Commonwealth v. Braune

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SJC-12514
COMMONWEALTH vs. SHEA BRAUNE.
Essex. October 4, 2018. - January 29, 2019.
Present: Gants, C.J., Lenk, Gaziano, Lowy, Budd, Cypher, &
Kafker, JJ.
Money Laundering. Statute, Construction. Words, "Designed to
conceal."
Indictments found and returned in the Superior Court
Department on December 30, 2015.
The cases were tried before Joshua I. Wall, J.
The Supreme Judicial Court granted an application for
direct appellate review.
Alexandra H. Deal for the defendant.
Philip A. Mallard, Assistant District Attorney, for the
Commonwealth.
LOWY, J. The defendant, Shea Braune, was convicted of
receiving stolen property and money laundering after she and her
girlfriend, Romi Kimell, used over $300,000 in cash that Kimell
had stolen from her mother and stepfather to fund a lavish
2
lifestyle. In an ill-fated attempt to cover their tracks,
Kimell gave a substantial amount of the stolen cash to Braune,
who deposited it into her checking account through a series of
transactions, each under $10,000, later claiming to have
received the money in an inheritance. A subset of these
deposits forms the basis for Braune's money laundering
conviction. On appeal, Braune argues that the evidence was
insufficient as a matter of law to establish "concealment" money
laundering, in violation of G. L. c. 267A, § 2 (2) (ii) (A),
where she openly deposited the money into her checking account
using her own name. Because we conclude that the evidence was
sufficient for a rational jury to conclude that Braune's
deposits were designed, in whole or in part, to conceal the
nature, location, source, ownership, or control of the stolen
funds, we affirm.
Background. Viewing the evidence in the light most
favorable to the Commonwealth, the jury could have found the
following facts. In the fall of 2013, when the victims, James
and Janice Welling,1 went to stay at their Florida home for the
winter, they left over $300,000 in cash (packaged in stacks of
fifty and one hundred dollar bills), along with a few items of
Janice's jewelry, in a box that was taped shut and stored in a
1 For clarity, we refer to the couple either collectively as
the Wellings, or individually by their first names.
3
locked closet in the master bedroom of their North Andover home.2
The only other person who knew about the box was Janice's
daughter, Kimell.
Kimell had enjoyed a close relationship with her mother and
James, who was Kimell's stepfather, and the Wellings had
provided significant financial support to Kimell throughout her
life. However, the relationship had soured shortly before the
time in question.3 While the Wellings were in Florida, Kimell
began to remove cash from the box in the Wellings' master
closet. Kimell provided some of the cash to Braune. Braune
then made a series of deposits into her checking account, each
under $10,000,4 using the stolen money.
At a certain point, Kimell took the remaining contents of
the box and replaced them with a duffel bag full of copy paper,
resealing the box and restoring it to its place in the closet.5
2 According to James, the box contained anywhere from
$300,000 to $600,000, possibly more.
3 James had made unwelcome sexual advances toward Kimell
during an approximately eighteen-month period beginning in 2011,
which Kimell had rejected. In addition, James had expressed
disapproval of Kimell's romantic relationship with Braune.
4 The jury heard evidence that cash transactions over
$10,000 must be reported to the Federal government. See 31
U.S.C. § 5313(a) (2012); 31 C.F.R. § 1010.311 (2013).
5 The jury saw date-stamped, security-camera footage of
Kimell leaving the Wellings' house in North Andover on April 27,
2014, with a large black garbage bag over her shoulder.
4
Kimell informed her mother that she and Braune were moving to
California and that Braune had received a large inheritance.
During and after the move to California, Braune's pattern of
making successive, large cash deposits -- each under $10,000 --
continued, as did a pattern of lavish spending by Kimell and
Braune.6
The Wellings did not discover that the cash and jewelry
were missing until October 2014, and did not immediately report
the incident to police. Instead, they confronted Kimell about
the missing money, and when she denied any involvement, they
hired a private investigator to look into the matter.
In July of 2015, Kimell filed a petition for bankruptcy in
a Federal bankruptcy court in California. James intervened in
that proceeding, and his attorney deposed Kimell and Braune. In
their sworn deposition testimony, which was later entered as an
exhibit in the criminal trial in Massachusetts, Kimell and
Braune reiterated their claim that Braune had used money from an
inheritance to support their lavish lifestyle.7
6 The two stayed at expensive hotels, took trips to Paris,
Las Vegas, and Aruba, and purchased a new vehicle, among other
large expenditures.
