Commonwealth v. Ballard

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17-P-411 Appeals Court
COMMONWEALTH vs. RONALD A. BALLARD.
No. 17-P-411.
Worcester. December 8, 2017. - February 2, 2018.
Present: Sacks, Ditkoff, & Singh, JJ.
Sex Offender. Practice, Civil, Sex offender. Practice,
Criminal, Plea. Statute, Construction. Words, "Prisoner."
Civil action commenced in the Superior Court Department on
February 4, 2014.
A motion to dismiss was heard by Daniel M. Wrenn, J.
Ellyn H. Lazar-Moore, Assistant District Attorney, for the
Commonwealth.
John S. Day for the defendant.
SACKS, J. The Commonwealth appeals from a judgment
dismissing its petition to commit the defendant as a sexually
dangerous person (SDP) pursuant to G. L. c. 123A, § 12. On the
date the petition was filed, the defendant was serving a
criminal sentence; some two and one-half years later, the
defendant was allowed to withdraw the guilty pleas to the
2
offenses for which he had been sentenced. This led a Superior
Court judge to rule, based on his interpretation of Coffin v.
Superintendent, Mass. Treatment Center, 458 Mass. 186 (2010),
that the defendant was not a prisoner under G. L. c. 123A,
§ 12(b), at the time the petition was filed, and thus was not
subject to being committed as an SDP. Concluding that the judge
applied Coffin too broadly, we reverse.
Background. In the 1980s, the defendant was convicted of a
number of sexual offenses against women in both the Commonwealth
and California. He received State prison sentences in both
jurisdictions, completing his sentence in the Commonwealth in
2003, at which time the Commonwealth successfully petitioned to
commit him to the Massachusetts Treatment Center (treatment
center) as an SDP. Following a trial in which the defendant was
found no longer sexually dangerous, he was discharged in 2007.
In 2013, based on an incident in which the defendant
approached a seventeen year old female working at a farm stand,
criminal complaints issued from the District Court charging him
with accosting or annoying a person of the opposite sex in
violation of G. L. c. 272, § 53,1 threatening to commit a crime
in violation of G. L. c. 275, § 2, and intimidation of a witness
1
In 2014, G. L. c. 272, § 53, was amended to substitute
"another person" for "persons of the opposite sex." St. 2014,
c. 417.
3
in violation of G. L. c. 268, § 13B. In January, 2014, the
defendant pleaded guilty to the charges and was sentenced to
concurrent sentences amounting to nine months in the house of
correction, with credit for time served.2
In February, 2014, while the defendant was serving his
sentences, the Commonwealth petitioned in Superior Court to have
him civilly committed as an SDP. In April, 2014, a different
judge found probable cause to believe the defendant was an SDP
and committed him to the treatment center for examination and
diagnosis by two qualified examiners. Based on their reports,
the Commonwealth moved for a jury trial; after that motion was
allowed, the defendant obtained funds to retain his own experts
for the purposes of trial.
In January, 2015, while trial preparations were ongoing and
the defendant remained at the treatment center, he filed a
motion in the District Court to withdraw his guilty pleas and
for a new trial, asserting that the plea colloquy was defective
by reason of the prosecutor's failure to state sufficient facts
2
More specifically, the defendant received a nine-month
sentence on the witness intimidation charge with 159 days of
credit for time served; a six-month concurrent sentence on the
threatening charge; and a three-month sentence on the accosting
or annoying charge, from and after the sentence for threatening
and concurrent with the sentence for witness intimidation.
4
to establish the elements of each offense.3 That motion was
denied. The defendant appealed and in August, 2016, in a
memorandum and order issued pursuant to our rule 1:28, a panel
of this court reversed, holding that the prosecutor's statement
was inadequate to establish that a sufficient factual basis
existed for any of the charges, thus resulting in constitutional
error. Commonwealth v. Ballard, 90 Mass. App. Ct. 1102 (2016).
The panel directed the entry of an order allowing the motion to
withdraw the guilty pleas and for a new trial.
In September, 2016, the defendant moved in Superior Court
to dismiss the Commonwealth's petition to commit him as an SDP.
He argued that the result of the 2016 order allowing him to
withdraw his guilty pleas was that, at the time the petition was
filed in 2014, he had been serving a "constitutionally unlawful
sentence." He asserted that therefore he was not a prisoner
under G. L. c. 123A, § 12(b), as interpreted in Coffin, 458
Mass. at 187, and so could not be subject to civil commitment as
an SDP. The Superior Court judge agreed, dismissed the
3
The defendant moved for a stay of the SDP proceedings
pending a ruling on his motion to withdraw his pleas and for a
new trial. In allowing the motion for a stay, the judge in the
SDP proceedings had the following notation added to the docket:
"Defendant stated under oath, he was in agreement with the
request, that he understood it may result in him being held in
custody for a longer time and he has ample time to confer with
counsel. Defendant will remain in custody."
