G.D. Deal Holdings, Inc. v. Baker Energy, Inc.

501 F. Supp. 2d 914 (2007)

G.D. DEAL HOLDINGS, INC., et. al., Plaintiffs
v.
BAKER ENERGY, INC, et. al., Defendants.

No. 1:05-CV-3-R.

United States District Court, W.D. Kentucky, Bowling Green Division.

May 11, 2007. Opinion Denying Motion to Amend June 12, 2007.

Scott A. Bachert, William F.Codell, Harned, Bachert & Denton, LLP, Timothy L. Edelen, Bell, Orr, Ayers & Moore, PSC, Bowling Green, KY, Janaki Nair, Robert M. Riffle, Elias, Meginnes, Riffle & Seghetti, PC, Peoria, IL, for Plaintiffs.

Matthew James Baker, Bowling Green, KY, for Defendants.

Baker Energy, Inc., Jackson, TN, pro se.

Ramesh Kapur, Hartford, WI, pro se.

Bhupinder Saini, Hartford, WI, pro se.

MEMORANDUM OPINION

RUSSELL, District Judge.

This matter comes before the Court on the Plaintiff G.D. Deal Holdings, LLC's ("GD Deal") Motion for Summary Judgment (Docket # 77). Defendants Rohit Sharma ("Sharma") and Surinder Multani ("Multani") have responded (Docket # 83)^[1], and the Plaintiff has replied to their response (Docket # 85). This matter is now ripe for adjudication. For the following reasons, the Plaintiff's Motion for Summary Judgment is GRANTED.

PROCEDURAL HISTORY

The Plaintiff initially filed this action against the Defendants in Warren County Circuit Court. It was removed to this Court on January 10, 2005. On March 11, 2005, the Court ordered that this matter be stayed through the duration of the bankruptcy concerning the Defendants, though the Court retained jurisdiction. On March 6, 2006, the bankruptcy petition of Defendant Baker Energy, Inc. was dismissed. On September 28, 2006, the Court removed the stay and restored this matter to the active docket. The Plaintiff filed the instant motion in January 2007.

FACTUAL BACKGROUND

This case arises from a dispute concerning real property and personal property leases connected to thirty-eight (38) gasoline stations and convenience stores located throughout western Kentucky and north-central Tennessee. In April 2001, the Plaintiff leased thirty-eight (38) gasoline stations and convenience stores ("properties") to Clark Retail Enterprises, Inc. ("CRE"). There were two (2) leases between GD Deal and CRE that dealt with real property, personal property and equipment at the thirty-eight (38) locations ("real property lease" and "personal property lease"). GD Deal was the owner of the real property on which the gasoline stations and convenience stores were located. GE Capital Franchise Finance Corporation ("GE Capital") was the mortgage lender of the properties. FFCA Acquisition Corporation ("FFCA") had a security interest on all of the equipment located at the properties. However, following a merger between GE Capital and FFCA, GE Capital held both the mortgage and security interests.

On October 15, 2002, CRE filed a voluntary petition in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Northern District of Illinois requesting reorganization under Chapter 11. The Court in that matter granted CRE the authority to assign its leases on the properties to Baker Energy, Inc. ("Baker"), which was run by Sharma and Multani. Both Sharma, the President and an equity owner of Baker, and Multani, a director and shareholder of Baker, personally guaranteed payment of all liabilities under the leases on behalf of Baker to GD Deal. Pursuant to the Assumption Order and Assumption Agreement by the Bankruptcy Court on August 26, 2003, Baker became the holder of CRE's leasehold interests in the properties. This included the payment of rent to GD Deal under the terms of the leases.

After assuming the liabilities under the leases, the Plaintiff contends that Baker defaulted on several of its obligations. On January 5, 2005, GD Deal sent Baker a "notice of default and notice of termination upon failure to cure default" letter. On January 20, 2005, GD Deal sent Baker another letter, this time informing Baker that it was terminating its lease with Baker regarding the properties. Four (4) days later on January 24, 2005, this Court issued an agreed preliminary injunction so that Crown Oil and Petroleum Supplies, Inc. ("Crown Oil"), who had been assigned some of Baker's interests as a tenant under the leases, could collect rent from the subtenants of the properties. However, on February 4, 2005, Crown Oil filed a voluntary petition of bankruptcy with the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Eastern District of Wisconsin seeking relief under Chapter 11. Eleven (11) days later, on February 15, 2005, Baker followed suit, filing a voluntary petition of bankruptcy with the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Western District of Tennessee seeking relief under Chapter 11. Both petitions were eventually dismissed. From February 2005 through August 2005, GD Deal was not able to act on and/or collect rent from the properties due to the bankruptcy proceedings.

In April 2005, GE Capital, as the holder of the ``mortgage and security interests, accelerated the amount of debt due and began the process of foreclosure of the properties. In August 2005, the Bankruptcy Court for the Western District of Tennessee held that Baker had rejected the leases between it and GD Deal. At that point, the Plaintiff attempted to collect rent from the subtenants of Baker who were operating the properties. However, in September 2005, GE Capital sent a stay collection letter to GD Deal, demanding that GD Deal cease its collection efforts from the properties. GE Capital then filed a claim in this Court, requesting foreclosure on the, Kentucky properties. The Court held that the foreclosure actions asserted by GE Capital were not related to Baker's bankruptcy case to confer jurisdiction, and therefore, dismissed GE Capital's claim.

