DocketNumber: No. 05-P-1254
Citation Numbers: 67 Mass. App. Ct. 865
Judges: Cowin
Filed Date: 12/26/2006
Status: Precedential
Modified Date: 6/25/2022
Applying Yannas v. Frondistou-Yannas, 395 Mass. 704, 710-712 (1985) (Yannas), a judge of the Probate and Family Court denied the request of the divorced plaintiff, Angela Pizzino (the mother), for permission to leave the Commonwealth with her minor children, ages eight and seven at the time of
1. Background. We state certain background facts based on findings of the trial judge that are supported by the evidence. The parties were married on January 12, 1991. Two sons were bom of the marriage: the first on May 14, 1996, and the second on July 22, 1997. At the time of trial, the mother was employed as an environmental analyst by the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection, while also working as a reservist with the Air National Guard at Otis Air Force Base on Cape Cod, an aerobics instructor and a yard and landscaping worker. The father is employed as a dental hygienist. He was also employed by the Air National Guard at Otis Air Force Base, but retired from that service in November, 2003.
The couple’s older son was reported by his teacher to be “making progress academically, but ... at the bottom of his class and still behind the other students both academically and behaviorally.” He received federally funded supplemental services to assist him with “math word problems” and reading
The mother met Steven Pizzino, her present husband, in May, 2001, while she participated in Air National Guard training in Georgia. Pizzino has been a member of the United States Air Force since 1988, held the rank of technical sergeant E-6 at the time of trial, and was stationed at Shaw Air Force Base in South Carolina. He was scheduled to be promoted to master sergeant in January, 2005. Divorce proceedings between the mother and father ensued, culminating in a judgment of divorce nisi entered on August 9, 2002. The judgment assigned physical custody of the children to the mother while providing for reasonable visitation by the father, and placed legal custody of the children in the parents jointly. The judgment incorporated a separation agreement
On May 5, 2003, the mother filed a complaint for modification of the divorce judgment wherein she sought permission to remove the children from Massachusetts to South Carolina and to alter the father’s visitation rights accordingly. The father filed an answer opposing removal, as well as his own complaint for contempt (see note 2, supra).
A trial on the mother’s complaint for modification and the alleged contempts was conducted in November and December, 2004. The judge found that there was no “real advantage” to the mother in moving away from Massachusetts, stating that she “has not shown a good and sincere reason for wanting to move to South Carolina. The only reason given to the Court was the Mother’s new husband, Mr. Pizzino, currently resides on a military base in South Carolina.” In so concluding, the judge found that Pizzino, a noncommissioned officer in the military, was subject to reassignment, thereby inviting one or more subsequent uprootings of the children; the mother would be likely to earn less money, and her job security would be lower, than was the case in her position in Massachusetts; and the mother, who had lived in Massachusetts her entire life, would be leaving an effective support system consisting of her mother and sister and entering an environment in which she had no other family.
In evaluating the mother’s proposed move, the judge gave weight to the possibility that the move was inspired, at least in part, by the mother’s desire to separate the children from the father. In this regard, the judge found that the mother kept the father uninformed on various subjects and did not encourage the children to communicate with him.
Turning from the mother’s reasons for moving, the judge
2. Discussion. The removal from the Commonwealth of children of divorced parents is governed generally by G. L. c. 208, § 30, as amended through St. 1986, c. 462, § 9, which provides that such children, if less than an age at which they are capable of granting or withholding consent themselves, may be removed by consent of both parents or, failing that, by order of the court “upon cause shown.”
Since 1985, we have applied the criteria of the Yannas decision. Stated succinctly, we look first at the reasons underlying the desire of the parent with physical custody (usually the mother) to move. “[T]he first consideration is whether there is a good reason for the move, a ‘real advantage.’ ” Yannas, supra at 711. The advantage may be economic; it may be support of family residing in another jurisdiction; or it may be any other “good, sincere reason for wanting to remove.” Ibid. “[T]he presence or absence of a motive to deprive the noncustodial parent of reasonable visitation” is also a relevant consideration. Ibid. It follows that a supportable finding that there is no “real advantage” to the custodial parent from the contemplated move ends the analysis, and requires a determination that the judgment shall not be modified to permit the removal.
Should it be found that there is a genuine, recognizable advantage to the custodial parent from the move, the inquiry then turns to whether the move is consistent with the children’s best interests. It is important to emphasize that consideration of the advantages to the custodial parent does not disappear, but instead remains a significant factor in the equation. “[Bjecause the best interests of a child are so interwoven with the well-being of the custodial parent, the determination of the child’s best interest requires that the interests of the custodial parent be taken into account.” Yannas, 395 Mass. at 710, quoting from Cooper v. Cooper, 99 N.J. 42, 54 (1984). Common sense demonstrates that there is a benefit to a child in being cared for by a custodial parent who is fulfilled and happy rather than by one who is frustrated and angry.