5
petition, and ordered the defendant discharged from the
treatment center. The Commonwealth appealed.4
Discussion. Under § 12(b), the Commonwealth may "file a
petition for civil commitment as an SDP only for a 'prisoner or
youth in the custody of the department of youth services.'
Because G. L. c. 123A is 'a statute in derogation of liberty,'
. . . the statute must be interpreted narrowly." Coffin, 458
Mass. at 188-189, quoting from Commonwealth v. Gillis, 448 Mass.
354, 364 (2006).5 "[T]he fact of custody alone is not
determinative." Coffin, supra at 189, citing Commonwealth v.
Allen, 73 Mass. App. Ct. 862, 864 (2009). Thus, where the
Commonwealth petitioned to commit a person at a time when he was
being held in prison beyond the end of his sentence, due solely
to a clerical error in sentence calculation, the person was not
4
The judge denied the Commonwealth's motion to stay
execution of the order releasing the defendant.
5
The statute further requires that the person be someone:
"[1] who has ever been convicted of or adjudicated as a
delinquent juvenile or a youthful offender by reason of a
sexual offense as defined in section 1 [of G. L. c. 123A],
regardless of the reason for the current incarceration,
confinement or commitment, or [2] who has been charged with
such offense but has been found incompetent to stand trial,
or [3] who has been charged with any offense, is currently
incompetent to stand trial and has previously been
convicted of or adjudicated as a delinquent juvenile or a
youthful offender by reason of a sexual offense."
G. L. c. 123A, § 12(a), as amended by St. 2004, c. 66, §§ 7-9.
6
"serving a sentence," was not a "prisoner," and thus was not
subject to commitment under the statute.6 Allen, supra.
In Coffin, the Supreme Judicial Court confronted the
question "whether, for purposes of § 12(b), a person placed in
custody pursuant to an unconstitutional statute is nevertheless
a 'prisoner.'" 458 Mass. at 186. The Coffin case arose in the
wake of the decision in Commonwealth v. Pagan, 445 Mass. 161,
170-174 (2005), declaring the lifetime community parole statute,
G. L. c. 275, § 18, "facially unconstitutional" as applied to
first-time offenders.7 Coffin, supra at 187. Shortly after
Pagan was decided, Coffin was found in violation of his lifetime
community parole conditions and ordered to serve one year for
the violation. Ibid. While in custody for that violation,
Coffin moved under Pagan to vacate his lifetime community parole
sentence as unconstitutional; the Commonwealth conceded that his
sentence was unconstitutional and assented to the motion. Id.
at 188. Nevertheless, before the motion was heard and allowed,
and while Coffin was still in custody, the Commonwealth
6
Indeed, in Allen, the Commonwealth had filed its petition
"the day after the defendant's motion to correct the sentence
had been allowed, and almost three weeks after his sentence had
ended." 73 Mass. App. Ct. at 863.
7
Later, the Supreme Judicial Court found the lifetime
community parole statute unconstitutional as applied to repeat
offenders as well. Commonwealth v. Cole, 468 Mass. 294 (2014).
7
petitioned under § 12(b) to adjudicate him an SDP, whereupon he
was committed pending trial on the petition. Coffin, supra.
On Coffin's request for relief under G. L. c. 211, § 3, the
Supreme Judicial Court held that the Legislature could not have
intended "the term 'prisoner' in § 12(b) . . . to encompass a
person who is held in custody solely pursuant to a statute that
itself is facially unconstitutional." 458 Mass. at 189. The
court continued, "We reject the proposition that the Legislature
meant § 12(b), which is itself a forceful assertion of State
authority, to be triggered by a custodial arrangement that
should not have been imposed in the first place, and cannot be
imposed on anyone in the future." Coffin, supra. Accordingly,
the court "construe[d] § 12(b) to mean that an individual is a
'prisoner' for purposes of the statute only if he is serving a
sentence imposed under a statute that is constitutionally
sound." Coffin, supra. Coffin was not such an individual, and
thus he was not subject to commitment as an SDP. Ibid. Indeed,
"it was undisputed that [Coffin's] sentence was not valid at the
time of the Commonwealth's filing. . . . [He] was being held in
custody only until he could appear before a judge to have his
unconstitutional sentence vacated in light of Commonwealth v.
Pagan." Coffin, supra at 190.
The case now before us is quite different from Coffin.