As a result, GE Capital pursued its foreclosure claims by filing actions in more than twenty (20) separate circuit courts throughout the Commonwealth. The Kentucky courts appointed NRC Realty Advisors, LLC ("NRC Realty") to possess the property pending sale and act as the receiver over the properties. This precluded GD Deal from exercising any ownership over the properties. The majority of the properties have been foreclosed upon and sold. In this case, GD Deal seeks to recover all available remedies against Baker, Sharma and Multani, arguing that the Defendants breached the terms of the leases that covered the properties.

STANDARD

Summary judgment is available under Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c) if the moving party can establish that the "pleadings, depositions, answer to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue of material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." In determining whether summary judgment is appropriate, a court must resolve all ambiguities and draw all reasonable inferences against the moving party. See Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587, 106 S. Ct. 1348, 89 L. Ed. 2d 538 (1986).

"[N]ot every issue of fact or conflicting inference presents a genuine issue of material fact." Street v. J.C. Bradford & Co., 886 F.2d 1472, 1477 (6th Cir.1989). The test is "whether the party bearing the burden of proof has presented a jury question as to each element in the case." Hartsel v. Keys, 87 F.3d 795, 799 (6th Cir.1996). The plaintiff must present more than a mere scintilla of evidence. To support this position, he must present evidence on which the trier of fact could find for the plaintiff. See id. (citing Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, 477 U.S. 242, 251-52, 106 S. Ct. 2505, 91 L. Ed. 2d 202 (1986)). Mere speculation will not suffice to defeat a motion for summary judgment: "[t]he mere existence of a colorable factual dispute will not defeat a properly supported motion for summary judgment. A genuine dispute between the parties on an issue of material fact must exist to render summary judgment inappropriate." Monette v. Electronic Data Systems Corp., 90 F.3d 1173, 1177 (6th Cir.1996).

Finally, while Kentucky state law is applicable to this case pursuant to Erie Railroad v. Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64, 58 S. Ct. 817, 82 L. Ed. 1188 (1938), a federal court in a diversity action applies the standards of Fed.R.Civ.P. 56, not "Kentucky's summary judgment standard as expressed in Steelvest, Inc. v. Scansteel Sera. Ctr., Inc., 807 S.W.2d 476 (1991)." Gafford v. General Electric Co., 997 F.2d 150, 165 (6th Cir.1993).

DISCUSSION

GD Deal claims damages against the Defendants for breaching both leases. Under the real property lease, GD Deal claims that it is owed damages for the Defendants' failure to pay rent for the time period prior to the date Baker rejected the lease and that GD Deal is owed damages connected to the sums that were to become due after Baker rejected the lease agreement, as stipulated by the lease.

Under the personal property lease, GD Deal claims that it is owed damages for the Defendants' failure to pay rent for the time period prior to the date Baker rejected the lease and that GD Deal is owed damages connected to the sums that were to become due after Baker rejected the lease agreement, as stipulated by the lease.

In addition, GD Deal contends that under the terms of the leases it is entitled to recover all court costs, attorney fees, associated legal expenses and miscellaneous costs under the terms of the real property lease. In total, GD Deal claims $10,048,295.12 in damages for Baker's alleged breach of the leases.

In their response, the Defendants argue GD Deal, overcharged Baker in excess of $752,253.82. In addition, the Defendants assert that the January 24, 2005 agreed preliminary injunction is a novation, which discharges any obligations the Defendants may have had to the Plaintiff in relation to the leases. In its reply, the Plaintiff contends that Baker did not overpay its rent and that the agreed preliminary injunction did not constitute a novation.

The Court shall first address the defense raised by the Defendants in their response in determining whether the agreed preliminary injunction was a novation that discharged the Defendants from any liability to the Plaintiff. The Court shall then examine the arguments asserted by the Plaintiff in its motion to determine if GD Deal is entitled to damages due to the Defendants' alleged breach of the real property and personal property leases. In addition, the Court shall also address the claims by the Plaintiff for court costs, attorney fees and associated legal expenses incurred by GD Deal in connection with the alleged breach by Baker. Lastly, the Court shall address the cross claim filed against GD Deal by Baker contending that GD Deal overcharged the Defendants $752,253.82 in rent.

1. Agreed Preliminary Injunction as a Novation

In their response to the Plaintiffs motion for summary judgment, the Defendants contend that the January 24, 2005 agreed preliminary injunction ("injunction") between the parties and Crown Oil constituted a novation that discharged the Defendants from any debt owed to the Plaintiff. As noted supra, when the Bankruptcy Court permitted CRE to assign its interest and liabilities in the properties to Baker, Sharma and Multani personally guaranteed Baker's debt. However, the Defendants argue that because the injunction is a novation it supercedes any previous agreements reached by the parties concerning debt under the leases. In addition, Defendants Sharma and Multani contend that because they did not sign the January 24, 2005 injunction they have no continuing obligation under the leases. In its reply, the Plaintiff contends that: 1) the agreed preliminary injunction entered by the Court was not a novation; 2) the Defendants are judicially estopped from claiming the lease agreements were extinguished by an alleged novation; and 3) the Defendants waived the defense of discharge by novation in the personal guaranty agreement.

