Konig v. Mayor of Baltimore

As I can not, after a careful consideration of the case, concur in the conclusions of the Court, I feel, in view of the importance of the questions involved, that I should state my reasons for dissenting, with a reference to the authorities in support of what I regard as the proper disposition to be made of the case.

The bill of complaint in this case was filed by the appellant as a taxpayer and resident of Baltimore City, on his own behalf and on behalf of all other taxpayers and property owners of the City, against the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore, James H. Preston and others, members of the Board of Awards; Ezra B. Whitman, Water Engineer, and the American Water Softener Company. The prayer of the bill was for the annulment of a contract for the construction of a filtration plant, and for a preliminary and permanent injunction restraining the defendants from doing anything in furtherance, performance or execution of the same.

From the decree of the Circuit Court No. 2 of Baltimore City dismissing the bill the plaintiff appealed, and this Court, upon the record of that appeal, held that the contract was void, and that the plaintiff was entitled to have it annulled and its execution enjoined. In remanding the case, the Court said: "But in view of the fact that the contract was partly executed at the time of the trial of the case in the Court below, and the statement of counsel that it would probably be fully executed and completed before the case was decided by this Court, the extent to which relief by injunction may be granted, and the terms of the injunction, if any, that should be issued by the Court below, must depend upon the status of the parties to the contract with reference to the performance thereof when the cause reaches that Court." The reasons for the conclusion reached are set out in the opinion reported in 126 Md. 606.

After the case reached the lower Court further evidence was taken on the 13th of July, 1915, from which it appears that on the 29th of June, 1915, the contract had not been fully executed; that the work and materials necessary to complete the contract amounted to about thirty thousand dollars, and that there was due the contractor for work already done and materials furnished about thirty thousand dollars. Upon this evidence, and evidence tending to show that the construction of the filtration plant under the contract would be completed about the first of August, and that if the further execution of the contract was enjoined it would result in a delay of about three months in the completion of the work, thereby depriving the City of the benefit of the plant during a period of the year when there is great danger of typhoid fever, the Court below passed a decree denying the injunction, without prejudice to the plaintiff to take such further action in the cause, or adopt such other remedy as he was entitled to. The decree recited as the reasons for the Court's action that there was every reasonable assurance that the plant would be completed and that the City would be furnishing its inhabitants with pure water by the first of August, the beginning of the season when typhoid fever usually prevails and is most dreaded; that this Court had imposed upon the lower Court the responsibility of determining the extent to which relief by injunction should be granted, and the terms of the injunction, if any, that should be issued, and that the advantage to the plaintiff and other taxpayers would be inconsiderable in comparison with the loss and damage that an injunction would occasion "to the parties to the contract." From this decree the plaintiff has again appealed, and contends that he was not only entitled to an injunction restraining the further execution of the contract, but also to a decree requiring the American Water Softener Company to pay into Court, for the use of the City, the amount already paid to it for work, etc., done under said contract. On the other hand, the appellees contend that, notwithstanding the contract is void, as the filtration plant has now been completed by the American Water Softener Company, and the City is enjoying the benefit of it, the Company is entitled to be paid for the work done, etc., and that the equitable doctrine that he who seeks equity must do equity denies the plaintiff the right to an injunction enjoining the City from paying the contractor the balance of the contract price.

