision in Daubert, supra, the test for admissibility of scientific evidence was whether the scientific method or theory at issue had been generally accepted in the relevant scientific community. Frye v. United States, 293 F. 1013 (D.C.Cir.1923); Harris v. Commonwealth, Ky., 846 S.W.2d 678 (1992). Under Daubert, adopted by this Court in Mitchell v. Commonwealth, Ky., 908 S.W.2d 100 (1995), overruled on other grounds, Fugate v. Commonwealth, Ky., 993 S.W.2d 931 (1999), the Frye test of general acceptance is but one factor to be considered in determining the admissibility of scientific evidence under FRE (or KRE) 702. Other factors include whether the method or theory can be tested, whether it has been subjected to peer review and publication, the known or potential rate of error, and the existence and maintenance of standards controlling the technique’s operation. Daubert, supra, 509 U.S. at 592-95, 113 S.Ct. at 2796-97.
Daubert also recognized that some scientific methods, techniques and theories are so firmly established as to be proper subjects of judicial notice pursuant to FRE 201(b)(2). Daubert, supra, 509 U.S. at 592 n. 11, 113 S.Ct. at 2796 n. 11. Thus, in United States v. Martinez, 3 F.3d 1191, 1197 (8th Cir.1993), cert. denied, 510 U.S. 1062, 114 S.Ct. 734, 126 L.Ed.2d 697 (1994), it was held that once an appropriate appellate court holds that the Daubert test of reliability is satisfied, lower courts can take judicial notice of the reliability and validity of the scientific method, technique or theory at issue. Courts are “right to admit or exclude much evidence without ‘reinventing the wheel’ every time by requiring the parties to put on full demonstrations of the validity or invalidity of methods or techniques that have been scrutinized well enough in prior decisions to warrant taking judicial notice of their status.” 3 C. Mueller and L. Kirkpatrick, Federal Evidence § 353, at 657 (2d ed.1994). A substantial consensus in that regard has emerged in recent years. E.g., United States v. Beasley, 102 F.3d 1440 (8th Cir.1996), cert. denied, 520 U.S. 1246, 117 S.Ct. 1856, 137 L.Ed.2d 1058 (1997); United States v.. Booker, 70 F.3d 488, 490 n. 5 (7th Cir.1995), cert. denied, 517 U.S. 1111, 116 S.Ct. 1334, 134 L.Ed.2d 484 (1996); In re Paoli R.R. Yard PCB Litig., 35 F.3d 717, 744 n. 10 (3d Cir.1994), cert. denied, 513 U.S. 1190, 115 S.Ct. 1253, 131 L.Ed.2d 134 (1995); United States v. Jakobetz, 955 F.2d 786, 799-800 (2d Cir.1992), cert. denied, 506 U.S. 834, 113 S.Ct. 104, 121 L.Ed.2d 63 (1992); State v. Coon, 974 P.2d 386 (Alaska 1999); Moore v. State, 323 Ark. 529, 915 S.W.2d 284, 293 (1996); Ford Motor Co. v. Ammerman, 705 N.E.2d 539, 551 (Ind.Ct.App.1999); State v. Witte, 251 Kan. 313, 836 P.2d 1110, 1121 (1992); Schultz v. State, 106 Md.App. 145, 664 A.2d 60, 71 (1995); State v. Pennington, 327 N.C. 89, 393 S.E.2d 847 (1990);
We recently held in Fugate v. Commonwealth, supra, that the scientific reliability of the RFLP and PCR methods of DNA testing has been sufficiently established that a Daubert hearing is no longer required before such evidence is admissible at trial. For other types of scientific methods and techniques which have been recognized as reliable by our courts see Commonwealth v. Wirth, Ky., 936 S.W.2d 78 (1996) (breath testing to determine blood alcohol content); Bartlett v. Commonwealth, ex rel. Calloway, Ky., 705 S.W.2d 470 (1986) and Perry v. Commonwealth, ex rel. Kessinger, Ky., 652 S.W.2d 655 (1983) (HLA blood typing to determine paternity); Garr v. Commonwealth, Ky., 463 S.W.2d 109 (1971), cert. denied, 403 U.S. 910, 91 S.Ct. 2219, 29 L.Ed.2d 687 (1971) (fiber analysis); Morris v. Commonwealth, 306 Ky. 349, 208 S.W.2d 58 (1948) (ballistics analysis); Shelton v. Commonwealth, 280 Ky. 733, 134 S.W.2d 653, 657 (1939) (fingerprint analysis).' On the basis of those decisions, trial judges in Kentucky can take judicial notice that those methods or techniques have achieved the status of scientific reliability.