Kentucky courts define a novation as "the substitution of a new obligation for an old one, with intent to extinguish the old one, or the substitution of a new debtor for an old one, with the intent to release the latter, or the substitution of a new creditor, with the intent to transfer the rights of the old one to him." Truscon Steel Co. v. Thirlwell Elec. Co., 265 Ky. 414, 416-17, 96 S.W.2d 1023 (1936); see also In re Cantrill Const. Co., 418 F.2d 705, 707 (6th Cir.1969); M.A. Walker Co., Inc. v. PBK Bank, Inc., 95 S.W.3d 70, 75 (Ky.Ct.App.2002). "Intent is the essential element" in proving the existence of a novation, and "[t]he burden of proving a novation [is] on the [party seeking to enforce it]." In re Cantrill Const. Co., 418 F.2d at 707; see also Clark v. Thompson, 309 Ky. 850, 219 S.W.2d 22, 29 (1949)(quoting North Western Mut. Life Ins. Co. V. Eddleman, 247 Ky. 116, 56 S.W.2d 561 (Ky.1932))("``[w]hether a novation has been accomplished or not depends upon the intention of the parties. This intent is the controlling element in determining the question, and unless the transaction was intended to extinguish the old obligation by substituting the new one therefor, a novation is not effected.'").

In the instant matter, there was no intent by the Plaintiff in the injunction to extinguish the obligations of the Defendants under the leases. The Defendants have not pointed to any specific language from the injunction that demonstrates that GD Deal sought to release the Defendants from their obligations. On the contrary, the injunction states, in pertinent part:

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED as agreed that nothing herein shall be construed or interpreted as a release of any claims defenses by any party, or as a release of the obligations of any guarantor. Further, nothing herein shall be construed or interpreted as a consent or acceptance by GD Deal or Girkin Development to the assignment by Baker Energy to Crown, or a waiver of any defaults under the lease agreements, or a release of Baker Energy's liability under the lease agreements except for subsequent lease payments, which come due while this Order is in place. (emphasis added).

This section of the injunction leaves no doubt that GD Deal did not intend to release the Defendants from their obligations. The Defendants have not met their burden in proving that the Plaintiff intended to release them from their obligations. Accordingly, the January 24, 2005 Agreed Preliminary Injunction did not serve as a novation of the leases, and therefore, the Defendants obligations to the Plaintiff continued after the injunction was issued.

Further, the Court also concurs with the argument asserted by the Plaintiff that the Defendants are judicially estopped from claiming that their obligations under the leases were extinguished by a novation. The doctrine of judicial estoppel is "``an equitable doctrine invoked by the court at its discretion.' See New Hampshire v. Maine, 532 U.S. 742, 750, 121 S. Ct. 1808, 149 L. Ed. 2d 968 (2001)." Lewis v. Weyerhaeuser Co., 141 Fed.Appx. 420, 423 (6th Cir.2005). The doctrine "``generally prevents a party from prevailing in one phase of a case on an argument and then relying on a contradictory argument to prevail in another phase.' New Hampshire, 532 U.S. at 749, 121 S. Ct. 1808, 149 L. Ed. 2d 968." Id. at 424. "Judicial estoppel ``preserve[s] the integrity of the courts by preventing a party from abusing the judicial process through cynical gamesmanship.' Browning v. Levy, 283 F.3d 761, 776 (6th Cir.2002) (quotation omitted). This court has previously described judicial estoppel as a rule against ``playing fast and loose with the courts,' ``blowing hot and cold as the occasion demands,' or ``hav[ing] [one's] cake and eat[ing] it too.' Reynolds v. Comm'r, 861 F.2d 469, 472 (6th Cir. 1988) (citations omitted) (alteration in original)." Id.

Essentially, judicial estoppel bars a party from "``(1) asserting a position that is contrary to one that the party has asserted under oath in a prior proceeding, where (2) the prior court adopted the contrary position either as a preliminary matter or as part of a final, disposition.' Browning, 283 F.3d at 775 (internal quotation omitted)." Id.

During Baker's bankruptcy proceeding, which was after the injunction was signed by the parties, the Defendants acknowledged through their Motion to Extend Time Period to Assume or Reject Unexpired Leases of Non-Residential Real Property that the leases were not extinguished. In that motion, which was filed after January 24, 2005, Baker stated that it is "the lessee under certain leases of non-residential real which consist primarily of service stations/convenience stores located in Kentucky." To now argue that the injunction served as a novation after acknowledging that it was a lessee under the agreement is an example of what the doctrine of judicial estoppel seeks to preclude; "preventing a party from abusing the judicial process through cynical gamesmanship." Browning at 776. Accordingly, the Defendants are judicially estopped from arguing that the January 24, 2005 injunction was a novation.^[2]

2. Damages under the Real Property Lease

The Plaintiff claims two (2) sets of damages against the Defendants under the real property lease: 1) failure to pay rent for the time period prior to the date Baker rejected the lease agreement and 2) sums that would become due after Baker rejected the lease agreement. In their response, the Defendants did not address these arguments nor the figures submitted by the Plaintiff. The Court shall address each claim under the real property lease separately.

i) Failure to Pay Rent

The Plaintiff contends that from February 2005 through August 2005, the Defendants owe the Plaintiff rent on the real property. While the Plaintiff does acknowledge that it did receive some rent during that time ($521,929.56) from Crown Oil on behalf of the Defendants, it claims that the Defendants fell short by a total of $660,433.96.