7 Braune claimed to have received $75,000 in cash as an
inheritance from her grandfather in 1998. She further claimed
that she kept the money in a box and did not spend any of it
until 2014, when she began to use it, along with about $15,000
in savings and other inheritance money, to pay for the expenses
she and Kimell incurred during and after their move to
5
Shortly after the defendant filed the petition for
bankruptcy, the Massachusetts State police worked with law
enforcement officials in California to execute a search of the
home that Braune and Kimell shared in San Diego. Among other
things, the police recovered, from Kimell's bedroom, jewelry
matching that which Janice had reported missing; and from the
closet in Braune's bedroom, a total of $130,110 in United States
currency, stored in a backpack and a cardboard box and packaged
mainly in stacks of fifty and one hundred dollar bills,
consistent with James's description of the missing money.
Discussion. In assessing the sufficiency of the evidence,
we ask "whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most
favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could
have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a
reasonable doubt" (emphasis in original). Commonwealth v.
Latimore, 378 Mass. 671, 677 (1979), quoting Jackson v.
Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979). Circumstantial evidence may
be sufficient to prove guilt beyond a reasonable doubt,
Commonwealth v. Grandison, 433 Mass. 135, 141 (2001), and the
inferences drawn from such evidence "need not be necessary
and inescapable, only reasonable and possible." Commonwealth v.
California. However, Braune and Kimell's spending during the
relevant time period exceeded $250,000, not including over
$130,000 in cash that the police later recovered from Braune.
6
Goddard, 476 Mass. 443, 449 (2017), quoting Commonwealth v.
Jones, 432 Mass. 623, 628 (2000).
The Massachusetts money laundering statute, G. L. c. 267A,
§ 2, provides in relevant part:8
"Whoever knowingly . . . (2) engages in a transaction
involving a monetary instrument or other property
known to be derived from criminal activity . . . (ii)
knowing that the transaction is designed in whole or
in part either to: (A) conceal or disguise the
nature, location, source, ownership or control of the
property derived from criminal activity; or (B) avoid
a [Federal or State] transaction reporting requirement
. . . shall be guilty of the crime of money laundering
. . ."
Braune was convicted of concealment money laundering in
violation of G. L. c. 267A, § 2 (2) (ii) (A).9
8 The first prong of G. L. c. 267A, § 2, omitted in the
text, deals, broadly speaking, with "transportation" money
laundering, rather than "transaction" money laundering. Under
the umbrella of "transaction" money laundering, there are two
broad subcategories: § 2 (2) (i), omitted in the text, which
deals with "promotion" money laundering; and § 2 (2) (ii),
reproduced in the text, which itself has two subparts: subpart
(A), which deals with "concealment" money laundering; and
subpart (B), sometimes referred to as the "structuring" prong,
which deals with transactions designed to avoid a State or
Federal reporting requirement.
9 The Commonwealth originally proceeded under subparts (A)
and (B) of G. L. c. 267A, § 2 (2) (ii). But after the trial
judge found that there was insufficient evidence under subpart
(B) (the "structuring" prong) as to any transaction occurring
prior to the date that Kimell was recorded leaving the house
with the garbage bag, the Commonwealth elected to proceed under
subpart (A) (the "concealment" prong) as its sole theory of
liability.
7
Here, at least three forms of evidence typically
associated with concealment money laundering were present:
(1) the false statements made by the defendant and Kimell,
initially to Kimell's mother and then later in sworn
deposition testimony, that the money was part of an
inheritance that Braune received from her grandfather,
suggested an intent to conceal; (2) the structure of the
defendant's deposits, which were staggered over time and
confined to amounts below the reporting threshold,
supported an inference of a design to conceal; and (3) the
use of the defendant as a third party to deposit the money
supported an inference of an intent to distance the money
from Kimell and the Wellings, in other words, an intent to
conceal the nature, source, ownership, or control of the
stolen funds. As discussed below, the combination of these
factors persuades us that the evidence was sufficient to
establish a design to conceal under G. L. c. 267A, § 2 (2)
(ii) (A).10
The language of § 2 (2) (ii) mirrors the language of the
Federal money laundering statute, in particular its requirement
that the defendant engage in the subject transaction "knowing
that the transaction is designed in whole or in part . . . (i)
10We need not consider whether any one of these factors, in
isolation, would be sufficient to convict.
8
to conceal or disguise the nature, the location, the source, the
ownership, or the control of the proceeds of specified unlawful
activity; or (ii) to avoid a transaction reporting requirement
under State or Federal law." 18 U.S.C. § 1956(a)(1)(B) (2012).
