DocketNumber: No. 09-P-1676
Citation Numbers: 79 Mass. App. Ct. 64
Judges: Katzmann
Filed Date: 3/16/2011
Status: Precedential
Modified Date: 6/25/2022
The corporate defendant, Olympic Adhesives, Inc. (Olympic), and individual defendants John E. Murray, Jr., Stephen P. Hopkins, and Paul C. Ryan, controlling shareholders of Olympic,
We summarize the facts from the judge’s findings in his August 17, 2005, memorandum of decision and order, which were fully supported by the record, and which we augment somewhat, here and in our discussion, from the undisputed evidence in the record. Olympic is a closely held Massachusetts corporation, formed by the individual defendants in March, 1975, to manu
Rubin is an attorney specializing in corporate and tax matters. Prior to 1975, he had performed estate planning work for both Hopkins and Murray. When the individual defendants left Nicholson, they sought Rubin’s advice in forming Olympic and in defending the Nicholson lawsuit. Rubin recommended they hire Edward Barshak, a trial attorney. Barshak successfully defeated Nicholson’s motion for a preliminary injunction against Olympic. Rubin conducted settlement negotiations with Nicholson over several months, obtaining dismissal of the case and promissory notes for the purchase of Murray’s and Hopkins’s shares in Nicholson. Rubin spent approximately 500 hours on the Olympic start-up and the Nicholson litigation and settlement, and the individual defendants were enormously grateful. They had difficulty paying Rubin for his legal services, however, having invested their cash in the start-up of Olympic.
In October, 1975, Rubin met with the individual defendants to discuss his unpaid fee. At that meeting, Rubin proposed that they pay his fee in three parts: a cash payment of $40,000, a percentage of the notes from Nicholson to Murray and Hopkins to purchase their Nicholson shares, and nonvoting stock equal to ten percent in Olympic.
“Shares of Class A Common Stock and Class B Common Stock shall be identical in all respects, except that shares of Class B Common Stock shall not possess or enjoy any voting rights or powers, and no holder of Class B Common Stock shall be required to receive notice of any meetings of stockholders of the corporation. Holders of Class A Common Stock shall have exclusive voting power and shall be entitled to one vote in respect of each share of Class A Stock issued and outstanding.”
At no time did the parties indicate that nonvoting stock was not entitled to receive dividends, if and when declared. The articles of amendment were approved by the individual defendants.
In 1976, Olympic adopted an employee profit-sharing plan, setting aside twenty percent of the net operating income, before taxes, for distribution. In 1977, Olympic began to make a profit, and Rubin advised the individual defendants to distribute the profit among themselves, as a merit bonus, to avoid paying additional taxes under Olympic’s C-corporation tax status. As a result, Murray received a bonus that year of $5,000, and Hopkins and Ryan each received $4,000. The individual defendants continued to declare bonuses to themselves thereafter.
In 1978, Rubin encountered personal financial difficulties and borrowed $20,000 from Olympic, pledging his Olympic stock as security. Rubin paid interest on the note but did not pay the note when due, and Olympic extended it several times. In 1994, Olympic forgave the note because of the long-standing relationship between the individual defendants and Rubin. Rubin retained his shares in Olympic.
In April, 1981, Murray replaced Rubin with new general counsel. Murray had been tried for and convicted of Federal
Olympic continued to do well. In 1990, Olympic adopted a restated profit-sharing plan, whereby one-third of the net operating income went to a fund that would be distributed to employees, including the individual defendants. Twice a year, after calculating amounts for the profit-sharing plan, the individual defendants also paid themselves what they referred to as additional compensation, representing what the judge described as “a very high percentage” of Olympic’s net profits.
On December 11, 1998, Rubin wrote to Murray, complaining that the individual defendants “were effectively taking disguised dividends from the company with no pro rata distributions made to [him].” At that point, Rubin’s accountant was permitted to review Olympic’s records and tax returns, and on January 26, 2000, Rubin’s attorney made a formal demand of Olympic’s board of directors pursuant to Mass.R.Civ.R 23.1, 365 Mass. 768 (1974).
Rubin filed this action on March 15, 2000, claiming individually and derivatively that the three individual defendants had paid themselves excessive compensation, in violation of their fiduciary duty to Rubin as a minority shareholder.
