Manuel v. Mayor of Cumberland

The appellant, James W. Manuel, on the eighth day of April, 1907, was an employee of the appellee, the Mayor and City Council of Cumberland, and was engaged with other workmen in digging a trench in which a sewer pipe was to be laid, the work being done under the immediate supervision of Lem. Brant who testified that he was "foreman of all the City's sewer works under the Street Superintendent and City Engineer." This sewer trench was about five and a half feet deep. Parallel to this trench in the same street, Maryland avenue, was a gas main, which at a certain point on this avenue was about 16 or 18 inches from this sewer trench, and was about two and a half feet below the surface of the street. When the work for the day began on April 8th, the plaintiff with Wm. C. Brant and J.W. Clark, were about to get into the trench, when Wm. C. Brant said to the foreman: "Wouldn't it be better to brace the sides of this ditch?" Wm. C. Brant testified that there had been a little rain and snow the night before, and while he did not think the trench looked dangerous, he thought it would be better braced. The foreman replied: "It is all right and will soon dry off; go down in the ditch and get to work." The plaintiff and Clark corroborated Wm. C. Brant as to his suggestion of bracing the sides of the trench, and as to the foreman's reply, but he denied both the suggestion and his reply. The men got into the ditch, and between eleven and twelve o'clock, the side of the ditch between it and the gas main fell into the sewer trench for a distance of eight or ten feet. It slid in almost in a slab and pinned Manuel against the other side of the trench up to his waist. His left arm was buried under the earth and his wrist was badly injured. The bones of the wrist were dislocated and there was a split fracture of the outer bone of the forearm, which Dr. Smith, the only physician and surgeon sworn, testified was a serious and permanent injury.

Section 27 of the City Ordinances was read in evidence, which requires the City to keep an underground map of the City, showing all street lines, water courses, streams, bridges and culverts; "the location of all sewers or drains; of all gas mains, service pipes and valves and their size; of all steam heating pipes; and any other data below the surface of the ground along the streets or alleys that may be deemed of value for information as against underground improvements or repairs," and there is a presumption in law that this requirement was duly observed. It was admitted that the gas main in Maryland avenue in question in this case, was put down under the authority of the franchise and ordinance of the City by the Cumberland Gas Light Company, under the direction and supervision of the City Engineer. It therefore appears that the City is chargeable with full knowledge of the location of this gas main, and its depth below the surface of the street, while the undisputed evidence is that neither the plaintiff nor any of the men knew of the location of the gas main. It does not appear from the evidence that the foreman knew of its location, and in the absence of positive evidence that he did, the presumption is he did not. Wm. C. Brant and Clark both quit that work next day, and got employment elsewhere. It also appears from the testimony of the foreman that the City Engineer gave him the grade and location for the sewer trench, and that his directions were followed in its construction, but that he was not furnished with any map to show where gas or water mains were located.

At the close of the plaintiff's testimony the defendant offered a prayer to withdraw the case from the jury, but as this prayer was renewed at the close of the defendant's testimony and of the whole case, the prayer first offered needs no consideration.

The plaintiff offered six prayers of which the first, second and third were rejected, and the fourth, fifth and sixth were granted.

The plaintiff's fourth prayer instructed the jury that the defendant, under the ordinance above mentioned, was charged with knowledge of the location, size and depth of all pipes and mains put down under its streets under any franchise granted by it.

The plaintiff's sixth prayer instructed the jury that the defendant was bound to use reasonable care to provide a safe place for plaintiff to work in, and that if said place was unsafe for that purpose by reason of the want of such care, then the plaintiff was entitled to recover, unless the jury found he knew, or ought to have known by the exercise of reasonable care, that it was unsafe, or unless by his own negligence he directly contributed to the accident.

The fourth prayer is the usual prayer on the measure of damages in event of recovery.

The plaintiff's rejected prayers will be set out by the reporter.

The substance of the first prayer is that if the falling of the side of the sewer trench was due to its immediate proximity to the gas main; that the existence and location of the gas main was unknown to the plaintiff, but was known to the defendant, and that it was so located by its authority; that the defendant was negligent in not having the sewer trench braced at that point, and that such bracing would have prevented the accident, then the plaintiff could recover if the jury found he was himself in the exercise of due care.

The second prayer presents the same legal propositions, with slight verbal changes.

The third prayer instructs the jury that if they find Wm. C. Brant suggested the bracing of the sides of the trench before the accident, and the foreman replied that was not necessary and ordered the plaintiff to proceed with the work, that such reply and order was an assurance of safety upon which he had the right to rely, and if he was subsequently injured as claimed in the evidence, he was entitled to recover unless the danger was obvious to the sense of any man, and unless he failed to exercise ordinary care in going into the trench under the circumstances.