In determining a child’s best interests, consideration must be given “to whether the quality of the child’s life may be improved by the change (including any improvement flowing from an
These criteria have been applied on several recent occasions. See Dickenson v. Cogswell, 66 Mass. App. Ct. 442, 449-450 (2006) (deferring to judge’s view that it was not in child’s best interests to permit move to California where “bicoastal existence” would be tiring and stressful, financial security would diminish and there would be negative impact on important relationship with father); Cartledge v. Evans, 67 Mass. App. Ct. 577, 581-582 (2006) (divided court concluded that subsidiary findings did not support denial of removal to adjoining State); Wakefield v. Hegarty, 67 Mass. App. Ct. 772, 777-778 (2006) (affirming conclusion that move to St. Croix was in child’s best interests because of improvement in life of mother, greater access to mother and extended family, and greater educational opportunities). See also Mason v. Coleman, 447 Mass. 177, 183-186 (2006) (examination of “best interests” of children in context of joint physical custody). Assuming the application of appropriate legal standards, the cases plainly turn on fact finding. See Yannas, 395 Mass. at 712. Where subsidiary findings are not clearly erroneous, we will generally not attempt to
In the present case, the question is whether fact finding has taken place in the light of properly applied legal criteria. The judge plainly discounted the significance of the mother’s marriage to Pizzino. In addressing the subject of “real advantage,” the judge illuminated his view of the marriage by finding: “The Mother has not shown a good and sincere reason for wanting to move to South Carolina. The only reason given to the Court was the Mother’s new husband, Mr. Pizzino, currently resides on a military base in South Carolina.” Elsewhere, he stated: “Even if this move [to South Carolina] was in the best interests of the custodial parent, which this Court finds that it is not, it is not necessarily in the best interests of the children” (emphasis supplied).
It appears that the judge may also have been influenced in his view of the mother’s remarriage and accompanying desire to move by his opinion that no changed circumstances were present, and thus no ground existed for modifying the divorce judgment. He found, in this regard, that the mother “developed her relationship with Mr. Pizzino while she was still married to Father and prior to their divorce in 2002.” He concluded from this that any change in circumstances occurred prior to the divorce, and therefore did not justify a modification. His ruling is inconsistent with G. L. c. 208, § 28, as amended through St. 1993, c. 460, § 60 (“Upon a complaint after a divorce . . . , the court may make a judgment modifying its earlier judgment as to the care and custody of the minor children of the parties provided that the court finds that a material and substantial change in the circumstances of the parties has occurred and the judgment of modification is necessary in the best interests of the children”). Changed circumstances are those that occur subsequent to the judgment of divorce or subsequent to a prior modification. See Downey v. Downey, 55 Mass. App. Ct. 812, 815 (2002). In the present case, the mother’s marriage is plainly a material and substantial change in circumstances occurring subsequent to the date of divorce. The judge’s contrary treat
“[W]e consider a judicial evaluation of the soundness of a sincere decision to move to be with a new spouse to be an extremely sensitive and problematic inquiry.” Dickenson v. Cogswell, 66 Mass. App. Ct. at 448. In Dickenson, we did not examine the judge’s conclusion that a desire to accompany a new spouse was not a good reason for a move because we were satisfied that his analysis of the child’s best interests was sound and therefore that his decision not to approve removal was justified. Id. at 448-449. Today, we conclude that a sincere desire to be with a spouse is, per se, a good and sufficient reason that requires a finding that there is a real advantage to the custodial parent in moving.
We recognize that removal of a child is not defensible if undertaken “to deprive the noncustodial parent of reasonable visitation.” Yannas, 395 Mass. at 711. In the present case, the judge’s findings regarding a possible motive in this regard are unclear. He stated that he found credible “the evidence that suggests that Mother’s decision to move may be motivated by a desire to interfere with Father’s relationship with the minor children” (emphasis supplied). The conclusion, expressed as a possibility, appears to be a product of his findings (challenged by the mother) that the mother excluded the father and failed to keep him informed in various respects, as well as of the concern of the guardian ad litem that geographic distance would aggravate these problems. The conclusion is, however, offset by another statement that “Mother’s desire to live with her husband could be considered a good and sincere reason for removing her
The judge may have been struggling with the possibility, not infrequent given the nature of these situations, that both motives were present. It is not difficult to conceive that a custodial parent may sincerely desire to move to be with a new spouse, while also perceiving a benefit to himself or herself in separating the children from the former spouse. Mixed motives of these kinds can be difficult to unravel. To the extent possible, a trial judge must attempt to identify whether a proper or improper motive is the predominant stimulus for the custodial parent’s desire to move. “The judicial safeguard of th[e]se interests [of parents and child] lies in careful and clear fact-finding.” Yan-nas, supra at 712. However, if the mixed motives are so intertwined as to be inseparable, and the judge is unable to determine a predominant objective in the custodial parent, we believe that if the judge concludes that the desire to be with the new spouse plays at least an important part in bringing about that parent’s desire to remove, then such a finding satisfies the requirement that the move bring about a real advantage to the custodial parent.