First and most important, none of the statutes under which the
8
defendant here was charged and sentenced has been declared
unconstitutional, either facially or as applied to him. The
petition for the defendant's commitment thus satisfies Coffin's
requirement that a person is a "prisoner" for § 12(b) purposes
"only if he is serving a sentence imposed under a statute that
is constitutionally sound." 458 Mass. at 189.
Second, at the time the Commonwealth petitioned to commit
this defendant as an SDP, he was serving sentences pursuant to
guilty pleas that were presumptively valid at the time of the
petition and remained undisturbed for two and one-half years
thereafter. The pleas were accepted and the defendant was
sentenced in January, 2014; the petition to commit him was filed
in February, 2014; only later, in August, 2016, were the guilty
pleas ruled invalid. Compare Coffin, 458 Mass. at 188 (even
before filing of SDP petition, Commonwealth had conceded
constitutional invalidity of individual's sentence); Allen, 73
Mass. App. Ct. at 863 (even before filing of SDP petition, court
had ruled that defendant's sentence had terminated nearly three
weeks earlier).
Third, where the fundamental question is one of legislative
intent, and in light of the principle that G. L. c. 123A, as a
statute in derogation of liberty, must be narrowly construed,
see Coffin, 458 Mass. at 189, it is reasonable to assume that
the Legislature never envisioned G. L. c. 123A being used in
9
conjunction with another, facially unconstitutional statute to
impose civil commitments. "There is every presumption that the
legislative department of government always intends to act
strictly within the bounds of the Constitution." Commonwealth
v. Welosky, 276 Mass. 398, 406 (1931).
At the same time, however, the Legislature must also be
presumed to be aware that convictions are occasionally
invalidated, sometimes many years after the fact, based on a
wide variety of constitutional or nonconstitutional errors in
individual trials, or where it otherwise "appears that justice
may not have been done." Mass.R.Crim.P. 30(b), as appearing in
435 Mass. 1501 (2001). While such nonsystemic errors and
possible injustices are regrettable, and it is our duty to
correct them, there is no indication in G. L. c. 123A that the
Legislature intended judicial decisions vacating convictions on
these grounds to go farther, to retroactively invalidate § 12(b)
petitions that were based on the resulting, presumptively valid
sentences of incarceration. Unlike the judge here, we do not
read Coffin to require such a result.8
8
The judge relied on the statement in Coffin that the
Legislature did not intend § 12(b) "to be triggered by a
custodial arrangement that should not have been imposed in the
first place . . . ." 458 Mass. at 189. If that were an
absolute, then a conviction later invalidated on any ground
whatsoever would result in the invalidation of any resulting
sentence of imprisonment and of any SDP petition or commitment
predicated on that imprisonment. The judge may have overlooked
10
That § 12(b) must be construed narrowly does not mean it
must be read to exclude as many incarcerated persons as
possible; that would be inconsistent with the acknowledged
public safety goals of G. L. c. 123A. "The SDP statute seeks to
balance the dual concerns of protecting the public from sexually
dangerous persons and preserving individual liberty." Gillis,
448 Mass. at 356, citing Commonwealth v. Parra, 445 Mass. 262,
264 (2005), and Commonwealth v. Knapp, 441 Mass. 157, 160
(2004). This public safety interest "is both legitimate and
compelling." Commonwealth v. Bruno, 432 Mass. 489, 504 (2000).
That the Legislature did not intend the narrowest possible
construction is evident from its response to Commonwealth v.
McLeod, 437 Mass. 286 (2002). After the McLeod court construed
the SDP statute then in effect as not authorizing commitment of
persons previously convicted of sexual offenses if their current
incarcerations were for nonsexual offenses, id. at 292-294, and
concluded that "any broadening of the statute would be the
province of the Legislature," id. at 294, the Legislature
amended the statute to apply to the class of persons the court
the remaining language in the quoted sentence from Coffin:
§ 12(b) was not meant "to be triggered by a custodial
arrangement that should not have been imposed in the first
place, and cannot be imposed on anyone in the future." Coffin,
supra (emphasis supplied). The decisive factor in Coffin was
the facial invalidation of the statute under which Coffin was a
prisoner, not that Coffin himself should never have been
imprisoned.
11
had held excluded. See G. L. c. 123A, § 12(a), as amended by
St. 2004, c. 66, §§ 7–9. See Gillis, supra at 361-362.
We must construe the term "'prisoner[]' in the ordinary
sense of the word," and "[t]he key operative fact of the statute
is that SDP commitment is only available if the procedure is
initiated before the termination of a period of criminal
confinement." Id. at 359. The defendant here was a prisoner in
the ordinary sense, and the procedure to commit him was
initiated before the termination of his criminal confinement.