The defendants appeal. Their arguments are directed principally at whether Rubin was entitled, under the 1975 fee agreement, to challenge the individual defendants’ compensation, and whether the remedy ordered by the judge was supported by the evidence and the law.
The 1975 fee agreement. 1. Attorney-client transactions. The defendants first argue that Rubin has no right, either as the individual defendants’ former attorney or as an Olympic shareholder, to challenge the individual defendants’ compensation. They maintain that the 1975 fee agreement should not be enforced because Rubin breached his fiduciary duty, as the defendants’ attorney, by failing to disclose his potential conflict of interest between his duties as their attorney and his rights as a minority shareholder in Olympic. The judge found that Rubin’s disclosure was adequate and that the transaction was fair.
In analyzing whether the fee arrangement should be enforced, the judge was guided by the principles set out in Pollock v. Marshall, 391 Mass. 543, 555-559 (1984). In that case, the court upheld the attorney-client business transaction even though the attorney never advised his client to seek independent legal
The judge here carefully considered the evidence bearing on Rubin’s disclosure, the individual defendants’ understanding of the transaction, and the nature of the transaction. With respect to Rubin’s disclosure, the judge credited Rubin’s testimony that he explained to the individual defendants that his stock would be the same as theirs, except that he would not have the right to vote, and that they should obtain independent legal advice regarding the transaction’s fairness. The judge further credited Rubin’s testimony that the individual defendants were satisfied with the proposal and chose not to seek independent legal advice.
The judge found that Rubin’s disclosure was adequate in light of the experience of the defendants and the nature of the transaction. Specifically, he found that “[t]he plaintiff did not fail to disclose anything of significance which the defendants, as intelligent and experienced businessmen, did not already know with respect to their obligations as shareholders.” It was appropriate that the judge take into account the knowledge and sophistication of the individual defendants concerning shareholder rights and obligations in assessing the adequacy of Rubin’s disclosure. Pol
In light of the judge’s findings regarding the individual defendants’ knowledge and experience in corporate matters, we think he properly rejected the defendants’ argument that Rubin was required to disclose to the individual defendants that it would be a breach of their fiduciary duty if they paid nearly all of the corporation’s profits to themselves and paid Rubin nothing, and that he could sue them for such breach. Murray, Olympic’s president and treasurer, specifically testified that he knew that the majority owed minority and nonemployee shareholders a fiduciary duty, that employee shareholder compensation had to be fair to nonemployee shareholders, that a minority shareholder had a right to share in the profits, and that this was true whether the shares were voting or nonvoting and whether the shareholder was an employee of the corporation or a nonemployee. The judge reasonably found from the evidence that the individual defendants possessed the requisite knowledge and sophistication to understand the “basic proposition that a shareholder is entitled to share in the profitability and value of the enterprise.” See
The defendants urge us to rely on Goldman v. Kane, 3 Mass. App. Ct. 336, 341-342 (1975), to hold Rubin to more exacting disclosure requirements. But in that case, the transaction itself was found to be so fundamentally unfair that the attorney’s disclosure, which included his own recommendation against the deal, could not redeem the arrangement. The same was found in Israel v. Sommer, 292 Mass, at 123-124, again involving a transaction so fundamentally unfair that the attorney’s explanation of the deal to the client did not suffice. See Duggan v. Gonsalves, 65 Mass. App. Ct. 250, 257-258 (2005) (fundamentally unsound transaction of attorney representing clients in foreclosure proceeding and then purchasing their property for himself).
Here, in contrast, the judge found the transaction to be fair, and the evidence fully supported that view. He found that Rubin was entitled to be paid for the legal services he had provided; that the agreed-upon value of the stock at the time of transfer, along with the cash payment and Nicholson notes, represented a fair payment for his services; and that the individual defendants understood and were pleased with the option to pay part of Rubin’s fee in stock rather than cash. See, e.g. Pollock v. Marshall, 391 Mass, at 557 (“the transactions were found, as a matter of fact, not to have involved any overreaching or undue influence by the plaintiffs”). Furthermore, the judge observed that nothing in the law prohibited the payment of legal fees, for services rendered, in shares of stock, and the defendants do not contest the point.
Based on this record, we discern no fundamental unfairness in the transaction involving the transfer to Rubin of ten percent of the stock in Olympic as partial payment for his legal services. We conclude that the judge appropriately applied the factors set out in Pollack v. Marshall, supra, and that the record supported his conclusion that the 1975 fee agreement was arrived at fairly and equitably.