The rent per month for the real property was $153,887.00. There was a seven (7) month period where the Plaintiff claims it was not paid, for a total of $1,077,209.00 ($153,887.00 × 7). Subtracting the amount paid by the Defendants from the seven (7) month figure and the remaining amount becomes $555,279.44. The Plaintiff reaches the figure of $660,433.96 by contending that the Defendants owed interest on the rent for late payment, as stated in Section 6.5 of the lease. The lease states that "[a]ny delinquent payment by Tenant (that is, any payment not made by the date when and after all applicable notice and cure periods provided in this Lease) shall, in addition to any other remedy of Landlord, bear interest at the Default Rate, such interest to be computed commencing on the date such payment was due through and including the date of the payment." The Plaintiff submits that the default interest rate was 12% per annum, and that through January. 18, 2007, the total amount due comes to $660,433.96.

As noted supra, the Defendants have not challenged the figure reached by the Plaintiff nor have they addressed this argument. Accordingly, the Court finds that the Defendants owe the Plaintiff $660,433.96 for failure to pay the Plaintiff rent on the real property from February 2005 through August 2005.

ii) Sums Due After Baker's Rejection of the Real Property Lease Agreement

GD Deal also contends that it has the right to accelerate the payment of rent on the lease and recover from the Defendants all monies that were to become due after Baker rejected the lease agreement. The Plaintiff argues that under Section 28.2.5 of the lease, damages for this amount are calculated by adding up the total accelerated amount of rent payments with a discount factor of 12%, and then subtracting that amount from the present value of the fair market rental values of the real estate at issue. The Plaintiff notes that the present value of the fair market rental values for real estate is also discounted at 12%. As noted supra, the Defendants have not challenged this argument in their response.

The Plaintiff asserts that because the original term of the lease was twenty (20) years and three (3) months and that the lease was rejected in August 2005, there are 191 months of rent payments that remain unpaid. Discounting the total amount of rent by the discount factor of 12% over 191 months, the Plaintiff submitted a total discounted accelerated amount of $7,766,428.97.

However, the Plaintiff contends that under the next step of calculating the damages under Section 282.5, subtracting the present value of the fair market rental values for real estate for the future duration of the lease, cannot take place because the Plaintiff cannot properly subtract the fair market rental value since GD Deal has lost its interest in the properties after the foreclosures, and therefore, to the Plaintiff the properties cannot have any future fair market rental value.

The Plaintiff also argues that Section 28.2.5 essentially requires the Plaintiff to mitigate damages under the assumption that under a new lease the landlord would apply any new rent received to the satisfaction of the prior liability of the tenant, in this case Baker. However, the Plaintiff notes that it could not mitigate damages in this situation because GE Capital would not permit GD Deal to act upon ``the property during the bankruptcy and foreclosure actions.

Lastly, the Plaintiff contends that language Section 28.2.5 that requires subtraction from total damages is a liquidated damages provision, and that the Court should not apply that provision in this matter because the provision was designed to mirror a general landlord mitigation clause, which was not feasible for the Plaintiff under the circumstances. As such, the Plaintiff requests to recover the sum of $7,766,428.97, which represents damages for the accelerated amount of rent due at the time of the rejection, discounted at 12% over the applicable time frame, less the subtraction of any future fair market rental value.

In determining the amount of damages the Plaintiff may recover for the default on the lease agreement by the Defendants, the Court must determine whether the Plaintiff has a right to receive accelerated damages under the lease agreement. If it has that right, the Court must then determine whether the provision that requires the Plaintiff to subtract any future fair market rental value is a liquidated damages provision that should not be enforced by the Court, and/or if an alternative measure of damages is more appropriate under the circumstances.

Section 28.2.5 of the lease agreement allows for the Plaintiff to accelerate and recover from the Defendant, stating in pertinent part that "all Rent and other monetary sums due and owing and scheduled to become and owing under this Lease both before and after the date of such breach for the entire original scheduled Term." (emphasis added). As such, the lease does permit the Plaintiff recover accelerated damages under the lease agreement due to the default by the Defendants.

Determining whether a clause is a liquidated damages provision is matter of law. Fidelity & Deposit Co. of Maryland v. Jones, 256 Ky. 181, 75 S.W.2d 1057, 1060 (1934). The Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals defines "liquidated damages" as "a definite sum or amount, which has been determined by agreement of the parties or by litigation." Jewett, Bigelow & Brooks v. Detroit Edison Co., 274 F. 30, 32 (6th Cir.1921). In addition, Courts have held that a liquidated damages provision must not be greatly disproportionate to the injury suffered, in that the amount stated must bear some relation to the actual injury rather than serving as a penalty. Smith v. Ward, 256 S.W.2d 385, 387 (Ky. 1953); Robert F. Simmons and Associates v. Urban Renewal and Community Development Agency of Louisville, 497 S.W.2d 705, 706 (Ky.1973); Mattingly Bridge Co. v. Holloway & Son Construction Co., 694 S.W.2d 702, 706 (Ky.1985); Man O War Restaurants, Inc. v. Martin, 932 S.W.2d 366, 369 (Ky.1996). Further, the actual damages must be difficult to ascertain. Id. If the stated amount is substantially higher than the actual injury suffered, the provision will be declared a penalty and not enforceable. Coca-Cola Bottling Works (Thomas) Inc. v. Hazard Coca-Cola Bottling Works, Inc., 450 S.W.2d 515, 518 (Ky.1970); Martin, 932 S.W.2d at 368. Lastly, a party should not recover damages in excess of those set out in a valid liquidated damages provision. Coca-Cola, 450 S.W.2d at 519; see also Island Creek Corp. v. Anker Energy Corp., 968 F.2d 1215 (6th Cir.1992).

