DocketNumber: No. 10-P-2175
Citation Numbers: 82 Mass. App. Ct. 427
Judges: Mills
Filed Date: 9/14/2012
Status: Precedential
Modified Date: 6/25/2022
The events underlying this case arose in the context of a teenage dating relationship between the complainant, whom we shall refer to as Alice, and the defendant. The defendant was charged with one count of aggravated rape, G. L. c. 265, § 22(a), and two counts of assault by means of a dangerous weapon, G. L. c. 265, § 15B(&). A jury convicted him of rape as a lesser-included offense of aggravated rape, and one count of assault by means of a dangerous weapon. On appeal, he challenges the admission of three types of evidence: (1) expert testimony on domestic violence, (2) multiple first complaint testimony, and (3) evidence of bad character and prior bad acts. We affirm.
Background. We summarize the evidence admitted at trial relevant to the issues before us. Alice met the defendant in April, 2006, during her freshman year of high school, when she was fifteen and he was seventeen. They began dating in My, 2006, and the relationship became sexual. Although dating stopped around May, 2007, they continued to engage in a sexual relationship over the next few months.
1. The first incident. In June, 2007, the parties were no longer dating but regularly engaged in sexual relations when Alice’s parents were out of the house. Alice testified that one morning the defendant called and asked to come over and was angry when she refused to see him. While she was brushing her teeth, she heard the garage door open. She stepped out of the bathroom and saw the defendant standing in the hallway pointing a gun at her. She fled to her parents’ bedroom, with the defendant following, and begged him not to kill her, to which he replied, “Why shouldn’t I? Why shouldn’t I kill you now?” When Alice’s dog entered the room, the defendant pointed the gun at the dog, and she asked him not to hurt the dog. Thereafter, the defendant calmed down and they had consensual sex.
3. Ensuing events. Alice also testified to subsequent bad acts by the defendant, but she continued to see him until at least August, 2007. Then, in October, 2007, she started dating a new person. The next month, the defendant visited her at the supermarket where she worked, asked if she was dating anyone, and called her early the next morning, at 1:00 a.m. She replied by text message, and he responded, also via text message, that he wanted to “|j]ust talk cuz I miss you.” Then, on November 14, 2007, the defendant sent her a text message reading, “U f— him yet?”
Alice contacted the police around the date of the final text message. As part of the investigation, Deputy Chief Jeffrey Gillen of the Groveland police department spoke with both Alice and Salem Lahlali, an acquaintance to whom she had complained of the defendant’s actions. All three testified as prosecution witnesses. The Commonwealth also called Amesbury
Discussion. 1. Expert testimony. The defendant first challenges the admission of Detective Wile’s testimony on domestic violence. In Commonwealth v. Goetzendanner, 42 Mass. App. Ct. 637, 640 (1997) (Goetzendanner), this court explained that, “[t]o the average juror, untutored in the psychological dynamics of domestic violence, the victim’s vacillating behavior toward the defendant —• in particular, her back and forth attempts to end the relationship — might have seemed counterintuitive and might even have suggested that her version of events was inherently unreliable and unworthy of belief.” As in Goetzendanner, the Commonwealth here offered expert testimony by Detective Wile on the behavioral characteristics of victims in order to help the jury evaluate Alice’s credibility.
Detective Wile heads the domestic violence unit for the Ames-bury police department. At the time of his testimony, he had been a police officer for over twenty-one years and had worked solely on domestic violence cases since 1999. Based on his experience and training, he testified about the different types of domestic violence, including verbal, emotional, psychological, and physical abuse. He described the three-phase “cycle of violence,” which includes a period of “tension building,” a “battering incident,” and, finally, a “honeymoon phase.” He also testified about “minimization” of abuse, recantation, and the reasons why victims may remain in abusive relationships.
a. Expert qualifications. As a threshold matter, we reject the defendant’s contention that the judge erred in qualifying Detective Wile to offer expert testimony. “The decision to qualify a witness as an expert on a particular matter that is within that
b. Subject matter. The defendant next argues that domestic violence is not a proper subject of expert testimony because the testimony is neither helpful to the jury nor reliable. “A trial judge has broad discretion with respect to the admissibility of expert testimony.” Commonwealth v. Mamay, 407 Mass. 412, 421 (1990). In his role as gatekeeper, a judge must determine that expert testimony is both “beyond the common knowledge of jurors” and “reliable.” Commonwealth v. Polk, 462 Mass.
