Young v. College of Physicians & Surgeons

Coroners — Inquests — Making Autopsy Without Consent of Family of Deceased — Evidence. Under the local law of Baltimore City, the coroners have power to hold inquests and order autopsies to be made, when, in their judgment, an autopsy is an appropriate means of ascertaining the cause of a person's death.

And in such case a coroner may lawfully order an autopsy to be made without the consent of the family of the deceased.

A physician who makes a post-mortem examination in the usual manner and in pursuance of the authority of the coroner, is not liable in an action to the family of the deceased for the mutilation of his body without their consent.

A man in vigorous health, whose leg was crushed below the knee in a railroad accident, was carried to a hospital managed by one of the defendants, where he died the next day. The coroner was notified, and consideringthat the accident was not of itself sufficient to cause death, he ordered a post-mortem examination to be made. This was accordingly performed by the defendant K., but without the knowledge of the family of the deceased. In an action by the widow of the deceased against the coroner and K. and the hospital authorities to recover damages for the mutilation of the corpse without her consent, Held,

1st. That since the coroner had authority to order autopsies to be made, and there was no evidence to show that in directing this one to be made he acted maliciously or corruptly, the plaintiff was not entitled to recover against him.

2nd. That K. was likewise not liable if he performed thepost-mortem by order of the coroner, and did so without wantonly mutilating the corpse.

3rd. That the hospital authorities having no further connection with the matter than to allow their rooms to be used, they were not liable.

4th. That the evidence of an undertaker to show the effect ordinarily produced on a dead body by a post-mortem was admissible. The plaintiff below (who is now appellant), brought suit against the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Baltimore City, Dr. Nathaniel G. Keirle and Dr. Edwin Geer. In her declaration she averred that the body of her deceased husband was wrongfully and unlawfully taken in charge by the defendants, and cut and mutilated and used as a subject for the students of the defendant college without warrant in law; and that the defendants wrongfully and unlawfully detained the dead body from burial, when demanded for that purpose by the plaintiff; and that the cutting and mutilation of the body was done secretly and clandestinely, in order to afford instruction to the students of the college, and without the consent of plaintiff or anyone acting for her. The damage alleged to have been caused by these acts was great mental excitement and distress and bodily suffering on the part of the plaintiff. Demurrers by each of the defendants presented to the Court below the question whether the facts alleged entitled the plaintiff to a cause of action. The Court overruled the demurrers, and the case was tried before a jury. The verdict and judgment were in favor of the defendants, and the plaintiff appealed.

Of course, even if errors were committed by the Court in the course of the trial, we could not reverse the judgment, if it were manifest to us that the declaration showed no right of recovery on the part of the plaintiff We shall not, however, further advert to this matter at present. But inasmuch as the, acts laid to the charge of the defendants impute grave moral delinquency, it seems to us just that we should in the first instance carefully examine the grounds on which these accusations are made. The deceased, George W. Young, while engaged in coupling cars on the Northern Central Railroad, sustained a very severe injury; his right leg was mashed below the knee, and the injured portion almost severed from his body, retaining its connection with it only by a few threads of tissue. The wounded man was a strong stout man, of good nerve and able to work. His widowtestified that he never lost any time from his work; and one of his fellow laborers testified that he had worked with him five years, and that he lost no time. He was sent to the City Hospital in Baltimore, where he died the next day. The College of Physicians and Surgeons supplies the medical and surgical service to the City Hospital, and the patient was under the care of a resident physician, who was appointed by the college. After his death a post-mortem examination was ordered by Dr. Geer, one of the defendants, and was conducted by Dr. Keirle, another of the defendants. The post-mortem was made in a room belonging to the College of Physicians and Surgeons, where such examinations are usually made; and the two physicians just named are connected with the college; Dr. Keirle being a member of the faculty. Thepostmortem was without the consent of the plaintiff, the widow of the deceased, or of any member of his family. Evidence was offered on the part of the plaintiff for the purpose of showing that the body was wantonly cut, mutilated and disfigured, and the feelings of the relatives of the deceased inhumanly outraged. On the part of the defendants it was shown that Dr. Geer was one of the coroners of the city of Baltimore, and that Dr. Keirle was the medical examiner appointed by the board of health; also that the post-mortem was ordered by Dr. Geer as coroner, and performed in obedience to his orders by Dr. Keirle. Dr. Geer testified that he ordered the autopsy because he wished to know the cause of death; that it had been reported to him that the man's leg had been cut off by the train, and that he had died within thirtysix hours after he was brought to the hospital; and that he did not think that the loss of the leg in this way sufficiently accounted for the death; and that he could not give the death certificate without having a post-mortem. Dr. Keirle testified that he did not think that in the majority of cases persons in ordinary health, when the leg was crushed below the knee, would die from shock. Dr. Welsh testified that if a healthy man should have his leg crushed off, he would not think it a sufficient cause to explain the death, and in such case, if his official duty required him to give a death certificate, he would make every effort to obtain a postmortem; and that it was so unusual for a death to occur from accident under the conditions surrounding the deceased that other explanations were more probable. Dr. Michael testified that when a man's leg is cut off below the knee, and he dies within thirty-six hours after the injury, the accident would not be an entirely satisfactory explanation of the death, if the man was ordinarily healthy and mnscular; and if he was required to determine definitely the cause of death in such a case, he would not consider that he had done his duty without having an autopsy. Dr. Keirle described his proceeding in making the autopsy; the taking out the brain, the opening the body, the removing and cutting into the different organs, the liver, spleen, kidneys, lungs and heart. He testified that you have to examine all the vital organs to see the cause of death, and that the cause of death was persistent heart shock; that the deceased had fatty kidneys, and fatty degeneration of the heart; that the injury itself was not of such a nature as should have caused persistent heart shock, unless there was something else besides the injury which helped to produce it; that the crushing of a man's leg below the knee was not such a thing, in his opinion, as would produce persistent heart shocks. Dr. Welsh and Dr. Michael testify that to make a complete examination it is necessary to remove and open the brain. Without going into minute details, we may say that the professional testimony in this case tends to show that the autopsy was conducted in the usual manner.