The rule relieving municipal corporations from liability for the unauthorized acts of their officers and agents, and recognizing the right of a taxpayer to sue for a writ of injunction restraining the execution of a contract made in violation of the positive provisions of the charter or ordinances of such a corporation, has been rigidly enforced in this State. In the case of Baltimore v. Eschbach, 18 Md. 276, an action was brought to recover damages for default of the defendants in imposing a valid tax for work done under a contract made by the plaintiff with the City Commissioner for grading and paving one of the City streets. The Court held that the contract was invalid because the Commissioner had no authority to make it, and said: "Although a private agent, acting in violation of specific instructions, yet within the scope of a general authority, may bind his principal, the rule, as to the effect of the like act of a public agent, is otherwise. The City Commissioner, upon whose determination to grade and pave the contract was made, was the public agent of a municipal corporation, clothed with duties and power, specially defined and limited, by ordinances bearing the character and force of public laws, ignorance of which can be presumed in favor of no one dealing with him on matters thus conditionally within his official discretion. For this reason the law makes a distinction between the effect of the acts of an officer of a corporation, and those of an agent for a principal in common cases; in the latter the extent of authority is necessarily known only to the principal and the agent, while, in the former, it is a matter of record in the books of the corporation, or of public law. A municipal corporation can not be held liable for the unauthorized acts of its agents, although done officii colore, without some corporate act of ratification or adoption; and, from considerations of public policy, it seems more reasonable that an individual should occasionally suffer from the mistakes of public agents or officers, than to adopt a rule, which, through improper combinations and collusion, might be turned to the detriment and injury of the public. * * * As the contract of the appellee was entered into by the Commissioner on behalf of the appellants, under circumstances which gave him no power or authority to bind them, we think they can not be held liable on any action on the contract, nor for any claim sounding in damages for violating or disregarding its provisions. Holding the opinion, that the contract imposed no liability or obligation upon which an action in any form can be maintained, we must reverse the judgment without a procedendo."

In the case of Baltimore v. Reynolds, 20 Md. 1, where the contract sued on was made by an agent of the City without authority, the Court, after repeating the statement I have quoted from Baltimore v. Eschbach, supra, said further: "It is better that an individual should now and then suffer by such mistakes than to introduce a rule against an abuse of which, by improper collusions, it would be very difficult for the public to protect itself." The case of State v. Kirkley, 29 Md. 85, was an application for a writ of mandamus to compel the building committee of the new City Hall of Baltimore to surrender the plans and specifications for the building and to enjoin them from acting as a building committee. The Court held that the members of the committee had no authority to act in the capacity they had assumed, and, referring to the suggestion that the writ was only granted in the discretion of the Court and to subserve some just and useful purpose, JUDGE MILLER said: "And in this connection it has been argued, with much force, that the City is here impeaching its own acts, asserting the nullity of its own appointments made under its own actual direction, for its service and benefit, and confessedly within the scope of its delegated power; that the appellees accepted the office bona fide, and in the full belief that the original ordinance was valid and operative; that there is no charge that the contracts were made improvidently, uneconomically, or in bad faith, or that they are otherwise than beneficial to the City and the people, and in the proper furtherance of the erection of the City Hall which is admitted and known to be a pressing public necessity; that the annulling of these contracts, and destroying all equities founded on them, would be the practical result of granting the writ, and must be substantially the thing aimed at in this proceeding, because the corporation may, at its pleasure, repeal both ordinances and thereby stop the erection of the building, or may change the mode of its superintendence by abolishing the building committee, or appointing other parties in place of the respondents. These considerations, it is contended, divest the application of all merit, and are, of themselves, sufficient to bar the relief prayed, and justify the refusal of the writ. But we have shown that these parties, without lawful authority, are assuming to act as officers of a municipal corporation * * * assuming to discharge the duties of an office which has no existence. Upon grounds of public policy, for the purpose of prescribing and enforcing the proper exercise of their delegated powers by these corporations and their agents and officers, such illegal assumptions of power ought not to be permitted; nor ought the courts to withhold the exercise of their restraining powers, in such cases, by any consideration of the consequences which may result to those who have inadvertently dealt with parties who thus assume to act without legal authority. No principle of law relating to municipal corporations is more firmly established than that those who deal with their agents or officers must, attheir peril, take notice of the limits of the powers both of the municipality and of those who assume to act as its agents and officers; and in no State has this principle been more frequently applied or more rigidly enforced than in Maryland." After quoting from Baltimore v. Eschbach, supra, JUDGE MILLER said further: "The reasonableness and necessity of the rule rests upon the ground that these bodies corporate are composed of all the inhabitants within the corporate limits; that the inhabitants are the corporators; that the officers of the corporation, including the legislative or governing body, are merely the public agents of the corporators; that their duties and powers are prescribed by statutes and ordinances, and everyone, therefore, may know the nature of these duties and the extent of these powers. Hence it is, that the plea of ultra vires is used by those who are sued by such corporations, and the corporation itself may use it as a defense, or, in a proceeding like the present, may assert, as plaintiff, the invalidity of such acts, either of itself or its agents and officers, as are the subject of complaint in this case. If this were not so, it would become impossible, in practice, to restrain the acts of such corporations and their officers within the limits of their powers."