In the instant matter, while Section 28.2.5 does entitle the Plaintiff to recover accelerated damages, the section does not contain and/or constitute a liquidated damages provision. First, the section does not specify a set amount of damages that was determined by the parties. Second, assuming that the Plaintiff still retained possession of the properties in question, the actual damages would not be difficult to ascertain, indicating that the parties did not intend the section to qualify as a liquidated damages provision. Here, the reason why the actual damages are difficult to configure is not because the actual damages are abstract, but instead it is because the Plaintiff is not in possession of the property, and therefore, it cannot determine the future fair market rental value of the properties. Further, even assuming that the section was a liquidated damages provision, the Plaintiff would not be able to recover the amount requested because GD Deal has not subtracted the future fair market rental value, and therefore, the Plaintiff would recover an excess of damages in contrast to those set out in Section 28.2.5. See Coca-Cola at 519.

As mentioned supra, the Plaintiff also contends that the provision within Section 28.2.5 that requires the subtraction of the fair market rental value mirrors a general obligation of landlord to mitigate damages upon default by a tenant. The Plaintiff correctly points out that where a tenant abandons the lease and the possibility to minimize damages is foreclosed, the landlord is under no obligation to mitigate his/her damages. Abraham v. Gheens, 205 Ky. 289, 265 S.W. 778 (1924); Ideal Furniture Co. v. Mazer, 234 Ky. 665, 28 S.W.2d 974 (1930); Jordon v. Nickell, 253 S.W.2d 237, 238-39 (Ky.1952); Fields v. Mullins, 320 S.W.2d 133 (Ky.1959); Illinois Basin Oil Ass'n v. Lynn, 425 S.W.2d 555, 560 (Ky.1968). In Lynn, the Kentucky Court of Appeals held that when a lessor was foreclosed from taking any steps to mitigate its damages, the trial court was correct in rejecting the mitigation instruction and holding that the lessor did not have a duty to mitigate under the circumstances because he had been foreclosed from doing so. Lynn at 560.

Here, similar to Lynn, the Plaintiff did not have a duty to mitigate its damages under the circumstances because as soon as the Defendants rejected the lease, GE Capital precluded the Plaintiff from taking any action and/or collecting any rent from the properties. Eventually, the properties were, foreclosed, relinquishing any interest GD Deal had over the properties and foreclosing the Plaintiff from mitigating its damages after the Defendants defaulted on the lease. Accordingly, the Plaintiff had no duty to mitigate its damages under the circumstances because it was foreclosed from taking any steps to do so. As such, the Court, now must determine if the provision requiring the subtraction of the fair market rental value within Section 28.2.5 mirrors a mitigation clause; if that provision does mirror and/or constitute a mitigation clause, then the Plaintiff may recover accelerated damages without having to subtract the fair market rental value because the Plaintiff had no duty to mitigate its damages under the circumstances.

The provision in question within Section 28.2.5 states:

there shall be subtracted from such accelerated amounts present value of the fair market rental values of the Properties for the period from the date of acceleration until the date of the remainder of the Term (excluding all unexercised Renewal Periods) using the same discount factor (net of costs reasonably incurred by Landlord to mitigate its damages hereunder). (emphasis added).

Within the provision the last parenthetical section defines "the same discount factor" as the "net of costs reasonably incurred by [the] Landlord to mitigate its damages hereunder." This implies that the "``provision in question constitutes a mitigation clause, and therefore, the Plaintiff does need to subtract the fair market rental values from the properties because the Plaintiff was foreclosed from having the opportunity to mitigate damages after the Defendants rejected the leases.

Other jurisdictions have consistently held that a subtraction of the fair market rental value and/or fair market value from a property corresponds with a duty to mitigate on behalf of the landlord following a default by the tenant. See Lu v. Grewal, 130 Cal. App. 4th 841, 30 Cal. Rptr. 3d 623, 627-28 (2005)(holding that when a tenant breaches a contract "the correct measure for mitigation credit is the property's fair market rental value."); Harrison Riverside Ltd. Partnership v. Eagle Affiliates, Inc., 309 N.J.Super. 470, 707 A.2d 490, 493 (1998); American Nat. Bank and Trust Co. of Chicago v. Hoyne Industries, Inc., 1990 WL 114486, *3 (N.D.Ill. July 31, 1990); Kauder v. Thompson, 1986 WL 5424, *5 (Ohio Ct.App.1986); see also Snell v. Salem Ave. Assoc., 111 Ohio App. 3d 23, 37-39, 675 N.E.2d 555 (Ohio Ct.App.1996); Hill v. Metropolitan Dist. Com'n, 439 Mass. 266, 787 N.E.2d 526, 535 (2003); Ly v. Nystrom, 615 N.W.2d 302, 307 (Minn. 2000); National Life Ins. Co. v. Conagra, Inc., 1994 WL 924300, *5 (W.D.N.C. October 21, 1994).

Accordingly, the Court finds that the Defendants owe the Plaintiff $7,766,428.97 in damages for an accelerated amount of rent due after the rejection of the real property lease agreement by the Defendants in August 2005.

