Jaquann Wright v. Commonwealth of Kentucky

RENDERED: JULY 15, 2022; 10:00 A.M.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
MODIFIED: SEPTEMBER 2, 2022; 10:00 A.M.
Commonwealth of Kentucky
Court of Appeals
NO. 2020-CA-1092-MR
JAQUANN WRIGHT APPELLANT
APPEAL FROM JEFFERSON CIRCUIT COURT
v. HONORABLE BARRY WILLETT, JUDGE
ACTION NO. 19-CR-000945
COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY APPELLEE
OPINION
REVERSING IN PART AND AFFIRMING IN PART
** ** ** ** **
BEFORE: ACREE, GOODWINE, AND L. THOMPSON, JUDGES.
ACREE, JUDGE: Appellant, Jaquann Wright, appeals his convictions after a jury
trial for second-degree assault and first-degree unlawful imprisonment. Having
reviewed the record, we reverse in part and affirm in part.
BACKGROUND
Wright and Jennifer Price shared residence in a house in Louisville.
On the night of January 23, 2019, they invited a friend, Eva, to join them at the
house. Eventually, Eva fell asleep, and Price, a habitual drug user, left the house to
locate and acquire heroin from her dealer, Travis.1 After Price left, Eva awakened
and told Wright something about Price that enraged him. Wright could not recall
what Eva said, and no witness disclosed what was said at trial.2 In response,
Wright claims he gathered Price’s belongings and placed them in a bathtub with
the intention of setting them on fire. Wright eventually decided against this,
calmed down, and Eva left the house.
Price returned two hours after she left. She and Wright hotly debate
what occurred after Price returned home.
According to Wright, Price returned home and told him she had been
attacked. Wright testified Price complained about jaw pain, and she had bruises on
her face. Wright got ice for her injuries, and the two decided to walk to a nearby
gas station to call for help.3 Wright did not want to enter the gas station with her,
for fear of being blamed for the attack, so he let her go in alone, and he returned
1
Wright did not know the extent of Price’s drug use before she moved in with him.
2
Eva died of a drug overdose prior to the trial.
3
The two did not have a telephone to call for help.
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home. His theory at trial was that Price’s drug dealer, Travis, attacked her. Price
recalled a very different version of events.
According to Price, it took her two hours to get heroin from Travis.
Once she succeeded, she returned home and found Wright furious with her for
being gone so long. Price testified Wright grabbed her by the hair and dragged her
down the hallway. Wright threw her in the basement and made her sit on a
barstool and answer questions. Regardless of how Price answered, Wright would
strike her with a crowbar. Eventually, Wright broke the bar stool over Price and
took her to the bathtub. He threw her in the tub along with all her belongings and
doused her in gasoline.4 Wright did not ignite the gasoline. Price claims she left to
go to the gas station to seek help. Upon investigation, law enforcement found a
broken bar stool and crowbar in the basement.
At the gas station, Price called 911 and said Wright assaulted her.
Medical personnel transported Price to the hospital. In all, medical personnel
determined Price suffered from a zygomatic cheek fracture and a broken nose.
Consequently, her face was swollen and deformed.
A jury found Wright guilty of second-degree assault and first-degree
unlawful imprisonment.
4
Police detected no odor of gasoline in the tub on inspection.
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During trial, Price testified to Wright’s past behavior. She said
Wright regularly put his hands on her and recounted an instance when Wright
flipped a couch on which she was seated, knocking her unconscious. Wright
objected to this specific instance on grounds that the Commonwealth failed to give
proper notice of this prior bad act, in violation of KRE5 404(c).
Additionally, Wright claims error relating to disallowed testimony
from his roommate Lynette. Wright attempted to introduce Lynette’s testimony
concerning Price’s past criminal conduct when Price sold Lynette’s car, without
permission to do so – to acquire drug money. Wright took Lynette’s side in an
ensuing fight between Lynette and Price. Wright claims this evidence was
admissible as proof of Price’s bias against Wright and the circuit court’s exclusion
of this evidence violated Wright’s ability to present a defense.
Wright appeals both rulings on these objections.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
When admitting or excluding evidence, circuit courts in Kentucky
enjoy substantial discretion. Daugherty v. Commonwealth, 467 S.W.3d 222, 231
(Ky. 2015). Because of this, when an appellate court reviews a circuit court’s
ruling on the admissibility of evidence, the standard of review is that of abuse of
discretion. Meece v. Commonwealth, 348 S.W.3d 627, 646 (Ky. 2011). “The test
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Kentucky Rules of Evidence.