However, judicial notice does not preclude proof to the contrary.
As previously noted, evidence of hair analysis by microscopic comparison has been admissible in this Commonwealth for many years. E.g., Wilhite v. Commonwealth, Ky., 574 S.W.2d 304 (1978); Sherley v. Commonwealth, Ky., 558 S.W.2d 615 (1977), cert. denied, 435 U.S. 999, 98 S.Ct. 1655, 56 L.Ed.2d 89 (1978); Garr v. Commonwealth, supra; Mitchell v. Commonwealth, Ky., 280 S.W.2d 189 (1955); Acrey v. Commonwealth, 312 Ky. 732, 229 S.W.2d 748 (1950). Although we have never specifically addressed the scientific reliability of this method of hair analysis, we must assume that it at least satisfied the Frye test of general acceptance; for otherwise, the evidence would never have been admitted in the first place. The absence in our previous opinions of any in-depth analysis under the “general acceptance” test was probably due to the overwhelming acceptance of this procedure as a reliable scientific method for the past fifty years. See
We now address whether the evidence proffered by Appellant satisfied his burden of proof that hair analysis by microscopic comparison is no longer deemed scientifically reliable. We conclude that it did not.
Appellant primarily relies on Williamson v. Reynolds, supra, which wás before the federal district court for the eastern district of Oklahoma on a petition for a writ of habeas corpus. Although that court’s decision was affirmed by the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals because the petitioner had been denied effective assistance of counsel, the district court’s holding that hair analysis by microscopic comparison is no longer deemed scientifically reliable was set aside on grounds that in deciding a federal habeas petition, the standard is whether admission of the evidence at issue amounted to a denial of constitutional due process, and that whether to admit the evidence under a Daubert analysis is a state court prerogative.
Appellant did not introduce into the record of this case any of the evidence relied on in Williamson v. Reynolds, supra; thus, that evidence was not available for the trial judge’s (or our) consideration. While we may consider for persuasive purposes the- holding of another court in a similar case, we cannot adopt by judicial notice the evidence introduced in that case for the purpose of proving a similar proposition in another case. Cf. Jones v. Bell, 304 Ky. 827, 202 S.W.2d 641 (1947). Since the legal conclusion reached in Williamson v. Reynolds was reversed by its own appellate court, and thus stripped of any precedential value, and since none of the evidence relied on in Williamson was introduced in this case, the mere filing of a copy of the written opinion in Williamson into the record of this case was legally irrelevant.
Appellant finds significance in the admissions by the Commonwealth’s expert that the same person can possess hairs of different characteristics, and that there are no statistics as to how many different people have hair with the same characteristics. However, the fact that Appellant’s hair sample was found to have the same characteristics as the hair found between the fingers of the victim’s right hand is just as relevant as the fact that blood of Appellant’s blood type was found on the
Finally, Appellant finds fault in the Commonwealth’s failure to inquire of its expert with respect to each of the five factors discussed in Daubert, supra, 509 U.S. at 592-95, 113 S.Ct. at 2796-97. Since Appellant failed to introduce any evidence to prove the unreliability of hair analysis by microscopic comparison, the Commonwealth had no obligation to introduce affirmative evidence to prove its reliability, but could rely entirely on the judicially noticed fact that the reliability of this scientific method has previously been accepted by this Court. Regardless, the United States Supreme Court made it clear in Daubert that the factors enumerated therein do not constitute a “definitive checklist or test.” Id. at 593, 113 S.Ct. at 2796. In Kumho Tire Co., Ltd. v. Carmichael, 526 U.S. 137, 119 S.Ct. 1167, 143 L.Ed.2d 238 (1999), the Court further clarified that the list of factors was meant to be helpful, not definitive.