3. Damages under the Personal Property (Equipment) Lease

Similar to the real property lease, the Plaintiff claims two (2) sets of damages against the Defendants under the personal property lease: 1) failure to pay rent for the time period prior to the date Baker rejected the lease agreement and 2) sums that would become due after Baker rejected the lease agreement. In their response, the Defendants did not address these arguments nor the figures submitted by the Plaintiff. The Court shall address each claim under the personal property lease separately.

i) Failure to Pay Rent

The Plaintiff contends that from February 2005 through August 2005, the Defendants owe the Plaintiff rent on the personal property. During that time, the Plaintiff submits that during that seven (7) month period the rent per month on the personal property was $54,822.00. The Plaintiff states that it received $9,710.62 from the Baker to apply to the rent owed under the personal property lease. In addition, similar to the real property lease, all delinquent payments accumulate interest at a default rate of 12% per annum. As of January 18, 2007, the Plaintiff claims $451,223.70 in damages for the failure of the Defendants to pay rent on the personal property lease from February 2005 through August 2005.

As noted supra, the Defendants have not challenged the figure reached by the Plaintiff nor have they addressed this argument. Accordingly, the Court finds that the Defendants owe the Plaintiff $451,223.70 for failure to pay the Plaintiff rent on the personal property from February 2005 through August 2005.

ii) Sums Due After Baker's Rejection of the Personal Property Lease Agreement

GD Deal also contends that it has the right to accelerate and recover from the Defendants all rent monies that were to become due after Baker rejected the personal property lease agreement. Similar to the real property argument analyzed supra, the Plaintiff put forth the same arguments as to why it should recover damages from the Defendants for the accelerated amount of rent payments. Section 22.2.5 in the personal property lease contains the exact same language as Section 28.2.25 of the real property lease. Using the same steps and formulas in figuring the rent amount owed under the real property lease, the Plaintiff submits a claim of $945,098.98 in damages for an accelerated amount of rent due after the rejection of the leases by the Defendants.

As noted supra, the Defendants have not challenged the figure reached by the Plaintiff nor have they addressed this argument. Accordingly, the Court finds that the Defendants owe the Plaintiff $945,098.98 in damages for an accelerated amount of rent due after the rejection of the personal property lease agreement by the Defendants in August 2005.

4. Court Costs, Attorney Fees and Associated Legal Expenses

Both the real property lease and the personal property lease, under Section 28.2.6 and Section 22.2.6, respectively, provide for the recovery of legal expenses to the Plaintiff, regardless of whether or not legal proceedings are actually commenced, so long as the Plaintiff is the prevailing party. As of January 18, 2007, the Plaintiff claims legal fees, including court costs, attorney fees and associated legal expenses, in the amount of $140,296.04. This includes representing the Plaintiff in: bankruptcy cases in Tennessee and Wisconsin; a case before the Western District of Tennessee; foreclosure cases in over twenty (20) circuit courts through out the Commonwealth; and two (2) appearances before this Court, including the instant matter. In Kentucky, a party may recover legal expenses if a contract expressly provides for such fees. Kentucky State Bank v. AG Services, Inc., 663 S.W.2d 754, 755 (Ky.Ct.App.1984); Batson v. Clark, 980 S.W.2d 566, 577 (Ky.Ct.App.1998); see also McNutt v. State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company, 369 F. Supp. 381, 385-86 (W.D.Ky.1973), aff'd, 494 F.2d 1282 (6th Cir.1974).

The Defendants have not challenged the figures reached by the Plaintiff nor have they addressed this argument. Accordingly, the Court finds that the Plaintiff is entitled to $140,296.04 in attorney fees and costs.

The Plaintiff also seeks the recovery of "miscellaneous expenses" it incurred in dealing with the properties because of the default by the Defendants. GD Deal seeks to recover costs it incurred, including: paying taxes on the properties ($7,147.43); securing compliance with applicable environmental statutes and EPA regulations ($38,224.36); insurance ($23,494.02); and repairs ($15,947.66), for a total of $84,813.47 in miscellaneous expenses. Fred Higgins, the President of GD Deal, has documented these costs and expenses in an affidavit. While the Plaintiff does not state how and/or when the default by the Defendants caused the Plaintiff to incur these expenses, it does provide the relevant sections within the real property lease that justify the recovery of these expenses regardless of how and when the costs took place.

Section 7.1 mandates that the landlord (GD Deal) has a net lease with the tenant (Baker) "free of expenses or charges with respect to the Properties, except as provided in this Lease. Tenant shall pay, subject to terms of this Lease, as Additional Rent and discharge before they become delinquent, all items of expenses, arising during and pertaining to the Term, from the operation, maintenance, repair, use or occupancy of the Properties." (emphasis added).

Section 7.2.1 states, in pertinent part, that the "[t]enant shall pay and discharge, before delinquency, all Impositions. Tenant shall pay all interest and penalties assessed by any Government on account of late payment of any imposition." Under the "definitions" section on page 6, the real property lease defines "impositions" as "all taxes, special and general assessments, water rents, rates and charges, commercial rent taxes, all charges for utility telecommunication services, all sales, gross receipts and other taxes, duties or imposts . . . levies fees and other impositions and charges of every nature and kind."

Section 11.1.2 requires that the tenant keep, the properties "free and clear of all environmental liens, whether due to any act or omission of Tenant or any other person." Section 14. 1, entitled "Indemnification by Tenant," is a "catch-all" provision that requires the tenant to indemnify the landlord "from and against any and all losses." Lastly, Section 15.1-15.5 mandates the tenant to maintain insurance on the properties.

The Defendants have not challenged the figure reached by the Plaintiff nor have they addressed this argument. Accordingly, the Court finds that the Plaintiff is entitled to $84,813.47 in miscellaneous costs associated with the Defendants' breach of the real property lease.