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for abuse of discretion is whether the trial judge’s decision was arbitrary,
unreasonable, unfair, or unsupported by sound legal principles.” Commonwealth v.
English, 993 S.W.2d 941, 945 (Ky. 1999).
ANALYSIS
First, we address the sufficiency of the Commonwealth’s KRE 404(c)
notice concerning a specific instance of Wright’s prior bad act. Second, we will
address the circuit court’s exclusion of Lynette’s testimony regarding Price’s prior
criminal conviction.
Commonwealth’s KRE 404(c) Notice
Prior to addressing the sufficiency of the Commonwealth’s KRE
404(c) notice, we must address the Commonwealth’s argument that Wright failed
to properly preserve this issue on appeal.
The Commonwealth argues preservation rules required Wright to ask
for an admonition or to strike the testimony from the record. For purposes of
analysis, we consider the sequence of events at trial. First, the Commonwealth
asked Price to recall any occasions when Wright became violent; the defendant did
not object to this question. Next, Price recited the couch flipping incident. Wright
then asked to approach the bench and objected to the answer on grounds that
testimony regarding this prior act violated KRE 404(c). The circuit court
determined this specific instance fell under the KRE 404(c) notice the
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Commonwealth had provided. Finally, the defendant moved for a mistrial, which
the circuit court denied.
The Commonwealth alleges because Wright failed to object before
Price answered the question and did not subsequently ask for an admonition or to
strike the testimony, the issue is not properly preserved. We are not convinced.
The Commonwealth relies on Drietz v. Commonwealth, 477 S.W.2d
138 (Ky. 1972), and Kesler v. Shehan, 934 S.W.2d 254 (Ky. 1996), to support this
argument. Both cases recite requirements that a defendant must ask for an
admonition or move to strike testimony to properly preserve an issue for appeal.
Drietz, 477 S.W.2d at 139; Kesler, 934 S.W.2d at 256.
In Drietz, the Kentucky Supreme Court determined the defendant did
not properly preserve an issue for appeal where, had the objection been sustained,
the improper testimony would remain uncured. Drietz, 477 S.W.2d at 139.
The Kentucky Supreme Court in Kesler held the defendant failed to
properly preserve an issue where a trial judge had no opportunity to rule on the
grounds of the objection made. Kesler, 934 S.W.2d at 256-57. That is not the fact
pattern here.
Had the circuit court sustained Wright’s objection, which he made on
KRE 404(c) grounds, the circuit court had the power to “exclude the evidence
offered under subdivision (b) or for good cause shown . . . excuse the failure to
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give such notice and grant the defendant a continuance or such other remedy as is
necessary to avoid unfair prejudice caused by such failure.” KRE 404(c). The
remedy to the objection would have cured the improper answer given. Further, the
circuit court ruled on this objection based on the same grounds now argued before
this Court. Regardless, even if we were convinced by the Commonwealth’s
argument, this issue, in our opinion, would qualify for palpable error review.
Thus, this issue is adequately preserved for review. Accordingly, we
now turn to the merits of Wright’s appeal.
Pursuant to KRE 404(b), prior bad acts are inadmissible to prove
conduct in conformity therewith, but may be “offered for some other purpose, such
as proof of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or
absence of mistake or accident[.]” KRE 404(b). When ruling on the admissibility
of a prior bad act, circuit courts have discretion to admit such evidence if the
evidence is “relevant, probative and the potential for prejudice does not outweigh
the probative value of such evidence.” Parker v. Commonwealth, 952 S.W.2d 209,
213 (Ky. 1997). “[E]vidence of similar acts perpetrated against the same victim is
almost always admissible.” Whaley v. Commonwealth, 567 S.W.3d 576, 587 (Ky.
2019) (citation omitted) (Kentucky Supreme Court found evidence of prior sexual
acts admissible over a KRE 404(b) objection); see also Harp v. Commonwealth,
266 S.W.3d 813, 822-23 (Ky. 2008) (finding no prejudice “to overcome the
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general rule regarding admissibility of similar acts perpetrated against the same
victim”).
In reviewing the circuit court’s ruling on this 404(b) evidence, we find
no abuse of discretion. Evidence Wright became physically violent with Price
prior to this incident was relevant and probative for the crime of second-degree
assault. Further, Wright points to no specific prejudice he would face that could
overcome the general rule of admissibility. Thus, we find no abuse of discretion in
permitting this evidence.
Nevertheless, “[e]ven in cases where evidence of prior uncharged
criminal activity between the defendant and third persons is admissible,
fundamental fairness dictates, and we hold, that the defendant is entitled to be
informed of the names of the non-complaining witnesses and the nature of their
allegations so far in advance of trial as to permit a reasonable time for investigation
and preparation.” Gray v. Commonwealth, 843 S.W.2d 895, 897 (Ky. 1992).