Where, as here, our State statute "largely replicates" a cognate
provision of Federal law, we consider the Federal courts'
interpretation of the Federal statute "highly persuasive" in
interpreting our own law. Commonwealth v. Eberhart, 461 Mass.
809, 815 (2012), quoting Commonwealth v. Colon, 81 Mass. App.
Ct. 8, 12, 14 (2011).
In Cuellar v. United States, 553 U.S. 550, 556-557 (2008),
the United States Supreme Court interpreted the "designed . . .
to conceal" requirement of a neighboring provision of the
Federal money laundering statute, 18 U.S.C. § 1956(a)(2)(B)(i),
which applies to transportation money laundering rather than
transaction money laundering.11 More specifically, the Court
addressed whether evidence that the defendant hid the proceeds
11Because the language of the "designed . . . to conceal"
requirement in 18 U.S.C. § 1956(a)(2)(B)(i) is identical to that
in § 1956(a)(1)(B)(i), United States Courts of Appeals have
consistently held that the holding in Cuellar v. United States,
553 U.S. 550 (2008), applies equally to cases involving
transaction money laundering under § 1956(a)(1)(B)(i). See,
e.g., United States v. Faulkenberry, 614 F.3d 573, 586 (6th Cir.
2010); United States v. Cedeno-Perez, 579 F.3d 54, 60-61 (1st
Cir. 2009), cert. denied, 558 U.S. 1127 (2010); United States v.
Brown, 553 F.3d 768, 786 n.56 (5th Cir. 2008), cert. denied, 558
U.S. 897 (2009).
9
of illicit drug transactions in a secret compartment of a
vehicle while transporting the funds across the border to Mexico
was sufficient to establish a design to conceal. Id. at 553-
554, 561.
The Court observed that "when an act is 'designed to' do
something, the most natural reading is that it has that
something as its purpose." Id. at 563-564. Thus, in the
context of concealment money laundering, "'design' means purpose
or plan; i.e., the intended aim of the transportation." Id. at
563. Accordingly, the Court held that concealment money
laundering "requires proof that the purpose -- not merely
effect -- of the transportation was to conceal or disguise a
listed attribute" of the funds. Id. at 567.
In so holding, the Cuellar Court rejected the proposition
that the "designed . . . to conceal" element of the Federal
money laundering statute requires the prosecution "[to] prove
that the defendant attempted to create the appearance of
legitimate wealth." Id. at 557. Rather, in Cuellar, "what the
Government had to prove was that [the defendant] knew that
taking the funds to Mexico [i.e., the transportation] was
'designed,' at least in part, to conceal or disguise their
'nature,' 'location,' 'source,' 'ownership,' or 'control.'" Id.
at 562.
 10
On the facts presented in Cuellar, the Court held that
although evidence of the secretive manner in which the funds
were transported "was plainly probative of an underlying goal to
prevent the funds from being detected while he drove them from
the United States to Mexico," id. at 566, that evidence was
insufficient, standing alone, to establish that the
transportation of the money was designed to conceal a listed
attribute of the funds, especially where the government's own
expert witness had testified that the purpose of the
transportation was to compensate the leaders of the drug
operation. Id. at 566-568. Simply put, "[t]here is a
difference between concealing something to transport it, and
transporting something to conceal it, . . . that is, how one
moves the money is distinct from why one moves the money"
(emphasis in original; quotation and citation omitted). Id. at
566.
To be clear, "[c]oncealing or disguising a listed attribute
need be only one of the purposes of the transportation [or
transaction]." Id. at 566 n.7. See United States v.
Faulkenberry, 614 F.3d 573, 586 (6th Cir. 2010), quoting 18
U.S.C. § 1956(a)(1)(B) (holding, post-Cuellar, in case of
transaction money laundering under 18 U.S.C. § 1956[a][1][B],
that concealment need not "be the only purpose of the
transaction," where "the statute requires only that the
11
transaction be designed 'in whole or in part' to conceal"
[emphasis in original]). So it is with G. L. c. 267A,
§ 2 (2) (ii), which replicates the phrasing "in whole or in
part" in its "designed . . . [to] conceal" requirement.12
Still, taken to the extreme, almost any transaction
involving stolen funds could be characterized as designed, at
least in part, to conceal a listed attribute of the funds,
because every transaction takes the money one step further from
its illicit source. Cf. United States v. Valdez, 726 F.3d 684,
690 (5th Cir. 2013), quoting United States v. Willey, 57 F.3d
1374, 1384 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 516 U.S. 1029 (1995) ("In
one sense, the acquisition of any asset with the proceeds of
illegal activity conceals those proceeds by converting them into
a different and more legitimate-appearing form" [emphasis in
original]).
