Baltimore, Chesapeake & Atlantic Railway Co. v. Ennalls

The declaration filed by the appellee against the appellant contains counts for malicious prosecution, false imprisonment, assault and battery and assault. The principal question in the case is whether the appellant is liable for an arrest of the appellee, made by Herman E. Fischer, on one of its piers in the city of Baltimore.

The plaintiff, who was working at Sparrow's Point, purchased some groceries to send to his wife at Cambridge, Md. He testified that he took them in a basket to a pier of the defendant, where he went to the company's office and said he had a basket to ship to his wife at Cambridge, and was told it would have to be covered. He then went on a Cambridge steamer which was at the pier and inquired of the cook, whom he knew, whether he would deliver the groceries to his family. The cook told him he would have to get a cover for the basket and that if he went on the wharf he might find something. He went on the wharf and was a few steps from the gangboard, trying to find a cover, when Fischer stopped him, put his hands on him and said "you stole those groceries." He replied that he had bought them, and did not steal them, and said he could so show Fischer, but the latter replied "never mind about that, you stole them, this is the B., C. A. sugar." The plaintiff attempted to explain, took a paper out of his pocket to show he had bought the goods but Fisher declined to look at it and turned him over to the city police. He was taken to the police station where he satisfied the captain that he had purchased the groceries and was discharged.

There can be no doubt that the arrest was wholly unjustifiable, and the only question is whether the defendant is responsible for the action of Fischer. He was at the time a policeman "for the protection of the B., C. A. and M.D. V. Railway Companies, and for the preservation of peace and good order on the premises of the said company in this State" — having been appointed by the Governor under the provisions of what is now sec. 402 of Art. 23 of the Code, which authorizes him to commission such persons as the corporations therein named (including railroad and steamboat companies) may designate, to act as policemen for the purposes above stated. It was decided in Tolchester Co. v. Steinmeier,72 Md. 313, that the company was not bound by such a policeman's acts simply because he was appointed by the Governor at its designation, nomination or request, and his salary was paid by it, and it was held that the company was not liable in that case for assault and false imprisonment. While much that is said in that opinion is applicable to the facts of this case, there are some material distinctions between the two cases. There the policeman's acts complained of were not done on the premises of the company, and it was said that, "It cannot be contended that it was done in the preservation of the property of the company. The superintendent of the company ordered the policeman to arrest the plaintiff because he pushed him into the water, and not for the protection of the company or its property. It was not shown by the plaintiff what the powers of the superintendent were, but it was proven by the defendant that he had no authority to order an arrest and bind the company for the consequence of it. It was also held that the policeman was acting as a State's officer and his act in no way enured to the benefit of the company.

In this case Fischer, when called by the plaintiff, testified that the company paid his salary, that he arrested the appellee on the premises of the appellant, "That as a police among his duties is the duty to keep order on the piers and to note people on the wharf that have no business there; that he enforced the orders" of the defendant and the rules laid down by it, "as far as he understood them." On cross-examination he was asked, "Your only duties with the Baltimore, Chesapeake and Atlantic Railway Company are as special police officer?" to which he replied, "I will give it this way: My duty takes me from Pier 2 down to Pier 9 and as I go along and see any thing disorderly on the wharves I take note of it, if I see any pilfering I try to break it up;" and again, when the above question was repeated, he said, "Well, it is to make arrests and keep order." Fischer was afterwards called in chief by the defendant and gave his account of the arrest. He said he "took hold of him and put him under arrest; that Ennalls said to him three times ``let go of me' and witness said ``I want you to go to the superintendent's office.' Witness has hold of him — leading him that way, when he met Mr. Joynes, general superintendent of the B., C. and A. Railway Company, coming from his office, and beckoned to him. Mr. Joynes came and asked him where he got the goods, and he said he got them down at Steelton, and we looked at each other, and of course witness looked at him and said ``what must I do,' and he said ``put him under arrest' and witness then beckoned to Officer Tennyson and he came over and took charge of him." He said on cross-examination that he "had to report to General Superintendent Joynes every day what was done that day; that the report would be sent in the next morning at eight o'clock; that he made these reports under the orders of the general manager; that these reports would go to the general manager; that the general manager gave him orders; that he would receive such orders occasionally, not often."

It is manifest that both Fischer and the general superintendent were acting under the theory that the appellee had stolen the groceries from the appellant and was in the act of carrying them away. As we have seen above Fischer said to him when he offered to show him a paper which he had in his pocket "never mind about that, you stole them, this is the B., C. A. sugar." There was some sugar in the basket but whether he referred to that, or used the word "sugar" as a slang expression, is not shown, but he undoubtedly arrested the appellee on the assumption that he had stolen the groceries from the appellant's steamer, appealed to the general superintendent of the company to know what he must do and when the superintendent told him to put him under arrest, he then and there turned him over to the city police.