The same principle was announced and applied in Horn v.Baltimore, 30 Md. 218, and in Baltimore v. Gill,31 Md. 375, where the bill was filed by a taxpayer of the City to enjoin the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore from carrying out the provisions of an invalid ordinance, CHIEF JUDGE BARTOL said: "In this State the courts have always maintained with jealous vigilance the restraints and limitations imposed by law upon the exercise of power by municipal and other corporations; and have not hesitated to exercise their rightful jurisdiction for the purpose of restraining them within the limits of their lawful authority, and of protecting the citizen from the consequences of their unauthorized or illegal acts. If the right to maintain such a bill as this be denied, citizens and property holders residing or holding property within the limits of a municipal corporation, would be without adequate remedy to prevent the injury and damage which might result to them from the unauthorized or illegal acts of the municipal government, and its officers and agents." In the case of Baltimore v. Keyser, 72 Md. 106, the Court held that the contract had not been awarded in compliance with an ordinance requiring it to be awarded to the lowest responsible bidder after advertising for proposals, and affirmed the decree of the lower Court restraining the Mayor, etc., from entering into the contract and enjoining the payment by the City of any money for lighting the streets, etc., under the contract. In disposing of the case, JUDGE ROBINSON, after referring to the right of a taxpayer to apply for an injunction to restrain city authorities from making a contract which they had no lawful power to make, said: "Now, it can hardly be necessary to say that, where a special power is thus conferred upon officers of a municipal corporation to make a contract, and the terms and conditions upon which the authority to be exercised are prescribed, there must be at least a substantial compliance with such terms and conditions, or the contract will be invalid. * * * The object, the plain object, of these provisions was to prevent favoritism in awarding the contract, and to secure to the people of Baltimore City the advantages and benefits to be derived from competitive bidding. The terms and conditions thus prescribed by the ordinance are conditions precedent, the compliance with which by the defendants was obviously essential to the exercise of the power conferred." In the case of Packard v. Hayes,94 Md. 233, the bill was filed by a taxpayer to enjoin the execution of a contract made on behalf of the City on the ground that it was in violation of the provisions of the City Charter requiring contracts for public work to be awarded by the Board of Awards to the lowest responsible bidder after proposals for the same had been advertised for. The Court held that in letting a municipal contract by competitive bidding, the provisions of the statute relating thereto must be strictly observed; that a contract made in violation of the statute is ultra vires and void, and can not be ratified by the municipal government; that the object of the provisions of the Charter is to prevent favoritism and extravagance in letting municipal contracts, and that the execution of a contract made in violation of the statute should be enjoined.

It seems equally well settled in this State that ordinarily a corporation is not estopped from asserting its want of power to execute a contract. In Steam Navigation Co. v. Dandridge, 8 G. J. 248, JUDGE DORSEY said: "If the corporation is estopped from denying its power, the estoppel operates with like effect upon those who contract with them, and the result would be that no matter how limited the design and powers of a corporation may appear in its charter, practically it is a corporation without limitation as to its powers. Such a doctrine as this at this day is dangerous to the interests of the community, and it is at war with the modern decisions upon the subject." And in the recent case of Western Md. R.R. Co. v. Blue Ridge Co., 102 Md. 307, in answer to the contention that as the contract had been partly executed by both parties the Railroad Company was estopped to set up the defense of ultra vires, JUDGE PEARCE quotes the statement of the Supreme Court in Thomas v. West Jersey R.R.,101 U.S. 71: "It was the duty of the Company to rescind or abandon the contract. Though they delayed this for several years, it was nevertheless a rightful act when done. Can this performance of a legal duty, a duty both to the stockholders and the public, give the plaintiff a right of action? To hold that this can be done is, in our opinion, to hold that an act done under a void contract makes all of its parts valid, and that the more you do under a contract forbidden by law, the stronger the claim to its enforcement in the courts." In the case ofBaltimore v. Musgrave, 48 Md. 272, JUDGE MILLER said: "It is very clearly settled that one who contracts or deals with the agents or officers of a municipal corporation, must at his peril take notice of the limits of their powers." And in the case ofMealey v. Hagerstown, 92 Md. 741, where the bill was filed to restrain the Mayor and Council of Hagerstown and the Street Commissioners from constructing an electric light plant, and one of the grounds upon which relief was sought was that the Board of Street Commissioners had made a contract for lighting the streets for the period of five years, with a provision for a renewal for another period of five years, and the Railway Company, as assignee of the contract, had upon the faith of said agreement expended large sums of money in performance of the stipulation for a renewal, the Court held that the Board of Street Commissioners had no power to make the agreements, and the present CHIEF JUDGE of this Court said: "Nor can the fact, if that be conceded, that Evans or his assigns has on the faith of the agreement expended money to perform his part of the new contract, estop the municipality or in any way prevent it from setting up this defense. Every one dealing with the officers and agents of a municipal corporation is charged with knowledge of the nature of their duties and extent of their powers; and hence a municipal corporation may set up a plea of ultra vires or its own want of power under its charter or constitutent statute, to enter into a given contract or to do a given act in excess of its corporate powers and authority. 15 Am. Eng. Ency. of Law, 1100 and 1101, where many authorities are cited, including Baltimore v.Eschbach, 18 Md. 276; Horn v. Baltimore, 30 Md. 218, andBaltimore v. Musgrave, 48 Md. 272."