Indeed, those factors do not all necessarily apply even in every instance in which the reliability of scientific testimony is challenged. It might not be surprising in a particular case, for example, that a claim made by a scientific witness has never been the subject of peer review, for the particular application at issue may never previously have interested any scientist.
Id. at -, 119 S.Ct. at 1175. In other words, a court may consider one or more or all of the factors mentioned in Daubert, or even other relevant factors, in determining the admissibility of expert testimony. The test of reliability is flexible and the Daubert factors neither necessarily nor exclusively apply to all experts in every case. Kumho Tire Co., Ltd., supra, 526 U.S. at -, 119 S.Ct. at 1175-76.
III. CONTINUANCE.
This case was initially called for trial on the afternoon of March 20, 1996. Several hours were consumed hearing and resolving motions in limine, after which it was discovered that there were insufficient jurors remaining in the jury pool to impanel a jury in compliance with KRS 29A.060(2). Thus, jury selection was postponed until the next day and court was adjourned. Court reconvened on March 21 and a jury was finally selected at approximately 2:30 p.m. on that date. However, the jury was never actually “sworn” pursuant to RCr 9.42, i.e., the oath to the jury required by KRS 29A.300 and Part II, section 30 of the Administrative Procedures of the Court of Justice was never administered. Instead, the judge and counsel lapsed into a discussion of what to do about the absence of Dr. William Smock, a crucial witness for the Commonwealth.
It is obvious from reviewing the videotape of this discussion that both counsel
Appellant first claims that to grant a mistrial over his objection after the jury was empaneled violated the constitutional proscription against double jeopardy. U.S. Const, amend. V; Ky. Const. § 13. Although KRS 505.030(4) provides that jeopardy attaches when the first witness is sworn, the United States Supreme Court has held that jeopardy attaches in a jury trial when the jury is “empaneled and sworn.” Crist v. Bretz, 437 U.S. 28, 38, 98 S.Ct. 2156, 2162, 57 L.Ed.2d 24 (1978) (emphasis added). Since the jury empaneled on March 21, 1996 was never sworn, jeopardy never attached. Thus the only issue is whether the trial judge abused his discretion in granting a continuance.
Although Appellant claims the prosecutor announced ready for trial on March 20, 1996, a review of the videotape of the proceedings reveals that neither party ever officially announced ready. A fair interpretation of what occurred on March 21, 1996 is that both counsel and the trial judge knew that Dr. Smock’s availability as a witness was problematical, and that the judge allowed the proceedings to go as far as he could without jeopardy attaching in the hope that a trial could be held. Whether to grant a continuance is generally within the sound discretion of the trial court. Estep v. Commonwealth, Ky., 663 S.W.2d 213 (1983). Among the factors to be considered in determining whether a continuance should be granted are length of delay, whether the delay was purposeful and caused by the moving party, and whether denying the continuance would lead to identifiable prejudice. Snodgrass v. Commonwealth, Ky., 814 S.W.2d 579, 581 (1991). Dr. Smock’s absence was not the fault of the Commonwealth and his testimony was clearly crucial to the Commonwealth’s case. The length of delay resulting from the continuance was less than a month. We conclude that the trial judge did not abuse his discretion in granting the continuance.