We agree that Goetzendanner controls. Goetzendanner, 42 Mass. App. Ct. at 640-641, held that testimony “about domestic violence generally and about BWS specifically” was admissible to help jurors understand the potentially counterintuitive behavior of victims when assessing a victim’s credibility. See Commonwealth v. Dockham, 405 Mass. 618, 627-630 (1989) (expert testimony on “general behavioral characteristics of sexually abused children” admissible); Commonwealth v. Mamay, 407 Mass. at 421-422 (rape trauma syndrome); Commonwealth v. Day, 409 Mass. 719, 724 (1991) (battered child syndrome). Other courts have concluded, in line with Goetzendanner, that expert testimony on domestic violence that does not specifically address battered woman’s syndrome is admissible. See People v. Brown, 33 Cal. 4th 892, 895, 906-908 (2004) (expert testimony on “the behavior of victims of domestic violence” covered the “cycle of violence” and counterintuitive characteristics of victim reporting); Odom v. State, 711 N.E.2d 71 (Ind. Ct. App. 1999) (upholding admission of expert testimony on domestic violence that did not specifically address battered woman’s syndrome). As the judge discussed, there is significant literature on the effect of domestic violence on victims’ behavior. See People v. Brown, 33 Cal. 4th at 898-900, and authorities cited. There is also behavioral science support for the value of expert testimony on domestic violence that does not fall neatly into the category of battered woman’s syndrome as it is currently defined. See id. at 900, 903, citing People v. Humphrey, 13 Cal. 4th 1073, 1083 n.3 (1996) (“preferred term among many experts today is
c. Impermissible vouching and abuser profiling. We also reject the defendant’s contention that Detective Wile impermis-sibly vouched for Alice’s credibility. While an expert may describe the general behavioral characteristics shared by victims of abuse, “[djeference must be preserved for the role of the jury as the final judge of credibility.” Commonwealth v. Federico, 425 Mass. 844, 848 (1997). Expert testimony must be “confined to a description of the general or expected characteristics shared by typical victims,” Goetzendanner, 42 Mass. App. Ct. at 644, and “may not relate directly to the symptoms exhibited by an individual victim . . . , nor may it include an opinion or diagnosis that that person suffers from the described condition.” Ibid. “If that link is avoided, and the testimony does not focus on the specific [victim], the testimony is usually allowed.” Commonwealth v. Deloney, 59 Mass. App. Ct. 47, 55 (2003). The defendant does not allege that Wile explicitly linked his opinion to the actual victim but, rather, that he implicitly invited the jury to make that comparison.
As the court in Commonwealth v. Deloney explained, “even absent explicit linking of the [expert] opinion to the [victim], the jury may impermissibly be invited to find an identity between the hypothetical subjects of the expert testimony and the specific [victim] . . . .” Ibid. In this case, the defendant challenges three aspects of Wile’s testimony as implicit vouching: (1) a description of the “cycle of violence,”
This court has acknowledged the “apparent oddity that . . . the more numerous the similarities between the individual . . . victim and a ‘standard’ . . . victim created by an expert witness, the more likely it is that the expert testimony will be excluded.” Commonwealth v. Deloney, 59 Mass. App. Ct. at 56. However, the mere fact that an expert’s testimony is consistent with that of the victim does not, alone, render it impermissible vouching. To the contrary, it demonstrates the relevance of the expert opinion as an aid to the jury in understanding a victim’s counterintuitive actions. See ibid, (“expert testimony that explains to the jury that child abuse victims may behave in ways that to lay persons may seem illogical” is permissible so long as it does not “suggest[] that child victims in a particular case have acted typically when compared to a ‘norm’ of child victims”). See also Commonwealth v. Colon, 49 Mass. App. Ct. 289, 291 (2000) (“expert testimony on the . . . general behavioral characteristics of sexually abused children is admissible and does not, of itself, constitute an opinion on the credibility of the complaining witness”).