The great weight of authority is even more pronounced in support of the rule that where a contract is made in violation of the mandatory provisions of a statute or city charter there can be no recovery against a municipality, upon an express or implied promise, for work and materials furnished under it. In addition to the Maryland cases already cited, I may refer to the case ofMd. Trust Co. v. Mechanics Bank, 102 Md. 608, where CHIEF JUDGE McSHERRY points out the difference between contracts that are ultra vires only in the sense that they are beyond the powers of the corporation, and contracts that are illegal because in violation of established principles of public policy or by reason of being repugnant to the Code, and where he says: "The fact that the Legislature has prescribed a particular mode to be pursued for the accomplishment of such a result necessarily excludes the right to resort to any other or different mode. * * * as that method of reducing the stock is not the method provided by the Code, it must of necessity be an unlawful method, and a contract entered into with a view of carrying out an unlawful method is a contract to do an unlawful thing, and consequently is an unlawful contract. Under such circumstances, a plaintiff must look elsewhere than a court of justice for such assistance as he may require." It is said in 15 Am. Eng. Ency. of Law, 1086: "The law is well settled that when the mode of proceeding in respect to municipal contracts is prescribed by law, or in the charter of the corporation, such mode must be strictly pursued by the corporation in their relation to the awarding and making of contracts or in their subsequent ratification. If this is not done, no liability is incurred. The party dealing with a municipal body is bound to see to it that all of the mandatory provisions of the law are complied with, and if he neglects such precaution he becomes a mere volunteer and must suffer the consequences"; and in the second edition of the same work, Vol. 20, p. 1165, it is stated: "The general rule is that a provision with reference to letting contracts on bids is mandatory and essential to the validity of contracts entered into, in the absence of which no liability is imposed even though fully performed by one of the parties thereto, and substantial benefits are conferred on the city." The same view is stated in 3McQuillin on Municipal Corp., sec. 1181, as follows: "The general rule is that if a contract is within the corporate power of a municipality but the contract is entered into without observing certain mandatory legal requirements specifically regulating the mode in which it is to be exercised, there can be no recovery thereunder. If a statute or charter says that certain contracts must be let to the lowest bidder, or that they must be made by ordinance, or that they must be in writing, or the like, there is a reason therefor based on the idea of protecting the taxpayers and inhabitants, and these provisions are mandatory, and while it is undoubtedly true that mere irregularities in making the contract are not fatal to a recovery, yet if the contract is entered into or executed in a different manner, the mere fact that the municipality has received the benefits of the contract which has been performed by the other party, does not make the municipality liable, either on the theory of ratification, estoppel, or implied contract, in order to do justice and pay the reasonable value of the property or services.

"The prevailing rule undoubtedly is that if the powers of a municipality or its agents are subjected by statute or charter ``to restrictions as to the form and method of contracting that are limitations upon the power itself, the corporation can not be held liable by either an express or an implied contract in defiance of such restriction.'