There ought not to be any question about the appellant being responsible for such action of Fischer, although he was commissioned by the State, if a corporation can be held in such a suit for anything short of express precedent authority or subsequent ratification. It was not intended to hold in Steinmeier's case that a corporation could not be responsible for an arrest made by a policeman commissioned by the Governor under this statute. On the contrary it was there said, "For the purposes of this decision, aud in support of our view, it is not necessary for us to hold that Fletcher was in no sense an officer of the company, and that if called on to enforce regulations and by-laws of the company, and he did so purely because of his relation to the company, the company would not be answerable for what was wrongfully done in pursuance of that authority, but within the scope of his employment." In Deck v.B. O.R.R. Co., 100 Md. 168, the detective Steiner, who, it was claimed, shot Deck, was commissioned by the State as a special policeman of the railroad company, and it was held that it was for the jury to determine whether he was acting as an employee of the railroad company or as an officer of the State. See also B. O.R.R. Co. v. Deck, 102 Md. 669. In B., C. A. Ry. Co. v. Twilley, 106 Md. 445, which was an action against the railway company for false arrest and imprisonment it was held to be a question for the jury, whether the person making the arrest was acting in the exercise of his powers as a special police officer, or within the scope of his duty as an employee of the railroad. In Tolchester Co. v. Scharnagl, 105 Md. 199, it was said that the person making the arrest occupied a dual capacity on the boat. He was commissioned by the Governor under the statute above referred to, and also undertook the enforcement of all rules, orders and regulations of the company among the passengers on the boat. It is true that in the last two cases the plaintiffs were passengers, but that could make no difference in so far as the question now under consideration is concerned. In this case the plaintiff swore that he went to the office of the defendant and said he had a basket to ship to his wife.

It is clear from these cases that the mere fact that the person who made the arrest was commissioned under the statute as a policeman does not necessarily relieve the company of the responsibility, but if he was at the time acting as an employee of the company and within the scope of his employment it is liable for his act. In this case there was undoubtedly some evidence that he was acting as an employee of the company. He testified that he asked the General Superintendent what he must do, and when he told him to put Ennalls under arrest he turned him over to the city policeman. He was obeying the orders of the superintendent of the company, and said that part of his duties was to enforce the rules and orders of the company. Without repeating all his testimony, we are of the opinion that the evidence, to use the language of JUDGE BURKE inTolchester v. Scharnagl, supra, "was amply sufficient to have taken the case to the jury upon the question as to whether he was acting at the time as an employee of the appellant, and within the scope of his employment." If he was acting at the time as an employee of the company, his own testimony, part of which is quoted above, is ample to show that his act was within the scope of his employment.

It was not necessary, as the appellant seems to contend, to show that Fischer was specially authorized by the company to make this particular arrest. In Carter v. Howe Machine Co.,51 Md. 290, which was the first case in this State in which it was distinctly held that a corporation could be held liable for a malicious prosecution, JUDGE ALVEY stated the rule governing the liability of corporations for the acts of their agents, thus: "If, therefore, property be entrusted to an agent or servant for sale or safekeeping, there is clearly an implied authority to do all such things as may be proper and necessary for the protection of that property; or if a servant be assigned to a position requiring the performance of certain duties, he has an implied authority to do all such things as may be required to enable him to perform those duties. And for all acts done within the scope of the employment and the limits of the implied authority, the master is liable, however erroneous, mistaken or malicious such acts may be; but for acts done beyond that limit the corporation cannot be made liable, unless express authority has been shown, or there be subsequent adoption or ratification of the act complained of." He illustrated the distinction by citing some cases, amongst them Allen v. L. S.W.R. Co., L.R. 6 Q.B. 65, in which JUSTICE BLACKBURN said, "There is a marked distinction between an act done for the purpose of protecting the property by preventing a felony or of recovering it back, and an act done for the purpose of punishing the offender for that which has already been done. There is no implied authority in a person having the custody of property to take such steps as he thinks fit to punish a person who he supposes has done something with reference to the property which he has not done. The act of punishing the offender is not anything done withreference to the property; it is done merely for the purpose of vindicating justice."

It is only necessary to keep that distinction in mind to understand why it was said in Carter v. Howe Machine Co.,Beiswanger v. Amer. Bonding Co., 98 Md. 287, and other similar cases which might be cited, that it was necessary to show that the agent was expressly authorized by the corporation to procure the arrest or that it subsequently ratified it. Both of those mentioned above were actions of malicious prosecution for prosecuting the plaintiffs for embezzlement, and in such cases nothing done by the agents was for the purpose of protecting property in their charge by preventing a felony or recovering it back, but they were attempts to punish the offenders for what they had already done. There was therefore no implied authority in the agent in such case to act, and it was necessary to prove that he was expressly authorized by the corporation to do so. If that were not so then any corporation would be at the mercy of indiscreet, over-zealous or perhaps dishonest agents, but that is altogether different from the facts disclosed in this record as we have in part pointed out.

Fischer was undertaking to prevent the appellee from feloniously taking away the property of the appellant from its wharf or steamer; as he and the general superintendent believed, as we must in justice to them assume, and he was not simply instituting proceedings against, or causing the arrest of, a party for a crime which he supposed had been previously committed, as is illustrated by Carter's case, Beiswanger'scese, Green's case, 86 Md. 161, and others which might be cited.

Wtthout deeming it necessary to discuss the rulings on the prayers separately, we find no error in them and will affirm the judgment.

Judgment affirmed, the appellant to pay the costs above andbelow.