Detective Wile’s testimony was appropriately generalized. Goetzendanner specifically upheld the allowance of expert testimony about the “cycle” of domestic violence and the underlying emotional state of victims. See 42 Mass. App. Ct. at 641 (expert “explained the cyclical nature of abusive relationships” and that “women victims of battering often experience a strong desire to understand why the abuse occurred”). See also Commonwealth v. Dockham, 405 Mass. at 628 (expert testified
Nor did the expert opinion impermissibly profile perpetrators
By contrast, the defendant challenges Wile’s statements that (1) psychological abuse includes “throwing things, not directly at [the victim], but in the general area where they are,” and “threaten[ing] to hurt themselves,” and (2) verbal abuse includes “belittling” and “name-calling.”
Finally, the judge gave an appropriate, timely jury instruction
2. First complaint testimony. The defendant next argues that the judge erroneously allowed “piling on” of first complaint testimony. He challenges testimony by Alice, by Salem Lahlali, and by Deputy Chief Gillen as violating the first complaint doctrine. The doctrine limits testimony about a victim’s complaints of sexual assault to a single witness, generally the first person told. See Commonwealth v. King, 445 Mass. 217, 243 (2005), cert, denied, 546 U.S. 1216 (2006) (first complaint is most pertinent to jury’s assessment of victim’s motivation for coming forward and credibility); Commonwealth v. McCoy, 456 Mass. 838, 844-845 (2010).
a. Standard of review. The defendant did not object to any of the complaint testimony at trial, and we therefore review for a substantial risk of a miscarriage of justice. Id. at 846. “A
b. Complaint witnesses. At trial, Alice testified about two separate instances of abuse underlying the charges on which the defendant was convicted — an initial incident when the defendant threatened her and her dog with a gun (for which the defendant was convicted of assault by means of a dangerous weapon), and a second incident when he anally raped her (for which the defendant was charged with aggravated rape, and was convicted of the lesser-included offense of rape). The Commonwealth called Salem Lahlali, an acquaintance of Alice’s, as the designated first complaint witness. Lahlali testified about a single telephone conversation with Alice in late July. He recounted that she called him crying and told him that the defendant “had a gun up to her and raped her,” and “gun . . . slapped her dog.” The defendant argues that Lahlali’s testimony echoed Alice’s description of the first incident and thus does not implicate a sexual assault at all, taking it out of the first complaint rubric and rendering the testimony inadmissible.
A full reading of Lahlali’s testimony shows, however, that he was not explicit about whether his understanding was that the acts he described, as recounted to him by Alice in their July conversation, were all part of a single incident.
Turning to Alice’s testimony, the defendant contends that she impermissibly testified about multiple complaints to Lahlali, as well as complaints to the police. First complaint testimony is limited to the initial complaint. See Commonwealth v. Arana, 453 Mass. 214, 222-223 (2009) (“where a complainant makes successive complaints to the first complaint witness, the initial complaint is the only evidence admissible as first complaint”). During her direct examination, Alice testified, “I did definitely tell him about the first incident, and then I do believe I told him — I don’t know if it was the same exact time that I saw him, but I do remember I ended up telling him about the times that [the defendant] forced me to have anal sex with him.” It was only on cross-examination that she clearly said she discussed with Lahlali the defendant’s actions “[a]t least twice,” and “definitely more than once.” To the extent that repetition of the complaint to Lahlali bolstered her credibility, any error was compounded by the defendant. More importantly, “we must consider whether defense counsel’s failure to object to the testimony could have been a tactical decision.” Commonwealth v. McCoy, 456 Mass. at 852. Defense counsel emphasized Alice’s multiple complaints when cross-examining her and relied on inconsistencies between her and Lahlali’s complaint testimony in his closing argument.