2. Second look for reasonableness. The defendants further argue that the 1975 fee agreement should be subject to a second look for reasonableness. In particular, they urge that we look to the current value of the stock in determining what was a reasonable fee for legal services performed and completed in 1975. However, the policy arguments put forth by the defendants that permit judicial re-examination of contingent fee agreements, or fee agreements that involve ongoing legal services, are not implicated here. See, e.g., McInerney v. Massasoit Greyhound Assn., Inc., 359 Mass. 339, 352 (1971); Holmes v. Loveless, 122 Wash. App. 470, 473 (2004).
Contingent fee agreements, because the outcome and the extent of the legal services are unknown at the time of the bargain, must comply with certain strict requirements to ensure fairness. See, e.g., R.W. Granger & Sons, Inc. v. J & S Insulation, Inc., 61 Mass. App Ct. 92, 96-100 (2004).
Those concerns are not present here. Rubin was seeking payment for work already performed at the time the parties entered into the 1975 fee agreement, and thus the hours expended and the results achieved were known. All parties agreed to the amount to be paid
Finally, we note that contrary to the “second look for reasonableness” urged here by the defendants, various authorities support the valuation of stock issued in lieu of legal fees at the time that it is issued. ABA Standing Comm, on Ethics and Professional Responsibility, Formal Op. 00-418 (July 7, 2000); Association of the Bar of the City of N.Y., Formal Opinion 2000-3; Klein, No Fool for a Client: The Finance and Incentives Behind Stock-Based Compensation for Corporate Attorneys, 1999 Colum. Bus. L. Rev. 330. Any windfall that the attorney may receive from valuing the asset at the time that the fee is set is a “reward [that] stems from the investment risk accepted.” Association of the Bar of the City of N.Y., Formal Opinion 2000-3. As a practical matter, adopting a “second look” at stock issued in lieu of legal fees is problematic because there is no natural point
While it can be very difficult to accurately value a start-up business, Rubin made efforts to determine the value of the stock that he was requesting in lieu of fees. In order to place a monetary value on the stock, he sought the advice of Olympic’s accountant, who indicated that the defendants had contributed $25,000 for 100 percent interest, six months earlier, so therefore he thought it made sense to value Rubin’s ten percent interest at $2,750. The defendants do not challenge the fact that $2,750 was a fair assessment of the value of a ten percent interest in Olympic in 1975.
The judge here found that the cash portion of Rubin’s compensation ($40,000) was inadequate to “compensate the plaintiff fully and fairly” and that because of this Rubin asked for an additional ten percent stock interest. Recognizing that the “value of Olympic’s stock at the time of issuance was highly problematical” and “[t]he enterprise could easily have failed,” the judge found that “[i]t cannot be said that the fee was excessive.” We are presented with no persuasive argument to disturb that conclusion.
3. Interpreting the articles of amendment. We also are unpersuaded by the defendants’ argument that the articles of amendment, specifically the language that “shares of Class B Common Stock shall not possess or enjoy any voting rights or powers,” should be interpreted to deny Rubin not only voting rights, but all other powers associated with stock ownership. According to the defendants, the language means that Rubin has no powers in connection with his stock, and is not entitled to sue or to share in the profits unless and until the company was sold. No reasonable reading of the phrase, taken in context, permits that interpretation.
The parties agree that Olympic’s corporate documents are to be construed according to principles of contract interpretation. We rely on the following: “In interpreting a contract, ‘[tjhe objective is to construe the contract as a whole, in a reasonable and practical way, consistent with its language, background, and purpose.’ ” Downer & Co., LLC v. STI Holding, Inc., 76 Mass.
Viewing the contested term “voting rights or powers” in context, we observe that both the preceding clause, plainly stating that Rubin’s class B shares are “identical in all respects” as the individual defendants’ shares, and the final sentence, employing the phrase “voting powers,” make clear that “voting” modifies both “rights or powers.” See, e.g., Downer & Co., LLC v. STI Holding, Inc., 16 Mass. App. Ct. at 792 (plaintiff’s interpretation of contested language only possible if taken out of context and read in isolation).