Recognizing this, United States Courts of Appeals in
several circuits have taken different approaches to grafting a
workable limiting principle onto the "designed . . . to conceal"
element of the Federal money laundering statute.13 We find the
12Thus, Braune's assertion, even if true, that the deposits
were designed to allow the defendants to spend the money, does
not end the inquiry.
13See, e.g., United States v. Cessa, 785 F.3d 165, 175-176
(5th Cir.), cert. denied sub nom. Trevino Morales v. United
States, 136 S. Ct. 522 (2015), quoting Brown, 553 F.3d at 787
(holding, post-Cuellar, that "the government must demonstrate
12
United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit's
formulation, which holds that concealment must be "an animating
purpose" of the transaction, Faulkenberry, 614 F.3d at 586, to
be instructive in this regard. In such an analysis,
"[c]oncealment -- even deliberate concealment -- as mere
facilitation of some other purpose, is not enough to convict"
(emphasis in original). Id. Rather, what the prosecution must
show is that concealment was one of the purposes that motivated
or "drove [the defendant] to engage in the transaction in the
first place." Id. See Webster's Third New International
Dictionary 85-86 (1969) (defining "animate" as "to move to
action: motivate, prompt, incite: stir up").14
that the charged transactions had the purpose -- not merely the
effect -- of 'mak[ing] it more difficult for the government to
trace and demonstrate the nature of th[e] funds'");
Faulkenberry, 614 F.3d at 586 (holding, post-Cuellar, that
concealment must be "an animating purpose" of transaction);
United States v. Johnson, 440 F.3d 1286, 1293 (11th Cir. 2006)
(per curiam) (holding, pre-Cuellar, that "[t]here must be some
evidence that the funds are more concealed after the transaction
is completed than before"); United States v. Esterman, 324 F.3d
565, 573 (7th Cir. 2003) (holding, pre-Cuellar, that conviction
under 18 U.S.C. § 1956[a][1][B][i] requires "concrete evidence"
of intent to conceal, whether direct or circumstantial); United
States v. Garcia-Emanuel, 14 F.3d 1469, 1474, 1476 (10th Cir.
1994) (identifying, pre-Cuellar, "two disciplines" that courts
enforce with respect to Federal money laundering statute: [1]
"this is a concealment statute -- not a spending statute," and
[2] "evidence of concealment must be substantial").
14 As noted above, this does not require that concealment be
the sole purpose -- or even the dominant or primary purpose --
of the transaction. See Cuellar, 553 U.S. at 566 n.7;
Faulkenberry, 614 F.3d at 586.
13
Moreover, evidence of the "structure" of a transaction,
that is, evidence of the manner in which a transaction was
carried out, in terms of timing, amount, complexity, use of a
third party, or some other relevant aspect, may be probative of
whether the transaction had concealment as one of its purposes.
See Faulkenberry, 614 F.3d at 586, quoting Cuellar, 553 U.S. at
565 (noting that because "'purpose and structure are often
related[,]' . . . proof that a transaction was structured to
conceal a listed attribute of the funds can yield an inference
that concealment was a purpose of the transaction"). See also
United States v. Elder, 682 F.3d 1065, 1072 (8th Cir. 2012)
(evidence sufficient for concealment money laundering where,
among other things, defendant "instruct[ed] his intermediary
. . . to limit bank deposits to amounts less than $10,000");
Brown, 553 F.3d at 787 (evidence sufficient for concealment
money laundering where "transactions were in cash so that they
were not easily tracked" and "[m]ost deposits were below ten
thousand dollars so as to avoid setting off any reporting
requirements that might then lead to unwanted attention
concerning the funds' nature"); United States v. Villarini, 238
F.3d 530, 533 (4th Cir. 2001) (evidence sufficient for
concealment money laundering where defendant "did not deposit
the entire $83,000 in a single bank transaction, and instead
14
made four transactions, each involving less than $3,000, at two-
to-four-week intervals").