"The theory on which such cases are decided is that if any substantial or practical results are to be achieved by the restrictions upon the powers of municipal officers or boards to incur liabilities, as contained in the statutes or charter, no recovery on an implied contract can be allowed, notwithstanding that there is apparent injustice in some cases in adhering strictly to statutes or charter provisions. ``It is better that an individual should occasionally suffer from the mistakes of public officers or agents, than to adopt a rule which, through improper combination or collusion, might be turned to the detriment and injury of the public."

In the case of Jersey City Supply Co. v. Mayor, etc., ofJersey City, 71 N.J.L. 631, 60 A. 381, the Court said: "It is well settled, however, that a municipal corporation can act only through its authorized agents, and that when the powers of the corporation or its agents are subjected by law to restrictions with respect to the subject-matters of contract or to restrictions as to form and method of contracting that are limitations upon the power itself, the corporation can not be held bound by either an express or implied contract in defiance of such restrictions." In that case the goods were used by the members of the fire department.

In the case of Peck-Williamson Co. v. Steen SchoolTownship, 30 Ind. App. 637, 66 N.E. 909, the Court said: "The act was designed to remedy an existing evil. Its provisions are not formal, but material and substantial. The trustee who does not observe them can not bind his township, either directly or indirectly. The contract made by him otherwise is void * * * the delivery and acceptance of goods under it does not create an obligation to pay therefor. To so hold would be to nullify the act, and to declare that a void contract could be made valid by being persisted in."

In Buchanan Bridge Co. v. Campbell et al., Commissioners,60 Ohio St. 406, 54 N.E. 372, the Supreme Court of Ohio said, quoting from the syllabus: "A contract made by County Commissioners for the purchase and erection of a bridge, in violation and disregard of the statute on that subject, is void, and no recovery can be had against the county for the value of such bridge. Courts will leave the parties to such unlawful transactions where they had placed themselves, and will refuse to grant relief to either party." In the course of its opinion the Court said further: "It is necessary to so construe the statutes in order to prevent the evils which induce the enactment of them. If such statutes could be evaded there would always be found some public servants who would be ready and willing to join in transactions detrimental to the public, but favorable to themselves or some favored friend; and, if public officers should be ever so honest, some persistent agent or salesman would impose upon them and obtain more out of the public treasury than is justly due."

In the case of People v. Gleason, Mayor, 121 N.Y. 631, 25 N.E. 4, the charter of the city required the contract to be let to the lowest bidder, etc., and that not having been done, the Court of Appeals held that the contract was illegal and void, and said: "This provision was inserted in the charter undoubtedly to prevent favoritism, corruption, extravagance and improvidence in the procurement of work and supplies for the city, and it should be so administered and construed as fairly and reasonably to accomplish this purpose. If contracts for work and supplies can be arbitrarily let subject to no inquiry or impeachment, to the highest instead of the lowest bidder, under such a provision as is found in this charter and substantially in the charters of all the other cities in the State, then the provision can always be nullified, and will serve no useful purpose."

In Donovan v. The City of New York, 33 N.Y. 291, where the contract was not made as the law required, the Court held that it was "a simple and absolute nullity," and that the parties aggrieved had no remedy against the corporation, because they were employed "in contravention of the policy and terms of the statute."

In McDonald v. Mayor, 68 N.Y. 23, the Court held that if the charter imposes restrictions upon the manner of contracting it must be observed, and that where a person makes a contract with the City of New York for supplies to it, without the requirements of the charter being observed, he can not recover the value thereof upon an implied liability. In the opinion, JUDGE FOLGER said: "How can it be said that a municipality is liable upon an implied promise, when the very statute which continues its corporate life, and gives it its powers, and prescribes the mode of the exercise of them, says that it should not, and hence can not, become liable save by express promise. * * * It is plain, that if the restrictions put upon municipalities by the Legislature for the purpose of reducing and limiting the incurring of debt and the expenditure of public money, may be removed, upon the doctrine now contended for, there is no legislative remedy for the evils of municipal government, which of late have excited so much attention and painful foreboding."