Remedy. 1. Evidentiary support for reasonable compensation. The judge found that the individual defendants’ compensation for the years at issue was unreasonably high, noting that from 1995 to 2005, they paid themselves nearly all the profits that remained after payments under the employee profit sharing plan. See, e.g., Crowley v. Communications for Hosps., Inc., 30 Mass. App. Ct. 751, 756-757 (1991) (compensation to majority shareholders of large percentage of corporation’s profits deprived
“The question of what is reasonable compensation for the performance of executive duties by an officer of a corporation is one of fact.” Black v. Parker Mfg. Co., 329 Mass. 105, 116 (1952).
The judge relied on Gordon’s analysis but did not adopt Gordon’s proposed salary figures. Gordon opined that the individual defendants’ compensation was more than twice what it should have been, based on comparable material manufacturing companies and officers’ pay. The judge, relying on evidence that officer compensation fell between approximately four percent to seven percent of net sales for comparable companies for the years 2001 to 2004, and adding his own success premium based on the individual defendants’ significant abilities and contributions, determined that fair and reasonable compensation for them was approximately ten percent of Olympic’s average annual net sales. See, e.g., Sugarman v. Sugarman, 797 F.2d at 13. Determining reasonable compensation based on a percentage of net profits, with his own adjustments for performance, was a permissible exercise of the judge’s discretion. Black v. Parker Mfg. Co., 329 Mass. at 117. This amount the judge then confirmed with evidence of the average compensation for top officers in comparable firms for 2001 to 2004. See, e.g., Anthony’s Pier Four, Inc. v. HBC Assocs., 411 Mass. 451, 483 (1991) (judge’s award fell within the range of values to which the parties’ experts testified).
“[I]t was appropriate for the court to question the reasonableness of [the defendants’] salary under these circumstances and to accept expert testimony regarding the excessiveness of that salary.” Sugarman v. Sugarman, 797 F.2d at 12. The judge was entitled to make a reasoned choice from the differing opinions of the experts. Fechtor v. Fechtor, 26 Mass. App. Ct. 859, 864-865 (1989). We see no error in the judge’s reliance on portions of Rubin’s expert’s testimony in making his own determination of reasonableness, see Haskell v. Versyss Liquidating Trust, 75 Mass. App. Ct. at 127, nor do we think the evidence
We conclude that the judge’s findings as to amounts constituting reasonable compensation for the individual defendants were based on sufficient evidence and were not clearly erroneous. See Fechtor v. Fechtor, 26 Mass. App. Ct. at 863; Haskell v. Versyss Liquidating Trust, 75 Mass. App. Ct. at 129.
2. Derivative versus direct remedy. The defendants also challenge the derivative nature of the remedy. The law is clear, however, that an action is derivative rather than direct when the claim is for excessive compensation, and that claims against officers for excessive compensation must be asserted through the corporation. Black v. Parker Mfg. Co., 329 Mass. at 118. Bessette v. Bessette, 385 Mass. 806, 809 (1982). See Diamond v. Pappathanasi, 78 Mass. App. Ct. 77, 87-88 (2010) (claims against controlling shareholders for dissipating corporate assets by paying themselves impermissible fees properly characterized as derivative). The judge found that the excessive compensation paid to the individual defendants constituted a disguised dividend that should have been distributed among all the shareholders.
The defendants complain that the remedy ordered by the judge will work a hardship, especially when other remedies were available that would accomplish the same end. “Courts have broad equitable powers to fashion remedies for breaches of fiduciary duty in a close corporation . . . and their choice of a particular remedy is reviewed for abuse of discretion.” Brodie v. Jordan, 447 Mass. 866, 871 (2006). A remedy similar to the judgment here was imposed by this court in Crowley v. Communications for Hosps., Inc., 30 Mass. App. Ct. at 766-768, where we rejected
3. Statute of limitations. The judge permitted Rubin to recover his share of the excess compensation as far back as 1995, relying on the six-year statute of limitations for contract actions. We see no error in the judge’s reliance on Von Arnim v. American Tube Works, 188 Mass. 515, 517-520 (1905) (suit to recover corporate officers’ excessive salaries may be brought as an action for money had and received), and Kagan v. Levenson, 334 Mass. 100, 103 (1956) (six-year statute of limitations for contract actions applied to suit to recover proceeds from sale of corporate assets, as one for money had and received), in treating Rubin’s claim as one for money had and received and applying the six-year statute of limitations.