Thus, under 404(c), “if the prosecution intends to introduce evidence pursuant to
[KRE 404](b) . . . as a part of its case in chief, it shall give reasonable pretrial
notice to the defendant of its intention to offer such evidence.” KRE 404(c).
Failure to provide the appropriate notice permits the circuit court to
“exclude the evidence offered under subdivision (b) or for good cause shown . . .
excuse the failure to give such notice and grant the defendant a continuance or
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such other remedy as is necessary to avoid unfair prejudice caused by such
failure.” KRE 404(c). Thus, KRE 404(c) presents “the accused with an
opportunity to challenge the admissibility of this evidence through a motion in
limine and to deal with reliability and prejudice problems at trial.” Tamme v.
Commonwealth, 973 S.W.2d 13, 31 (Ky. 1998).
Accordingly, when criminal defendants appealing their conviction
challenge admitted evidence based on KRE 404(c), appellate courts review
whether the prosecution gave adequate notice on a case-by-case basis. Matthews v.
Commonwealth, 163 S.W.3d 11, 19 (Ky. 2005) (citing Walker v. Commonwealth,
52 S.W.3d 533, 538 (Ky. 2001)). Thus, to determine whether the Commonwealth
provided adequate notice under KRE 404(c), we must turn to the surrounding facts
concerning admissibility. Id.Here, the Commonwealth did file a notice “To Introduce Potential
Evidence Pursuant to KRE 404(b)” under the requirements of KRE 404(c).
(Record (R.) at 174.) Relevant here, the Commonwealth gave the following notice
of the prior bad act: “A couple weeks prior to the incident in question, the
defendant got angry with the victim for leaving the house without telling him and
he became physically violent with her, leaving bruises.” (Id.) We do not believe
this statement gave the defendant sufficient notice of the couch flipping incident to
avoid surprising the defendant at trial. At trial, Price testified to a specific instance
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of abuse that occurred early in their relationship after she said something to Wright
he did not like. He responded by flipping a couch the two sat on. She hit her head
and fell unconscious as a result. This is not the incident described in the
Commonwealth’s vague KRE 404(c) notice.
Looking at language employed by the Commonwealth in its KRE
404(c) notice, the Commonwealth described an incident two weeks prior to the
assault on Price. Price’s testimony indicated the couch flipping incident occurred
early on in their relationship, well before the two-week timeframe given in the
notice. Additionally, the notice stated Price left and returned, causing Wright to
become violent. In this specific instance, Price testified she said something and
then he became violent; there was no indication she left the house and returned.
Finally, the notice stated she received bruising. In this specific instance, Price
testified she hit her head and fell unconscious. We cannot say the incident
described in the Commonwealth’s KRE 404(c) notice aligns with the incident Price
testified to at trial. These inconsistencies are considerable and undermine a
reasonable belief the incident described in the notice refers to the couch flipping
incident. Thus, the Commonwealth’s 404(c) notice does not provide the required
notice for this specific incident described at trial. To avoid unfairly surprising a
defendant, the Commonwealth must be more specific and cannot rely on vague
generalizations in their KRE 404(c) notice. Notice must “characterize the prior
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conduct to a degree that fairly apprises the defendant of its general nature.” United
States v. Barnes, 49 F.3d 1144, 1148-49 (6th Cir. 1995) (interpreting KRE 404’s
federal counterpart).
Despite failing to give proper notice under KRE 404(c), the Kentucky
Supreme Court has held lack of notice under KRE 404(c) is not grounds for a new
trial if the defendant had actual notice of the evidence. See Tamme, 973 S.W.2d at
31-32; Walker, 52 S.W.3d at 538; Bowling v. Commonwealth, 942 S.W.2d 293,
300 (Ky. 1997), overruled on other grounds by McQueen v. Commonwealth, 339
S.W.3d 441 (Ky. 2011). Because of this, when the defendant has sufficient actual
notice of a specific incident, the court deems the defendant to have reasonable
notice for purposes of KRE 404(c).
In both Tamme and Walker, the Kentucky Supreme Court held an
appellant had sufficient notice of a specific instance where the appellants made
motions in limine to challenge their respective specific instance. Walker, 52
S.W.3d at 538; Tamme, 973 S.W.2d at 31-32. In both cases, the Kentucky
Supreme Court reasoned that by filing a motion in limine to challenge the
admissibility of a prior bad act, the appellants demonstrated they respectively had
notice of their specific prior bad acts prior to trial. Walker, 52 S.W.3d at 538;
Tamme, 973 S.W.2d at 31-32. The purpose of KRE 404(c) could not further be
satisfied by the Commonwealth’s filing a KRE 404(c) notice of the specific
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instance. Thus, if the defendant has actual notice, the Commonwealth satisfies the
notice requirements of KRE 404(c). This is not the case here.