The defendant also argues error in the admission of Alice’s statement that she complained to the police. However, the prosecutor elicited this testimony at the request of the defense. Earlier in the trial, the Commonwealth had addressed a desire to show when the police investigation began. See Commonwealth v. Arana, 453 Mass. at 226-227 (even where a police officer is not the first complaint witness, testimony concerning the circumstances giving rise to the police involvement in a sexual assault case may be admissible as part of the prosecution’s casein-chief). In order to avoid an inference by the jury that the police independently began investigating the defendant for other conduct, defense counsel requested that the police involvement be introduced through evidence that Alice complained to them. Counsel expressed his preference that Alice testify that she went to the police in November, and indicated that he had no objection to that testimony. Again, the defense made a reasonable strategic choice. See Commonwealth v. McCoy, 456 Mass. at 852-853. Consequently, Deputy Chief Gillen’s statement that he interviewed Alice during his investigation was cumulative and nonprejudicial. The multiple first complaint testimony did not create a substantial risk of a miscarriage of justice.
3. Bad character and prior bad act evidence. The defendant argues that the Commonwealth introduced a litany of bad character and bad act evidence with the sole purpose of portraying the defendant negatively. For example, the defendant points to testimony that he called Alice vulgar names and threatened her. “The prosecution, of course, may not introduce evidence of a defendant’s prior misconduct to demonstrate bad character or propensity to commit the crime charged.” Commonwealth v. DeMarco, 444 Mass. 678, 681-682 (2005). See Mass. G. Evid. § 404 (2012). However, “ [ejvidence of relevant prior misconduct
As the acts complained of consist almost entirely of acts showing the defendant’s poor treatment of Alice, we need make only a few remarks.
The defendant argues that the prosecutor improperly encouraged the jury to convict the defendant based on these bad acts. As he failed to object to both the bad act evidence
Judgments affirmed.
Tliey had completely ceased relations by mid-November, 2007, when Alice contacted the police complaining of misconduct by the defendant.
Alice testified that she still cared for the defendant at this time and continued to see him.
See generally Goetzendanner, 42 Mass. App. Ct. at 641 (expert discussed the “cyclical nature of abusive relationships” and victims’ “tendency to leave and then return to the batterer many times before finally ending the relationship”); People v. Brown, 33 Cal. 4th 892, 897, 906-908 (2004) (expert testimony addressed minimization and recantation).
During his training, Detective Wile attended three week-long conferences addressing police response to issues of domestic violence and sexual abuse. At least one of the conferences addressed the behavioral patterns of domestic violence victims, as did two additional trainings totaling ten hours.
Through the Amesbury police department, Detective Wile has trained at least thirteen other police departments on domestic violence, including the behavioral characteristics of victims, the cycle of violence, the occurrence of rape and sexual assault, and how to assess the lethality of a situation in the context of domestic violence. He has also worked with the Jeannie Geiger Crisis Center to train judges, district attorney personnel, and others involved with issues of domestic violence. Wile is also a member of the Greater Newburyport Domestic High Risk Team, an affiliation of professionals that gathers members from law enforcement and other organizations, including the Anna Jacques Hospital, to discuss domestic violence cases.
See generally Goetzendanner, 42 Mass. App. Ct. at 641; People v. Brown, 33 Cal. 4th at 906-908.
See generally Commonwealth v. Pike, 431 Mass. 212, 221 (2000); People v. Brown, 33 Cal. 4th at 897; Odom v. State, 711 N.E.2d 71 (Ind. Ct. App. 1999).
Wile testified, “[Teenagers] look at the push, being told what to do, the jealousy issues that go on, being told how to dress, they look at it as affection, as the person really loves them . . . .”