In the case of Dickinson v. The City of Poughkeepsie,75 N.Y. 65, the Court said: "The statute absolutely required all contracts for the whole or any part of this reservoir to be made with the lowest bidder, after public notice and receiving proposals, and the Commissioners have no power to contract otherwise. It follows from what has been said that this contract is in excess of their power, illegal and void. Being void when executory, its execution does not confer upon the plaintiffs any right of action thereunder. There is no ratification of a void contract, for the Commissioners had no power to contract, either by ratification or otherwise, except with the lowest bidder, upon advertisement. A promise can not be implied where there is no power to contract. * * * There can be no implied promise to pay upon a quantum meruit, where there is no power to contract, either expressly or impliedly, except upon a written contract with the lowest bidder after advertisement. * * * It is difficult to see what use or force there could be in such prohibitions, so general as to municipalities and so much a part of our policy in this State, if the consummation of their violation brings with it the protection of the law or any right of action for payment."

In the case of Roehmheld v. City of Chicago, 231 Ill. 467, 83 N.E. 291, the Court held that where there is a statute or ordinance prescribing the method by which an officer or agent of a municipal corporation may bind the municipality by contract, the method must be followed, and there can be no implied contract or implied liability of such municipality, and it is there said: "When the agent of the city is restricted by law as to the method of contracting, the city can not be bound otherwise than by a compliance with the conditions prescribed for the exercise of the power. * * * The performance of work or furnishing materials for the city and the acceptance of resulting benefits will not render it liable to pay for the work which was not authorized."

The case of Cawker v. Central Paving Co., 140 Wis. 25, where the bill was filed by a taxpayer to enjoin the City of Milwaukee from paying for work done under a void contract, is to the same effect, and there the Court said: "The contract between the appellant and the city was expressly adjudged to be invalid, in Cawker v. Milwaukee, 133 Wis. 35, for failure to comply with the charter provisions relating to contracts for the use of patented articles. These provisions were intended to secure and make effective competition between bidders. To hold that the city might, without compliance with said provisions, ratify the contract and so validate it, or that the appellant might, notwithstanding the invalidity of the contract on this ground, go on and complete it and recover upon quantum meruit, would be to make these charter provisions practically ineffective. Former decisions of this court forbid such recovery by the appellant."

In the case of Richardson v. Grant County, 27 Fed. 495, where an Indiana statute required the county contracts to be awarded pursuant to competitive bidding, Grant County awarded a contract for the construction of a court house in violation of the statute. The court house was constructed and was accepted and used by the county. The contractor sued the county and sought to recover on a quantum meruit. The Court said: "It is conceded, as I understand, that under these statutory provisions no special contract for the work done by the plaintiff, not made in substantial conformity with the statute, could be enforced; but the plaintiff insists that, upon the averment that the board of commissioners, acting for the county, had received and was in the enjoyment of the work done and materials furnished by him, he is entitled, upon the common count, to recover the quantum meruit. Neither upon authority, nor in reason, as it seems to me, can this be so. In the common count it is necessary to aver, and the plaintiff has averred, that the work was done at the special request of the defendant — that is to say, of its board of commissioners. This statute, however, expressly forbids such request or assent on the part of the board. Of this the plaintiff was bound to take knowledge, and consequently is placed in the attitude of one who has done a voluntary service, for which he can legally claim no recompense. The common count or claim to recover a quantum meruit must rest upon an implied promise or liability; but where a municipal body is required to make certain contracts in a prescribed way, and forbidden to make them in any other way, there is left no room for an implied obligation."

In the case of Edison Electric Co. v. City of Pasadena, 178 Fed. 425, the Court said: "The positive prohibition of a statute can no more be avoided by evasion than it can be violated directly. A citation of authorities upon so plain a proposition is unnecessary. So, too, is the law well settled that where, as in the cases between these parties here under consideration, the contract upon which suit is brought is forbidden by statute, the acceptance of benefits raises no implication of an obligation. The law is not properly chargeable with the absurdity of implying an obligation to do that which it forbids."