It follows, therefore, that on remand the judge must accept the mother’s remarriage and her accompanying desire to be with her husband as sound reasons for her contemplated removal unless he were to find that her wish to move is motivated principally by a desire to frustrate the father’s visitation rights. Should the judge determine that the move is in fact legitimately advantageous from the mother’s viewpoint, he should turn, then, to the question whether the best interests of the children are served by a move that is defensible from the viewpoint of a real advantage to the mother. Such a move, even though advantageous to the custodial parent, may be precluded because it is not in the children’s interest. See Yannas, 395 Mass. at 711 (“That the move is in the best interests of the custodial parent does not mean that it is automatically in the best interests of the child”). In the present case, the judge found, on conflicting evidence, that the proposed move to South Carolina was not in
Here, however, the erroneous treatment of the mother’s marriage and accompanying desire to be with her husband penetrated and influenced the findings regarding the children’s best interests. Put differently, we do not know whether those findings would have been otherwise had the judge given appropriate weight to the mother’s preference. As we have stated, consideration of the position of the custodial parent does not disappear after it is concluded that there is a real advantage to her in moving. Rather, there must be continued consideration of the quality of life of the custodial parent for the simple reason that her quality of life has a direct and immediate impact on the welfare of the children. See Rosenthal v. Maney, 51 Mass. App. Ct. at 268-269.
Because the judge found, perhaps erroneously, that the proposed move offered no real advantage to the mother, he obviously gave no weight to any real advantage to her in his calculus regarding the children’s best interests. We have concluded, however, that his finding in this regard cannot be sustained because it is based on a determination that the mother’s marriage and her accompanying desire to be with her husband do not establish a real advantage from her viewpoint. If a real advantage to the mother is demonstrated, that must be a factor in deciding whether the contemplated move is consistent with the welfare of the children.
Finally, we address the mother’s contention that the judge relied excessively on the report of the guardian ad litem. The report was plainly admissible pursuant to G. L. c. 215, § 56A, inserted by St. 1975, c. 400, § 72.
Here, the guardian ad litem was qualified; the mother received her report; the guardian was subject to cross-examination; and the mother was entitled to present evidence that rebutted the guardian’s findings. It was for the judge to decide whether to credit the guardian’s report and testimony. We see no indication that he failed to think critically and independently about the subject matter, although, as we have indicated, certain of his findings may have been influenced by the application of improper criteria. The guardian’s report was filed on December 17, 2003, prior to the mother’s marriage to Pizzino. The report does, however, refer to Pizzino as the mother’s fiancé and refers to her desire to marry him. We cannot tell to what extent the guardian may have been influenced by a view, if indeed she had a view, that the marriage was not by itself a good reason for the move, and we leave that for possible exploration on remand.
3. Disposition. The judgment is vacated, insofar as it denies the mother’s request to remove the children to South Carolina, and the case is remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. The judge shall receive additional evidence regarding the period subsequent to the date of judgment and may, in his discretion, receive additional evidence with respect to circumstances existing prior thereto.
So ordered.
On the complaint of the defendant, Patrick Miller (the father), which was consolidated with the mother’s complaint for modification, the judge concluded that the mother was in contempt of the judgment of divorce nisi, and entered certain orders accordingly. The contempt judgment does not figure materially in this appeal.
The parties appealed the decision, but we are unaware of the outcome.
All provisions of the separation agreement relating to the children were also merged in the judgment.
The mother responded with a counterclaim of her own alleging contempts on the part of the father.
These findings were obviously also relevant to the claims of contempt, and supported the judge’s conclusion that the mother was in contempt of the divorce judgment in various respects.
This of course is not a finding. We reiterate the oft-repeated request of the Supreme Judicial Court and of this court that judges not simply state evidence in lieu of making actual findings. We need to know what the judge finds, not
He concluded also that the additional income the mother earned in Massachusetts at her secondary jobs was not required to meet her current expenses.
General Laws c. 208, § 30, states in relevant part: “A minor child of divorced parents who is a native of or has resided five years within this commonwealth and over whose custody and maintenance a probate court has jurisdiction shall not, if of suitable age to signify his consent, be removed out of this commonwealth without such consent, or, if under that age, without the consent of both parents, unless the court upon cause shown otherwise orders.”
This presupposes that the remarriage has not been contracted for some unlawful propose, or is otherwise a sham marriage.
“Any judge of a probate court may appoint a guardian ad litem to investigate the facts of any proceeding pending in said court relating to or involving questions as to the care, custody or maintenance of minor children .... Said guardian ad litem shall, before final judgment or decree in such proceeding, report in writing to the court the results of the investigation, and such report shall be open to inspection to all the parties in such proceeding or their attorneys.”