5. Overpayment of Rent Owed to the Plaintiff — Counterclaim of Baker

In Baker's answer to the Plaintiff's complaint (Docket # 3), Baker asserted that the Plaintiff breached its lease agreement with Baker by overcharging the Defendant $752,253.82 in rent. In their response to the Plaintiffs motion for summary judgment (Docket # 83), Defendants Sharma and Multani also state that as of January 2005, GD Deal had overcharged Baker in excess of $752,253.82. Though the Defendants do not elaborate on this issue except to state that the overcharge caused the Defendants "severe financial distress," the Plaintiff devotes a substantial part of its twenty-six (26) page reply (Docket # 85) to this matter. The Plaintiff offers a detailed history of the transactions between CRE, the entity who entered into the original lease agreement with GD Deal, and Girkin Development LLC ("Girkin"), who worked with GD Deal on leasing the properties in 2001 and is a co-Plaintiff in this matter. The Plaintiff offers a thorough explanation both addressing and disproving the allegation of the overcharge, countering the argument put forth by the Defendants in their answer to the complaint and response to the motion for summary judgment, respectively.

Baker has not responded to the Plaintiffs motion for summary judgment. Further, none of the Defendants have provided any evidence to support the claim that the Plaintiff overcharged Baker in excess of $752,253.82. Under FRCP 56, the Supreme Court has held that a party must present more than a mere scintilla of evidence in order for the claim to survive a motion for summary judgment. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, 477 U.S. 242, 251-52, 106 S. Ct. 2505, 91 L. Ed. 2d 202 (1986). At this juncture, the Defendants have not met their burden in sustaining their counterclaim against the Plaintiff because the Defendants have not provided any evidence or arguments to support their assertion. Accordingly, the Court finds that the Defendants' counterclaim that the Plaintiff overcharged them rent fails as a matter of law.

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the Plaintiffs Motion for Summary Judgment is GRANTED. The Court finds that the Defendants owe the Plaintiff $660,433.96 for failure to pay the Plaintiff rent on the real property from February 2005 through August 2005. The Court finds that the Defendants owe the Plaintiff $7,766,428.97 in damages for an accelerated amount of rent due after the rejection of the real property lease agreement by the Defendants in August 2005. The Court finds that the Defendants owe the Plaintiff $451,223.70 for failure to pay the Plaintiff rent on the personal property from February 2005 through August 2005. The Court finds that the Defendants owe the Plaintiff $945,098.98 in damages for an accelerated amount of rent due after the rejection of the personal property lease agreement by the Defendants in August 2005. The Court finds that the Plaintiff is entitled to $140,296.04 in attorney fees and costs. The Court finds that the Plaintiff is entitled to $84,813.47 in miscellaneous costs associated with the Defendants' breach of the real property lease. Lastly, the Defendants' counterclaim against the Plaintiff for breach of the lease agreement fails as a matter of law.

Accordingly, the Plaintiff shall recover $10,048,295.12 in damages from the Defendants for their breach and default of the real property, and personal property leases.

An appropriate order shall issue.

OPINION & ORDER

This matter comes before the Court on the Defendants' Motion to Vacate/Alter or Amend and/or Motion for Relief from Judgment pursuant to FRCP 59 and FRCP 60 (Docket # 105), in response to the Court's May 11, 2007 Memorandum Opinion and Order (Dockets # 98 & # 99). The Plaintiffs have responded to the Defendants' motion (Docket # 114) and the Defendants have replied to that response (Docket # 115). This matter is now ripe for adjudication. For the following reasons, the Defendants' motions are DENIED, and pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 54(b) and 28 U.S.C. § 1292(b), the Court finds that the Memorandum Opinion and Order of May 11, 2007 (Dockets # 98 & # 99) constitute a FINAL JUDGMENT between the parties, and therefore, are final and appealable.

STANDARD

The court may grant a motion to alter or amend, pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 59(e), "if there is a clear error of law, newly discovered evidence, an intervening change in controlling law or to prevent manifest injustice." GenCorp v. American International, 178 F.3d 804, 834 (6th Cir.1999) (internal citations omitted). "[C]ourts typically will consider additional evidence accompanying a Rule 59(e) motion only when it has been newly discovered, and that to [c]onstitute ``newly discovered evidence,' the evidence must have been previously unavailable." GenCorp, 178 F.3d at 834. A FRCP 59(e) motion to alter does not provide the Plaintiff another opportunity to argue the merits of their case. GenCorp at 834.

Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60(b), a party must show either: mistake under subsection (1); newly discovered evidence under subsection (2); fraud under subsection (3); show that the judgment is void as required by subsection (4); show that the judgment should not have prospective application as required by subsection (5); or show any exceptional circumstances justifying relief under subsection (6), in order to receive relief from judgment. FRCP 60(b); Walker v. Lifeskills, Inc., 56 Fed. Appx. 251 (6th Cir.2003). However, "[t]he standard for granting a Rule 60 motion is significantly higher than the standard applicable to a Rule 59 motion." Moore v. Hayes, 156 F.3d 1231 (6th Cir.1998). One of the six (6) specified circumstances must exist in order for the Court to even consider granting such relief. Id.

DISCUSSION

The Defendants' motion contests two (2) issues that the Court previously addressed in the May 11, 2007 Memorandum Opinion.