In Thomas v. City of Richmond, 12 Wall. 349, MR. JUSTICE BRADLEY, after stating, "where the parties are not in paridelicto, actions are sustained to recover back the money or other consideration received for such obligations, though the obligations themselves, being against law, can not be sued on," said further: "But, in the case of municipal and other public corporations, another consideration intervenes. They represent the public, and are themselves to be protected against the unauthorized acts of their officers and agents, when it can be done without injury to third parties. This is necessary to guard against fraud and peculation. Persons dealing with such officers and agents are chargeable with notice of the powers which the corporation possesses, and are to be held responsible accordingly. The issuing of bills as a currency by such a corporation without authority is not only contrary to positive law, but, being ultra vires, is an abuse of the public franchises which have been conferred upon it; and the receiver of the bills, being chargeable with notice of the wrong, is in paridelicto with the officers, and should have no remedy, even for money had and received, against the corporation upon which he has aided in inflicting the wrong. The protection of public corporations from such unauthorized acts of their officers and agents is a matter of public policy in which the whole community is concerned, and those who aid in such transactions must do so at their peril."

In Buchanan v. Litchfield, 102 U.S. 278, the plaintiff brought suit against the City of Litchfield, Illinois, to recover the amount of certain coupons of which he was the owner, and the declaration, in addition to special counts, contained the usual counts for money lent, etc., and money had and received. The Court held that the bonds were issued in violation of the State Constitution, and void, and that there could be no recovery. In the course of the opinion, MR. JUSTICE HARLAN said: "Our attention is called by counsel to the exceeding hardship of this case upon those whose money, it is alleged, has supplied the City of Litchfield with a system of water works, the benefits of which are daily enjoyed by its inhabitants. The defense is characterized as fraudulent and dishonest. Waiving all considerations of the case, in its moral aspects, it is only necessary to say that the settled principles of law can not, with safety to the public, be disregarded in order to remedy the hardships of special cases." The Court refused to express an opinion upon the question whether the city could be required to refund to the proper party money actually received by it or its authorized agent. After that case was decided, an owner of some of the bonds brought suit in equity against the City of Litchfield, setting out the result in the above case and alleging that the city was liable to him for the money it received from him and which was used in the construction of the water works. He contended that, notwithstanding the bonds were void, the city was bound to return the money it received for them. MR. JUSTICE MILLER, in disposing of the case, said: "There is no more reason for recovery on the implied contract to repay the money than on the express contract found in the bonds. * * * The holders of the bonds and agents of the city are particepscriminis in the act of violating that prohibition, and equity will no more raise a resulting trust in favor of the bondholders than the law will raise an implied assumpsit against the policy so strongly declared." Litchfield v. Ballou, 114 U.S. 190.

It is said in McQuillin on Municipal Corporations, Vol. 3, p. 2624: "There is considerable authority, however, to support the rule that a recovery may be had on a quantum meruit in such cases, upon the theory that it is not justice, where a contract is entered into between a municipality and others in good faith, and the corporation has received benefits thereunder, to permit the municipality to retain the benefits without paying the reasonable value therefor, the same as a private corporation or individual would have to do." But the doctrine of the cases cited in support of the text, if applied to the facts of this case, would effectually annul the provisions of the City Charter, and place the matter of the expenditure of municipal funds entirely beyond the control of the Legislature. The City authorities and a contractor could at will ignore the safeguards the Charter provides and rely upon implied assumpsit to recover compensation for work and materials unlawfully furnished. I am unable to give my assent to a rule that would logically and inevitably lead to such a result.

In 126 Md. 606, the Court hed that the contract here in question was illegal and void because not made in compliance with the provisions of the City Charter, and where that is the case it would seem clear upon the authorities cited, that the municipality can not be held liable either upon the express contract, implied assumpsit or the doctrine of estoppel. The Court also held on the former appeal that the plaintiff was entitled to an injunction restraining the further execution of the contract. Nothing has occurred since effecting or altering the relations of the parties to suggest the application of a different principle or warranting a different conclusion so far as the contract remains unexecuted.

The language of this Court in remanding the case had reference to the fact that the contract had been partly executed at the time of the first trial of the case in the Court below, and the statement of counsel for the defendants that it would probably be completed before the decision of this Court on the former appeal. The extent to which the lower Court could grant relief by injunction would necessarily depend upon the status of the parties with reference to the performance of the contract when the case reached that Court.