By the Act of 1878, chapter 347, the Governor is authorized to appoint four coroners for the city of Baltimore. This Act is codified among the Public Local Laws as Article 4, § 149,c. Inquests are required to be held whenever a person is found dead and the manner and cause of death shall not be already known as accidental or in the course of nature. There are other duties which coroners in the city of Baltimore are required to perform. The municipality has the power to pass ordinances to preserve the health of the city, and to prevent the introduction of contagious diseases therein. In pursuance of this power a board of health has been established, and many ordinances have been passed for the purpose of detecting and preventing the causes of diseases and removing them when they are found to exist. The board of health is authorized and required to appoint a medical examiner, and it is made his duty to make post-mortem examinations in any part of the city when called upon by either of the coroners or the board of health. Baltimore City Code of 1892, Article 23, sections I, c.; 6 and 7. Furthermore it is enacted, that "when any person shall die in the said city, it shall be the duty of the physician who attended during his or her last illness, or the coroner when the case comes under his notice, to furnish within forty-eight hours after the death * * a certificate setting forth as far as the same can be ascertained * * the cause, date and place of death." City Code of 1892, Art. 42, § 2. The object of this last provision is obvious. The spread of infectious and contagious diseases is very apt to occur in thickly settled communities. It is therefore the part of wisdom to watch with vigilance every indication of their approach, and to investigate the causes which might in any probability produce them. The causes of death must be ascertained, so that means may be adopted for the prevention of other deaths from the same sources. The evidence before us exhibits the case of a public officer whose duty it is to find out and certify the cause of a death which is brought to his notice. The accident preceding his death, and disabling him, is not in his opinion sufficient to cause the death of a healthy person. There must, therefore, as he thinks, be some diseased condition of the injured man, which contributed to bring about this result. His opinion is shared by other reputable physicians who have testified in the case. He could not honestly and conscientiously give the certificate which the law required him to give, unless he made proper inquiry into the case. .In his judgment and in the judgment of the professional witnesses proper and sufficient inquiry could not be made without an autopsy. So far as the evidence in the case shows, or any rational inference from it, the coroner did simply his plain and positive duty in ordering the autopsy. And the medical examiner, Dr. Keirle, was equally obliged by his duty to obey the order of the coroner. On the prayer of the defendants the Court gave to the jury the three following instructions:

1. There is no evidence in this case to show that the College of Physicians and Surgeons did any of the alleged wrongful acts mentioned in the declaration or ratified the .same, and therefore their verdict must be for the said defendant, the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Baltimore City.

2. That there is no evidence legally sufficient to show that the defendant, Geer, participated in any way in the commission of the alleged wrongful acts mentioned in the declaration, further than as coroner of the State of Maryland, to order thepost-mortem examination to be performed, and that there is no evidence legally sufficient to show that in ordering thepost-mortem examination to be performed, he acted wantonly, maliciously or corruptly, and therefore the verdict must be for this said defendant, Edwin Geer.

3. If the jury believed that the defendant, Keirle, performed the post-mortem upon the body of George W. Young, deceased, at the order of Coroner Geer, as the city examining physician, and that in performing said post-mortem he treated the body with ordinary decency and did not wantonly disfigure the same, he acted within the scope of his official duty and the verdict must be for the defendant, Keirle.

The College of Physicians and Surgeons permitted their room to be used for the post-mortem examination, but appears to have had no further connection with the matter. Thepost-mortem was a lawful proceeding. If anything irregular or improper occurred in the prosecution of it, the College took no part in it. The same thing may be said in reference to the coroner. The question regarding the charges which alleged the wanton mutilation of the body was fairly left to the jury in the last instruction. The prayers offered on the part of the plaintiff were inconsistent with those granted by the Court, and were properly rejected. As the jury have acquitted the defendants of the charges made against them, it would seem to be rather an abstract question to consider what would have been their responsibility in a civil action if they had been found guilty. It is to be hoped that few persons in a civilized country would wantonly mutilate a dead body, or would without warrant of law attempt to prevent surviving friends and relatives from performing the rites of Christian sepulture. Such acts would manifest a great depth of depravity.

Two exceptions were taken to the admission of testimony given by Mitchell, a funeral director. He was asked, "Did you ever have, in your professional capacity, anything to do with the preparing for burial persons upon whom post-mortem examinations had been made ?" to which he replied, that he had. He was then asked, "When the body is turned over to the funeral director for burial, is it or is it not, after a post-mortem has been performed on it, fit to be seen by the family without shocking their sensibility ?" to which he replied, "I never received a body from the hands of the coroner or where a post-mortem examination had been made, that was in a condition for the family to see without being prepared." The testimony showed the effect produced on a dead body by a post-mortem examination. We cannot see any objection to proving this fact; it might almost be inferred from common knowledge that the use of the surgeon's knife would disfigure the human body and give it an appearance which would shock the sensibilities of the family of the deceased The judgment must be affirmed.

Judgment affirmed.

(Decided June 18th, 1895.)