IV. MURDER INSTRUCTION.
The indictment charged Appellant with murder “by intentionally or under circumstances manifesting extreme indifference to human life wantonly causing] the death of Stanford M. Johnson.” The instruction in this case was identical to that given in Hudson v. Commonwealth, Ky., 979 S.W.2d 106, 109 (1998), ie., a combination instruction which permitted the jury to find Appellant guilty of murder under either KRS 507.020(l)(a) (intentional murder) or KRS 507.020(l)(b) (wanton murder). Since the jury returned a general verdict simply finding Appellant guilty of murder, it is impossible to know whether the jury believed Appellant was acting intentionally or wantonly when the murder was committed. As in Hudson, Appellant claims he was denied his right to a unanimous verdict. As noted in Hudson, this is
In Hudson, the victim was also killed by manual strangulation. Hudson testified that he only pushed his victim down, then panicked and “went crazy.” We held that such evidence was sufficient to support a conviction of wanton murder. Here, Appellant neither testified nor confessed to killing his father, so there was no direct evidence to prove mens rea.
Intent to kill can be inferred from the extent and character of a victim’s injuries .... However, whether a defendant actually has an intent to kill remains a subjective matter. Smith v. Commonwealth, Ky., 737 S.W.2d 683, 688 (1987). Moreover, neither the inference nor the presumption of intent are mandatory. Indeed, if they were, most trials would be mere formalities.
Once the facts of a killing are established, whether the act itself is murder depends upon the mind of the killer. The state of that mind at the time of the killing is almost never clear, not even to the defendant himself....
To say that the method and means of [the victim’s] death only support an instruction on intentional murder is to make the inference of intent mandatory.
Hudson, supra, at 110.
Hudson is determinative of this issue. From the evidence presented here, a jury could reasonably have believed either (1) Appellant intentionally killed his father, or (2) he had an argument with his father, which deteriorated into a physical altercation, during which Appellant choked his father ultimately to death without ever forming the specific intent to kill, but nonetheless creating a substantial and unjustifiable risk that death would result. Thus, the jury was properly instructed on both intentional and wanton murder.
V. EX PARTE COMMUNICATION WITH JUROR.
Approximately ten minutes after the jury began their deliberations, a deputy sheriff entered the jury room for the purpose of delivering lunch menus. A juror asked the deputy if there would be a separate sentencing phase of the trial in the event Appellant was found guilty and the deputy answered, “Yes.” We agree with Appellant that this brief colloquy violated RCr 9.68, RCr 9.70, RCr 9.74 and KRS 29A.320(1). However, we do not agree that this violation required a mistrial. The trial judge informed the jury at the beginning of the trial that if they returned a guilty verdict, a second, penalty phase of the trial would take place. Thus, the information imparted by the deputy sheriff was nothing more than the jury had already been told.
Long ago, we joined the trend away from a strict or technical application of the rules forbidding conversations with or among jurors. Cosby v. Commonwealth, Ky., 451 S.W.2d 653 (1970). A mistrial is not warranted if the conversation was “innocent” and matters of substance were not involved. Talbott v. Commonwealth, Ky., 968 S.W.2d 76, 86 (1998). “The true test is whether the misconduct has prejudiced the defendant to the extent that he has not received a fair trial.” Id. (quoting Byrd v. Commonwealth, Ky., 825 S.W.2d 272, 275 (1992)). Compare Young v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., Ky., 975 S.W.2d 98 (1998), wherein the jury asked the bailiff for certain depositions which had been read at trial and were
Accordingly, the judgment of conviction and the sentence imposed by the Jefferson Circuit Court are affirmed.
. FRE 201 differs from KRE 201 only with respect to subsection (g) which pertains to a jury instruction regarding a judicially noticed fact. Here, we are not dealing with a jury issue, but with a question of admissibility under KRE 104(a), which does not implicate KRE 201(g).
. Of course, even if the suppression motion is overruled, the opponent of the evidence may attack its credibility at trial. Crane v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 683, 106 S.Ct. 2142, 90 L.Ed.2d 636 (1986).
. In fact, the Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals subsequently rejected the reasoning by which.the judge in Williamson v. Reynolds concluded that hair analysis by microscopic comparison does not withstand Daubert scrutiny. Bryan v. State, supra.