In sum, we conclude that to satisfy the requirement under
G. L. c. 267A, § 2 (2) (ii) (A), that a transaction be "designed
in whole or in part . . . [to] conceal or disguise the nature,
location, source, ownership or control" of stolen funds, the
Commonwealth must demonstrate that concealment was an animating
purpose of the transaction. In other words, concealment must be
proved to have been one of the purposes that motivated or drove
the defendant to engage in the transaction, not merely an
incidental attribute or effect of the transaction. In making
this determination, evidence that the structure of the
transaction served to conceal a listed attribute of the funds
will be probative of whether concealment was an animating
purpose of the transaction.
The defendant suggests that allowing evidence of structure
to support an inference of a design to conceal improperly
conflates subparts (A) (the "concealment" prong) and (B) (the
"structuring" prong) of G. L. c. 267A, § 2 (2) (ii), and is
contrary to legislative intent. We disagree. That the evidence
used to convict under subparts (A) and (B) may overlap does not
vitiate the Legislature's intent to create two separate crimes.
This is so because, although evidence of structure, in and of
itself, may be sufficient to show an intent to avoid a reporting
15
requirement under G. L. c. 267A, § 2 (2) (ii) (B), such evidence
is probative, but generally not sufficient, standing alone, to
establish a design to conceal under G. L. c. 267A,
§ 2 (2) (ii) (A). Cf. Cuellar, 553 U.S. at 566 (noting that
"secretive aspects" of transportation "may be circumstantial
evidence that the transportation itself was intended to avoid
detection of the funds," but that "its probative force, in that
context, is weak"); Faulkenberry, 614 F.3d at 586 (noting that,
while evidence of structure "can yield an inference" of design
to conceal under 18 U.S.C. § 1956[a][1][B], it is not "enough"
that transaction was "structured to conceal the nature of the
illicit funds" [emphasis in original]); United States v. Garcia-
Emanuel, 14 F.3d 1469, 1478 (10th Cir. 1994) (noting that
evidence of "pattern of deposits," each under $10,000, would
provide "straightforward" proof under § 1956[a][1][B][ii], and
although inference is "considerably weaker" under
§ 1956[a][1][B][i], it is "[n]evertheless" evidence of design to
conceal).
In this respect, our holding is consistent with the
familiar and well-established principle of criminal law that
"[i]ntent is a factual matter that may be proved by
circumstantial evidence" (citation omitted). Commonwealth v.
Walters, 472 Mass. 680, 693 (2015). See Commonwealth v. Ellis,
356 Mass. 574, 578–579 (1970) ("A person's . . . intent . . . is
16
a matter of fact, which may not be susceptible of proof by
direct evidence. In that event resort must be had, and
frequently is had, to proof by inference from all the facts and
circumstances developed at the trial" [citation omitted]);
Commonwealth v. Hayes, 114 Mass. 282, 285 (1873) ("intent may,
and generally must, be proved by circumstantial evidence").
Moreover, to be relevant and admissible, there is no
requirement that an individual piece of circumstantial evidence
be sufficient, standing alone, to prove a material fact. See
Commonwealth v. Pickering, 479 Mass. 589, 597 (2018);
Commonwealth v. Gerhardt, 477 Mass. 775, 782 (2017);
Commonwealth v. Sicari, 434 Mass. 732, 750 (2001), cert. denied,
534 U.S. 1142 (2002). "An item of evidence, being but a single
link in the chain of proof, need not prove conclusively the
proposition for which it is offered" (footnote omitted). 1
McCormick on Evidence § 185, at 999 (K.S. Broun ed., 7th ed.
2013). "A brick is not a wall." Id. at 1000.
The question we must consider is whether the circumstantial
evidence in this case, taken together, was sufficient to permit
a rational jury to conclude that an animating purpose of the
17
alleged money-laundering deposits was to conceal a listed
attribute of the funds.15 We conclude that it was.16
In Garcia-Emanuel, 14 F.3d at 1475, the United States Court
of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit noted that "a variety of types
of evidence have been cited by this and other circuits as
supportive of evidence of intent to disguise or conceal,"
including
"statements by a defendant probative of intent to
conceal; unusual secrecy surrounding the
transaction; structuring the transaction in a way to avoid
attention; depositing illegal profits in the bank account
of a legitimate business; highly irregular features of the
transaction; using third parties to conceal the real
owner; a series of unusual financial moves cumulating in
the transaction; or expert testimony on practices of
criminals" (footnotes omitted).
Id. at 1475-1476. Here, as noted above, the Commonwealth's case
included at least three of the categories of evidence typically
15The defendant originally challenged the Commonwealth's
proof on multiple elements of the crime of money laundering.