The defendants rely, instead, on Woodcock v. American Inv.
Here, the wrong alleged by Rubin was that the individual defendants paid themselves disguised dividends in the form of excessive compensation, depriving Rubin of his right to share in the distribution of profits pursuant to his ownership of stock. We recently observed in Diamond v. Pappathanasi, 78 Mass. App. Ct. at 97 n.32, that there was no error in applying the six-year contract statute of limitations to a derivative claim to recover funds that were paid to a director in violation of the articles of incorporation. That the defendants themselves asserted throughout this litigation that Rubin’s right to profits was contractual, to be determined in accordance with Olympic’s articles of organization, lends further support to the judge’s mling that the statute of limitations consistent with the contractual basis for Rubin’s claim should apply. See, e.g., Lewis v. H.P. Hood & Sons, Inc., 331 Mass. 670, 676 (1954) (shareholder “gets what he bargains for” under articles of incorporation).
4. Attorney’s fees. Olympic’s articles of incorporation prohibit the corporation from paying the attorney’s fees of an officer or director where they “have not acted in good faith in the reasonable belief that his action was in the best interests of the corporation.” The defendants complain that the judge’s order that the individual defendants repay Olympic amounts paid for their attorney’s fees in this action was not supported by the requisite finding of bad faith. But the judge specifically ruled that the individual defendants owed Rubin a fiduciary duty of good faith and loyalty, and that they breached that duty by paying themselves excessive compensation. “The fairness of such salaries is open to examination . . . for the benefit of the
Judgment affirmed.
We refer herein to Murray, Hopkins, and Ryan collectively as the individual defendants; to Olympic Adhesives, Inc., the corporate defendant, as Olympic; and to the individual defendants and Olympic together as the defendants.
It was understood that the cash payments, if any, would be paid over the next several years.
For simplicity, we will refer to the three-part arrangement for payment of Rubin’s legal fees as the 1975 fee agreement.
The judge found the percentage of Olympic’s net profits paid to the individual defendants as additional compensation, after profit sharing, was approximately seventy-five percent in 1990, and grew to between ninety-two percent and ninety-seven percent from 1995 to 2005.
Rubin filed a supplemental complaint on May 16, 2005, alleging that the excessive compensation was ongoing.
As an initial matter, the parties dispute whether the defendants’ attempt to challenge or undo the 1975 transaction is properly before us, as the defendants’ motion to add a claim for rescission was denied, and the denial was not included in their notice of appeal. This court may refuse to enforce a contract or recognize a transaction entered into by an attorney that violates the law or public policy, including the policy expressed in the Massachusetts Rules of Professional Conduct and their predecessor. McLaughlin v. Amirsaleh, 65 Mass. App. Ct. 873, 880-885 (2006). This principle may be applied to the situation where an attorney seeks to enforce a fee contract which the court finds was the product of overreaching and was excessive and unreasonable as a matter of law. McInerney v. Massasoit Greyhound Assn., Inc., 359 Mass. 339, 353 (1971). Where such important policy considerations are at stake, it is not necessary that the parties raise the issue in their pleadings or that the judge address the issue below. McLaughlin v. Amirsaleh, supra at 880 n.ll.
The defendants argue that Rubin’s disclosure violated S.J.C. Rule 3:07, Canon 5, DR 5-104(A), 359 Mass. 815 (1972), in effect at the time of the 1975 transaction, providing that: “A lawyer shall not enter into a business transaction with a client if they have differing interests therein and if the client expects the lawyer to exercise his professional judgment therein for the protection of the client, unless the client has consented after full disclosure.” The judge determined that Rubin disclosed all that was required by the rules in existence at the time of the transaction. Moreover, a violation of a disciplinary rule, while it may be some evidence of an attorney’s negligence, does not in itself constitute an actionable breach of duty to a client. Fishman v. Brooks, 396 Mass. 643, 649-650 (1986). We note that this level of disclosure would not be sufficient under the current formulation of the Massachusetts Rules of Professional Conduct, which now requires, among other things, written disclosure and the client’s written consent. Mass.R.Prof.C. 1.8(a), 426 Mass. 1338 (1998).