That the guilty pleas underlying his sentences were vacated
based not on the constitutional invalidation of any statute but
instead on circumstances particular to his case, and were
vacated several years after the fact -- indeed, well after the
expiration of those sentences -- did not retroactively render
the defendant something other than a prisoner at the time the
§ 12(b) petition was filed.
Our conclusion draws further support from McIntire,
petitioner, 458 Mass. 257 (2010), decided one day after Coffin.
In McIntire, an adjudicated SDP had petitioned for release under
G. L. c. 123A, § 9, but in 2002 a jury found that he remained an
SDP. 458 Mass. at 258, 259. He appealed from the resulting
judgment; before that appeal was decided in 2010, he filed three
more petitions for release, which resulted in judgments in 2005,
2008, and 2010 that he remained an SDP. Id. at 263. Later in
12
2010, he prevailed on his appeal from the 2002 judgment on the
ground that both qualified examiners who testified at trial had
opined that he was no longer sexually dangerous, leaving
insufficient evidence for the jury to find otherwise. Id. at
262, citing Johnstone, petitioner, 453 Mass. 544, 546, 553
(2009). McIntire argued that the reversal of the 2002 judgment
meant that after 2002 he was no longer legally in custody, so
that the Superior Court had no jurisdiction to hear his three
subsequent discharge petitions and to determine that he remained
an SDP, with the result that he was entitled to an order
discharging him from the treatment center. McIntire, supra at
263-264.
The Supreme Judicial Court disagreed. "[B]ecause the 2002
judgment had not been reversed at the time of the petitioner's
2005, 2008, and 2010 discharge proceedings, that earlier
judgment remained validly in effect, and the petitioner was
therefore legally held at the treatment center as an SDP when he
filed the three later discharge petitions," meaning the Superior
Court had jurisdiction to adjudicate them and a fact finder
could determine that he remained an SDP. Id. at 265-266. In
short, the reversal of the 2002 judgment in 2010 did not
retroactively invalidate the lawfulness of McIntire's commitment
after 2002, which was a predicate for the subsequent judgments
that he remained an SDP.
13
To be sure, McIntire involved the effect on earlier-
initiated SDP proceedings of the invalidation of an SDP
judgment, rather than the invalidation of criminal convictions
such as those involved here. We nevertheless view McIntire as
illustrating that, for purposes of G. L. c. 123A, a commitment
or criminal confinement as a prisoner is not automatically
rendered retroactively invalid ab initio by a subsequent
determination of error in the underlying proceedings.9
We also acknowledge that McIntire turned in part on whether
the critical 2002 judgment was void, as McIntire claimed, or
merely voidable for error, as the court ultimately held. 458
Mass. at 264-266. The court in Coffin, supra at 190 n.8, found
it unnecessary to consider "whether [Coffin's] sentence was void
ab initio or merely voidable." In doing so the court cited,
among other cases, Chicot County Drainage Dist. v. Baxter State
Bank, 308 U.S. 371, 374 (1940), where the United States Supreme
Court discussed the difficulty of determining whether a prior
judgment had been rendered void by a subsequent judicial
decision (in that case, a statute's invalidity). "The past
cannot always be erased by a new judicial declaration. . . .
9
Compare Lynch, petitioner, 379 Mass. 757, 758 (1980), a
habeas case where the court rejected "the fiction that the
petitioner was out on parole because he should have been" -- a
fiction on which, for different purposes, both the Department of
Correction and the prisoner sought to rely.
14
These questions are among the most difficult of those which have
engaged the attention of courts, state and federal, and it is
manifest from numerous decisions that an all-inclusive statement
of a principle of absolute retroactive invalidity cannot be
justified." Ibid.
As there is no single rule governing whether a withdrawn
guilty plea or the resulting conviction is void or merely
voidable,10 we decline to rest our decision on that distinction.
We hold only that, notwithstanding the later withdrawal of his
guilty pleas, the defendant was a prisoner under § 12(b) at the
time the petition was filed, and thus he was subject to being
committed as an SDP.
Conclusion. The judgment on the defendant's motion to
dismiss the Commonwealth's petition is reversed.
So ordered.
10
Compare Commonwealth v. Berrios, 447 Mass. 701, 708
(2006) ("[A] guilty plea is void if it is involuntary and
unintelligent for any reason"), quoting from Huot v.
Commonwealth, 363 Mass. 91, 96 (1973), with Parreira v.
Commonwealth, 462 Mass. 667, 667, 670 (2012) (where guilty plea
was "the product of judicial coercion," there was "no question
. . . that the defendant's plea was voidable at his option"),
and Commonwealth v. Martin, 476 Mass. 72, 76 (2016) (in Hinton
laboratory case, "although the defendant's guilty plea was
vacated, . . . [his] conviction was merely voidable, not void ab
initio, as the defendant suggests").