The contract was made in violation of the positive and mandatory provisions of the City Charter, and the considerations which induced the learned Court below to withhold the writ, while calculated to appeal to the discretion of the Chancellor, were not, in my judgment, sufficient to justify the continued execution of a void agreement. The right of a taxpayer to have enjoined the execution of an illegal contract made on behalf of the City ought not to depend upon the question of the advantage to the City to perform it, or the injury it would inflict upon the parties to the unlawful agreement. To so hold would in effect repeal the provisions of the Charter as to all contracts deemed by the Court advantageous to the City. Nor does the plaintiff's interest in the suit, other than as a taxpayer, affect his right to the relief. In the case ofPackard v. Hayes, supra, JUDGE JONES, speaking for the Court said: "In the same case (Mazet v. City of Pittsburgh, 137 Pa. 548), it was also held that the allegation of the want of good faith in the plaintiff in bringing the suit, the same as is made here, was immaterial in such case; that the plaintiff as taxpayer had a clear legal right to enforce; and the motives that actuated the bringing of the suit were immaterial. In the case of Mayoretc., v. Keyser et al., 72 Md. supra, this Court adopted the following language of the Judge (DENNIS, J.), who decided the case below, where it was said the complainants (taxpayers) ``have a right to require that the money they have contributed for the public benefit shall be spent only for the purposes, and in the manner authorized by law, and that every security designed to protect its proper expenditure shall be faithfully observed. This right is a vital one to them and they are required to allege no other injury than that it is about to be violated. They will be injured, if the violation is permitted, by the act of violation alone.' If, then, where a municipal corporation is proceeding to make a contract which it has no power to make, as was being done in the case just referred to, and as we find has been done in this case, which contract will involve the expenditure of money of the taxpayer, such taxpayer sustains, by that act, an injury which gives him a clear legal right to redress, it is not perceived how, when he seeks that redress, his motive can take away his right. As we have seen, it was held in the case ofMazet v. Pittsburgh, supra, that the motive alleged could not be allowed that effect."

For the reasons stated I think the plaintiff is entitled to the writ of injunction restraining a further execution of the contract by either the City or the American Water Softener Company, but he is not, in my judgment, entitled to a decree requiring the American Water Softener Company to bring into Court for the use of the City the amount already paid the Company for work and materials furnished under the contract in question. In the case of Thomas v. R.R. Co., 101 U.S. on page 85, the Court said: "There can be no question that, in many instances where an invalid contract, which a party to it might have avoided or refused to perform, has been fully performed on both sides, whereby money has been paid or property changed hands, the courts have refused to sustain an action for the recovery of the property or money so transferred. In regard to corporations, the rule has been laid down by COMSTOCK, CHIEF JUDGE, in Parish v.Wheeler, 22 N.Y. 494, that the executed dealings of corporations must be allowed to stand for and against both parties when the plainest rules of good faith require it." It is said in Bispham's Principles of Equity, p. 238: "It is well settled that a court of equity will not lend its aid actively to enforce a forfeiture." See also 1 Pomeroy's Eq. Jurisprudence, secs. 459, 1460, and 2 High on Injunctions (4th ed.), sec. 1110. While this may be too broad a statement of the rule, it serves to express the view that forfeitures are not favored in equity. Neither the plaintiff nor the City can return the consideration for which money was paid to the Company, and to compel the Company to repay it would work great injustice to one who, in good faith, rendered the services and furnished the materials. It is true the principal part of the work was done after the bill in this case was filed, and a part of it after the contract was declared void by this Court, but the lower Court in the first instance held otherwise, and after the case was remanded, the Court below, in the exercise of the discretion supposed to have been committed to it, refused to stay the execution of the work. There is no suggestion in the case of any fraud or collusion in the awarding of the contract, or that the price the City agreed to pay was in excess of what the work and materials contracted for were fairly worth. Under such circumstances a court of equity will not require the Company to forfeit the sum paid to it while the City retains the benefits of the work and materials.

In the Court below the defendants offered evidence for the purpose of showing that the Board of Awards did award the contract for the filter equipment according to the specifications for Item 1-B to the American Water Softener Company, but the contract itself as well as the other evidence in the case is a complete answer to that suggestion.

In accordance with the views I have expressed, I think the decree of the Court below should be reversed, and the case remanded in order that an injunction may be granted restraining the City from making any further payments to the American Water Softener Company on account of said contract, and, in the event that the work has not been completed by the American Water Softener Company, restraining the further execution of the contract by the Company, at the cost of the City.

I am authorized by JUDGE STOCKBRIDGE and JUDGE CONSTABLE to say that they concur in this opinion.