There is no indication Wright knew the Commonwealth would use
this specific instance prior to trial. There is no evidence the defendant filed a
motion in limine to challenge the admissibility of the specific evidence. This
specific instance surprised the defendant as the Commonwealth’s 404(c) notice
failed to fairly apprise him the Commonwealth would attempt to introduce it. This
violates KRE 404(c). Thus, the circuit court erred in overruling Wright’s
objection. Before reversal is required, however, we must determine whether the
error was harmless.
Despite failing to give proper notice, the Kentucky Supreme Court has
held lack of notice under KRE 404(c) may be harmless error. Clark v.
Commonwealth, 267 S.W.3d 668 (Ky. 2008); see also Couch v. Commonwealth,
No. 2011-SC-000603-MR, 2013 WL 658151, at *1 (Ky. Feb. 21, 2013). The
jurisprudence indicates that, to be harmless error, it must be cumulative of other
evidence sufficient in itself to sustain the conviction. Clark, 267 S.W.3d at 681-
82. Here, there is no indication in the record this evidence is cumulative. Price’s
testimony of this prior bad act stands alone. Because the evidence is not
cumulative, we cannot say the circuit court’s error here was harmless.
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Therefore, the circuit court erred in finding the Commonwealth gave
sufficient notice of this specific instance. Consequently, the circuit court abused
its discretion in denying Wright’s motion for a mistrial.
Price’s Prior Criminal Conviction
Next, we turn to the circuit court’s exclusion of Lynette’s testimony.
Wright claims the circuit court erred in excluding Lynette’s testimony about
Price’s prior criminal act.
Had Lynette testified, she would have recalled an incident when Price
sold Lynette’s car for money to buy drugs. Lynette and Price verbally fought over
the incident, and Wright took Lynette’s side in the dispute. Price ultimately
pleaded guilty to misdemeanor unauthorized use of a motor vehicle. The circuit
court excluded Lynette’s testimony, labeling it as improper extrinsic evidence of
Price’s crime. The circuit court did not prevent Wright from cross-examining
Price about the conviction. But he contends Lynette’s testimony about Price’s
misdemeanor conviction was essential to attack Price’s credibility, show
motivation to lie, and reveal any bias Price had toward Wright. We disagree; the
circuit court did not abuse its discretion.
Under KRE 608(b), “Specific instances of the conduct of a witness,
for the purpose of attacking or supporting the witness’ credibility, other than
conviction of crime as provided in Rule 609, may not be proved by extrinsic
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evidence.” Under KRE 609, only evidence of a crime punishable by death or for
more than one year may be shown by extrinsic evidence for purposes of
impeaching the witness’s credibility only. KRE 609(a). “[I]f probative of
truthfulness or untruthfulness,” specific instances may “in the discretion of the
court . . . be inquired into on cross-examination of the witness: (1) concerning the
witness’ character for truthfulness or untruthfulness, or (2) concerning the
character for truthfulness or untruthfulness of another witness as to which character
the witness being cross-examined has testified.” KRE 608(b). Additionally,
“counsel is limited to asking the witness about the specific instance of conduct on
cross-examination and is stuck with whatever answer is given.” Allen v.
Commonwealth, 395 S.W.3d 451, 462 (Ky. 2013).
Here, Lynette’s testimony constituted extrinsic evidence. Wright
wished to inquire into Price’s prior conviction through the direct examination of
Lynette. This is contrary to KRE 609 which is clear that specific instances may be
inquired into only on cross-examination. Additionally, the conviction at issue does
not fall under the crimes contemplated by KRE 609. Thus, the bar of extrinsic
evidence found in KRE 608 dictates whether the circuit court could permit
Lynette’s extrinsic testimony. In excluding it, we find no abuse of discretion.
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CONCLUSION
Therefore, the circuit court erred in denying Wright’s motion for a
mistrial based on the Commonwealth’s violation of KRE 404(c). The circuit court
did not err in denying Lynette’s testimony concerning Price’s prior criminal
conviction.
Accordingly, we reverse in part and affirm in part.
ALL CONCUR.
BRIEFS FOR APPELLANT: BRIEF FOR APPELLEE:
Kayla D. Deatherage Daniel Cameron
Frankfort, Kentucky Attorney General of Kentucky
Robert Baldridge
Assistant Attorney General
Frankfort, Kentucky
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