According to the record, Murray and Hopkins held both voting and nonvoting stock in Nicholson. Murray testified that, while still at Nicholson, he and his father, Murray, Sr., had a dispute over control of the company, and in 1975, his father wanted to change the designation of control under a prior stock trust agreement that gave Murray the right to run the company. When Murray, Sr., sued the defendants, Rubin assisted in defending the lawsuit and negotiating a settlement, which involved creating a voting trust agreement for the defendants’ Nicholson shares, whereby Murray and Hopkins gave up voting rights in exchange for the right to pursue their own business with Olympic.
The permissibility of accepting stock in lieu of legal fees is well supported. Mass. Bar Assn. Comm. on Professional Ethics, Op. Nos. 76-16 (1976), 81-11 (1981). See ABA Standing Comm, on Ethics and Professional Responsibility, Formal Op. 00-418 (July 7, 2000); Association of the Bar of the City of N.Y., Formal Opinion 2000-3; D.C. Bar Legal Ethics Comm. Op. No. 300 (2000).
Contingent fee agreements currently are governed by Mass.R.Prof.C. 1.5, as amended, 432 Mass. 1301 (2000), which sets out a series of requirements that must be included in those agreements, including, for example, the contingency upon which fees will become owing and the method by which the fees and other costs are to be determined. In 1975, S.J.C. Rule 3:14, 351 Mass. 731 (1967), defined a contingent fee agreement as “an agreement, express or implied, for legal services of an attorney . . . under which compensation, contingent in whole or in part upon the successful accomplishment or disposition of the subject matter of the agreement, is to be an amount which either is fixed or is to be determined under a formula.”
Here, the $40,000 cash payment, combined with stock valued at $2,750, and the Murray, Sr., notes, all of which the judge valued at approximately $53,000 at the time, was deemed reasonable payment for the 500 hours Rubin already had expended on the defendants’ behalf.
A review of statutory usage of the “voting rights” and “voting powers” shows that both terms are used interchangeably. See, e.g., G. L. c. 156B, § 77; G. L. c. 156D, §§ 6.01 & 6.03 (“voting rights”). See also G. L. c. 164, § 6; G. L. c. 175, § 66C; G. L. c. 155, § 18; G. L. c. 156, §§ 14, 32 & 41 (“voting powers”).
The defendants complain that the burden of proving the reasonableness of the compensation was wrongly placed on them. The burden is on the directors, who set their own compensation, to prove their salaries were fair and did not result in harm to the corporation. Charlette v. Charlette Bros. Foundry, Inc., 59 Mass. App. Ct. 34, 43 (2003). The defendants argue, however, that the burden to prove what is reasonable compensation should shift to Rubin, if and when the defendants fail to prove that the salaries were reasonable. See, e.g., Samia v. Central Oil Co. of Worcester, 339 Mass. 101, 128 (1959) (“initial burden” to prove reasonableness of payments to directors and officers rested on them). Rubin provided sufficient evidence to support the judge’s findings of reasonable compensation so that we need not reach the burden-shifting issue. See Haskell v. Versyss Liquidating Trust, 75 Mass. App. Ct. 120, 127 n.14 (2009).
The defendants argue that no evidence was presented to support the finding
As has been noted, the judgment requires the individual defendants to reimburse Olympic for the excessive compensation they paid themselves and then provides that Olympic will pay any taxes owed from the money returned. The defendants object that the remedy will cause the individual defendants and Olympic to suffer significant tax consequences. This argument is unavailing because they cannot be heard to complain that they will suffer consequences as a result of the individual defendants’ improper actions wherein they paid themselves additional compensation to avoid having to pay taxes. See Crowley v. Communications for Hosps., Inc., 30 Mass. App. Ct. at 759 n.12 (where the defendants argued that “ ‘it was advantageous for tax purposes for the corporation to pay salaries rather than declare dividends[,]’ [i]t would seem that the defendants had no understanding of their obligations as directors, officers and controlling stockholders in a closely held corporation”). Moreover, the tax consequences and considerations are one of the reasons that a direct remedy would not accomplish the same end as a derivative remedy.
“An action for money had and received lies to recover money which should not in justice be retained by the defendant, and which in equity and good conscience should be paid to the plaintiff.” Cannon v. Cannon, 69 Mass. App. Ct. 414, 423 (2007) (claim for money had and received where wife of deceased breached her contractual obligation to share life insurance proceeds with deceased’s children and kept full amount for herself).