First, the Defendants contend that factual issues exist as to whether or not the Plaintiffs overcharged the Defendants rent on certain properties leased to the Defendants, amounting to $752,253.82, as of January 2005. However, the Court addressed this matter in great detail in its May 11, 2007 Memorandum Opinion. The Court noted that the Defendants did "not elaborate on this issue except to state that the overcharge caused the Defendants ``severe financial distress,'" and that Defendant Baker Energy, Inc. had "not responded to the Plaintiff's motion for summary judgment." The Court also stated that "none of the Defendants have provided any evidence to support the claim that the Plaintiff overcharged Baker in excess of $752,253.82." Here, the Defendants are attempting to re-litigate this matter, which is precluded under FRCP 59(e). GenCorp, 178 F.3d at 834. The Defendants had ample opportunity to address this matter in its response to the Plaintiffs' motion for summary judgment, yet chose not to do so. In addition, the affidavits by the Defendants in this matter do not bring to light any new facts that would alter the decision by the Court. The Court finds no reason why it should vacate, alter or amend its previous memorandum opinion addressing this matter. Accordingly, the Defendants are not entitled to relief in this matter under FRCP 59 or FRCP 60.

The second issue raised by the Defendants is that to the best of their knowledge all the store locations that are subject to the lease agreement have been sold, and therefore, the Plaintiffs would make a double recovery on them if the Court permitted the Plaintiffs to recover accelerated rent payments. However, the facts indicate that the Plaintiffs have not recovered on the sale of any of the properties, as most of the properties were sold in foreclosure sales initiated by GE Capital Franchise Finance Corporation, the company who had a security interest in the properties. In addition, the recovery on the sale of properties, which is the profit made after a property is sold, differs from the recovery of accelerated rent payments, which constitute lost future profits of rent payments due to the Defendants' breach of contract. Here, the lease signed between the Plaintiff, GD Deal Holdings, Inc., and the Defendants, entitled the Plaintiff to the recovery of accelerated rent payments should the Defendants breach their contract. Accordingly, the Court finds that the Plaintiffs would not receive a double recovery for the accelerated rent payments, and therefore, the Defendants are not entitled to relief on this issue under FRCP 59 or FRCP 60.

Lastly, pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 54(b) and 28 U.S.C. § 1292(b), the Court finds that the Memorandum Opinion and Order of May 11, 2007 constitute a final judgment between the Plaintiffs and Defendants, as there are no more issues to be resolved between these parties; therefore, in the interest of justice, the Court finds the that May 11, 2007 Memorandum Opinion and Order are final and appealable.

Under Fed.R.Civ.P. 54(b) and 28 U.S.C. § 1292(b), the Court may certify issues decided in a motion for summary judgment as final for purposes of an appeal. See Solomon v. Aetna Life Ins. Co., 782 F.2d 58, 60-61 (6th Cir.1986); Curry v. Scott, 249 F.3d 493, 499 (6th Cir.2001); see also Fed.R.Civ.R. 54(b)(stating "[w]hen more than one claim for relief is presented in an action, whether as a claim, counterclaim, cross-claim, or third-party claim, or when multiple parties are involved, the court may direct the entry of a final judge lent as to one or more but fewer than all of the claims or parties only upon an express determination that there is no just reason for delay and upon an express direction for the entry of judgment.").

While the third party claims of Intervenor Plaintiff, Cincinnati Insurance Company, have not been resolved, all the claims between the Plaintiffs and Defendants, the main parties in this matter, were addressed and resolved by the May 11, 2007 Memorandum Opinion and Order. In addition, entering final judgment in this matter will permit the Plaintiffs to act upon the findings of law issued by the Court in its memorandum opinion and order by allowing the Plaintiffs to (1) enforce their judgment against the Defendants and (2) prevent the possible fraudulent transfer of assets by the individual Defendants. Further, by entering a final judgment on this matter, the Motion for Temporary Restraining Order (Docket # 120) filed by the Plaintiffs becomes moot, and therefore, the Court would not have to possibly interfere with assets located outside of the Western District of Kentucky.

Additionally, on June 12, 2007, the Court had a telephonic conference with all the parties in this matter, including the Intervenor Plaintiff. The Court notes that none of the parties objected to the Court entering a final judgment as to May 11, 2007 Memorandum Opinion and Order. Accordingly, the Court certifies the May 11, 2007 Memorandum Opinion and Order for immediate appeal under Fed.R.Civ.P. 54(b) and 28 U.S.C. § 1292(b).

CONCLUSION

IT IS SO ORDERED:

The Defendants' Motions to Alter/Vacate or Amend and/or Relief from Judgment are DENIED. And, pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 54(b) and 28 U.S.C. § 1292(b), the Court shall enter FINAL JUDGMENT as to May 11, 2007 Memorandum Opinion and Order (Dockets # 98 & # 99), and therefore, those entries are both final and appealable.

NOTES

[1] Defendant Baker Energy, Inc. has not responded to this motion.

[2] The Plaintiff also asserts that the Defendants waived the defense of discharge by novation because they signed personal guarantee statements. The Plaintiff acknowledges that Kentucky has not addressed this specific issue, and has instead cited cases from Georgia and Pennsylvania. This Court has not found any Kentucky or "Sixth Circuit case law on point. Nonetheless, as the Court has determined that the January 24, 2005 Agreed Preliminary Injunction was not a novation and that the Defendants are judicially estopped from arguing that the injunction was a novation, the Court does not need to address this argument of first impression at this juncture.