However, the defendant conceded certain points in her reply
brief and indicated at oral argument that the only remaining
question was whether the evidence was sufficient to show a
design to conceal. To the extent the defendant continues to
press any of the other arguments made in her opening brief, we
reject them.
16While the evidence here was legally sufficient to prove
concealment money laundering under G. L. c. 267A,
§ 2 (2) (ii) (A), it could well be described as overwhelming
with respect to a charge of receiving stolen property over $250,
in violation of G. L. c. 266, § 60. Here, the Commonwealth
apparently inadvertently charged the defendant with receiving
stolen property of $250 or less, rather than the more
appropriate charge of receiving stolen property over $250.
18
associated with concealment money laundering: (1) "statements
by a defendant probative of intent to conceal"; (2) "structuring
the transaction in a way to avoid attention"; and (3) "using
third parties to conceal the real owner".17 Id. We conclude
that this evidence, taken together, was sufficient to establish
17The defendant resists the characterization of her role as
that of a third party to the underlying crime and argues that
her straightforward, and easily traceable, deposits of the money
into an account bearing her name constituted "transparent
division or deposit" of the proceeds of their joint crime, not
money laundering. United States v. Adefehinti, 510 F.3d 319,
322 (D.C. Cir. 2007). See United States v. Stephenson, 183 F.3d
110, 120 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 528 U.S. 1013 (1999)
(gathering cases in support of proposition that "[s]ubsection
[i] of the money laundering statute does not criminalize the
mere spending of proceeds of specified unlawful activity").
However, based on this record, a rational jury could have
concluded that it was Kimell who stole the cash from her mother
and stepfather, and that Kimell then gave some of the cash to
the defendant to deposit, in an attempt to conceal the source
(or another listed attribute) of the funds. The fact that the
defendant did not conceal her own identity when making the
third-party deposit does not defeat the Commonwealth's claim
that the transaction was designed to conceal a listed attribute
of the funds in violation of the money laundering statute. See
United States v. Tekle, 329 F.3d 1108, 1114 (9th Cir.), cert.
denied, 540 U.S. 960 (2003), citing Hollenback v. United
States, 987 F.2d 1272, 1278–1280 (7th Cir. 1993), and United
States v. Lovett, 964 F.2d 1029, 1034 (10th Cir.), cert. denied,
506 U.S. 85 (1992) ("The necessary concealment . . . is that of
the source of the funds, not the identity of the money-
launderer"). See also United States v. Hall, 434 F.3d 42, 50-51
(1st Cir. 2006) ("The [money laundering] statute criminalizes
conduct designed to conceal or disguise the source of the drug
proceeds even if the defendant does not conceal his own identity
in the process"; collecting cases). To be sure, the defendant's
efforts at concealment in this case did not succeed. But the
relevant inquiry is one of purpose, not merely effect. Cuellar,
553 U.S. at 567.
19
the "designed . . . [to] conceal" element under G. L. c. 267A,
§ 2 (2) (ii) (A).
Our conclusion finds support in cases from several Federal
Courts of Appeals that were decided on similar facts. See
Brown, 553 F.3d at 787 (evidence sufficient for concealment
money laundering where defendant engaged in cash transactions,
most of which were below $10,000, "to avoid setting off any
reporting requirements"); United States v. Hall, 434 F.3d 42, 50
(1st Cir. 2006) (evidence sufficient to support concealment
money laundering counts where defendant made loans to third
parties, including his girlfriend, falsely representing that
money came from inheritance, and in one instance, stating
purpose of loan was to "get some of his money more legal");
Willey, 57 F.3d at 1387 (evidence sufficient to support
concealment money laundering counts where defendant used
transfers to and among third parties, including his girlfriend,
to "move[] the money further away from [himself]").
Finally, we reject the defendant's argument that the rule
of lenity requires us to rule in her favor. The rule of lenity
"is a guide for resolving ambiguity, rather than a rigid
requirement that we interpret each statute in the manner most
favorable to defendants." Commonwealth v. Roucoulet, 413 Mass.
647, 652–653 (1992), quoting Edgartown v. State Ethics Comm'n,
391 Mass. 83, 90 (1984). We find no ambiguity to resolve in the
20
terms of G. L. c. 267A, § 2 (2) (ii) (A), which closely track
the cognate provisions of the long-standing and much interpreted
Federal money laundering statute.
Conclusion. For these reasons, we conclude that the
evidence was sufficient to support the defendant's money
laundering conviction.
Judgment affirmed.