It is clear from the transcript that, despite some parallels with Alice’s testimony, the expert opinion was not geared toward this defendant. Alice testified that the defendant (1) hit her with a chair, which he “didn’t throw” but “pushed . . . over in [her] direction,” (2) threatened to kill himself, and (3) mocked her performance on the high school track team and called her vulgar names. Other such acts testified to by the expert, but not seen in Alice’s testimony, included “breaking] things” and “us[ing] past behavior” by saying, “[R]emember what I did before, I’ll do it again.” Detective Wile also described more familiar acts of physical abuse, such as “hitting, slapping, punching, biting, strangulation, [and] sexual abuse,” many of which were not present in this case. Likewise, the expert’s full description of “verbal or emotional” abuse included “name-calling, belittling, constantly blaming the victim, [and] threatening to do bodily harm to them” — a variety of abusive behaviors, some found in Alice’s testimony, and some not.
The judge instructed jurors that they were “the sole, the exclusive judges of the facts.” Regarding witness testimony, he said, “[Ijt’s your unique function as the judges of the facts to weigh the credibility, the believability of the testimony that you heard.” Turning to the testimony of police officers and expert witnesses, he charged:
“Police officers testified in this case. Police officers are just like everybody else when it comes to assessing believability. The only difference is, they have a different job, . . . and you assess their credibility in the same way that you would any other witness.
“One witness, a police officer as it turns out, was allowed to testify as an expert. Now, that doesn’t mean that he has any more credibility, or any less than any other witness. What it means is simply this. By reason of his training and experience, he may have knowledge that the average juror wouldn’t have, and for that reason, he’s allowed to express his opinion on certain subjects.
“Generally, witnesses are not allowed to express their opinion, but an expert witness is.
“But in assessing expert testimony, you use the same factors that you would use in assessing the credibility of any other individual.”
Lahlali recounted the following statements by Alice: “Pretty much that
For example, defense counsel pointed to inconsistencies about whether Alice and Lahlali spoke in person or on the phone, whether Alice said the defendant pointed the gun at the dog or hit the dog, and whether there was anal rape.
The defendant’s final claim, that Alice implicitly conveyed to the jury that she complained to her parents, is unsupported by the record. She stated only that after the rape, she “was feeling bad about [her]self because [she] was keeping it from [her] parents, everything that happened,” and that she then unburdened herself to Lahlali, without in any way intimating that she made the allegations to her parents as well.
The defendant challenges evidence that he dropped out of high school and discouraged Alice from studying, had sex with Alice when he was seventeen and she was fifteen, called Alice vulgar names, was jealous when she interacted with other boys, pushed a chair over in her direction that wound up hitting her, abandoned her at a track meet and insulted her performance, threatened to kill himself, hated and threatened her parents, let her dog escape and was indifferent to its safety, threatened her if she dated anyone else, “ke[ptj tabs” on her after their breakup, and sent her a text message reading “U f— him yet?”
We note that although the judge failed to give a limiting instruction on the use of evidence of bad character or prior bad acts, the defendant did not request such an instruction. “[Sjince there was no request for a limiting instruction, the judge’s failure to give such an instruction was not error.” Commonwealth v. Errington, 390 Mass. 875, 882 (1984).
With respect to the defendant’s other claimed errors in the Commonwealth’s closing, the prosecutor’s argument that Alice had no motive to lie was properly grounded in the evidence at trial. It rebutted the defense argument that Alice had fabricated the charges, Commonwealth v. Heiberg, 73 Mass. App. Ct. 175, 179-180 (2008), and did not suggest that the prosecutor had outside knowledge that Alice was telling the truth. Commonwealth v. Felder, 455 Mass. 359, 368 (2009). Nor did the prosecutor improperly seek to inflame the jurors’ passions by reference to the specific evidence of the defendant’s abuse of Alice or by stating that Alice learned from the defendant “how to be emotionally and physically abused.” Compare Commonwealth v. Baran, 74 Mass. App. Ct. 256, 283 (2009) (“I beseech you —• I beg you — think of those children . . .”); Commonwealth v. Grinkley, 75 Mass. App. Ct. 798, 808-811 (2009) (urging the jury to “think about what it must have been like” for the victims, particularly during their rape examination).