The defendant offered seven prayers. The first and seventh, which sought to take the case from the jury were rejected, and this ruling was so obviously correct that we shall not pause to consider it. The sixth, which was conceded, instructed the jury that the burden of proof was upon the plaintiff to establish his case by a preponderance of testimony. The defendant's second, third, fourth, and fifth prayers were granted. These will also be set out by the reporter.

The second prayer asserts that the mere falling in of the side of the trench is not sufficient evidence of negligence on the defendant's part entitling plaintiff to recover. The fourth and fifth prayers relate to the question whether the dangerous condition or the character of the trench was open and obvious, and these prayers both present the same proposition as the qualification contained in the closing paragraph of the plaintiff's rejected third prayer, and in the body of his first and second rejected prayers. If there was any evidence requiring the plaintiff so to qualify his prayers, the defendant was entitled to an instruction, couched in appropriate language, expressly denying the right of recovery, if the jury found the danger was open and obvious to any one, and we do not think those instructions are open to any objection.

The important questions in the case arise upon the plaintiff's three rejected prayers and the defendant's third rejected prayer.

The specific negligence charged in the declaration is the failure of the defendant to provide a safe place in which to do the work in which the plaintiff was employed. The place may be unsafe either because of some defect in its construction, or its own arrangement, or because, though properly constructed and arranged, of its location with reference to something else which may create danger in the proper performance of the duty of the plaintiff. An illustration of the negligence first mentioned is found in Elmer v. Locke, 135 Mass. 135, where a brakeman was injured by the fall of a defective trestle, and in which it was held that the master could not escape liability by proving that he delegated to a proper agent the construction of the trestle. Similar illustrations may be found in Flike v. Boston AlbanyR.R., 53 N.Y. 549, and Paulmier v. Erie R.R., 5 Vroom. 151.

Illustrations of negligence of the latter character are found in American Tobacco Co. v. Strickling, 88 Md. 500, where the defendant was held liable for requiring the plaintiff to sweep the floor of a room in which an unguarded and rapidly revolving vertical shaft was in use, without informing her of the risk it created; and also in Pikesville R.R. Co. v. Russell,88 Md. 563, where a conductor of a trolley car while in the performance of his duty in collecting fares from the running board, came in contact with a trolley pole which was set seven inches within the line of the poles, and the conductor was thereby killed. The setting of this pole within the proper safety line was the negligence of a servant of the defendant, but because the result of that negligence was that the place provided for the work of the deceased was thereby rendered unsafe, the master could not escape liability.

In the case before us the master's duty was so to locate thewhole course of this trench that it should not be unsafe by reason of its method of construction, or its proximity to any object, which might reasonably be expected to create danger in the performance of work otherwise safe. The defendant knew, or ought to have known, of the location of this gas main throughout its whole course, including the point of near approach to this sewer trench, and if its proximity at that point rendered the place of work at that point unsafe, it was the defendant's duty to inform the foreman in charge of the work of such proximity, in order that he might take the necessary steps to protect the workmen from such danger. The material inquiry in this case, therefore, is whether the place where the plaintiff was working when the side of the trench gave way was rendered unsafe by the proximity of this gas main, and that was a question for the jury. It was a secret and hidden risk of danger, if any, unknown both to the plaintiff and the foreman in charge of the work, but to the defendant it was well known, and in such case the master is bound to notify the plaintiff of it. There was evidence adduced upon cross-examination of William C. Brant, who had eighteen years of experience in digging sewer ditches and other sewer work, that a trench eighteen inches from a gas main three feet and a half below the surface is dangerously close, and is not a safe place to work in. There was evidence also from the Superintendent of the Gas Light Company that the outside diameter of this gas main was five and a quarter inches. It is common knowledge that earth will not adhere to a smooth hard surface such as a tile or an iron pipe as earth adheres to earth, and it is perfectly obvious that in making such excavations the nearer the approach to a main or pipe, the greater is the danger of a fall of earth in the trench when the lateral support of the adjacent main or pipe is weakened by the removal of earth from the trench. If in the prosecution of this work it had become necessary to dig this trench through ground which, by reason of its condition, a competent and prudent foreman of the work sees, or should see, should be braced to secure the safety of the workmen, the defendant could not escape liability by showing that it had used due care in the selection of a competent foreman. In B. and O.R.R. v. Baugh,149 U.S. 368, quoted from with approval in Strickling's Case, supra, the Supreme Court said: "Of course, some places of work, and some kinds of machinery, are more dangerous than others, but that is something which inheres in the thing itself, which is a matter of necessity, and cannot be obviated. But within such limits, the master who provides the place, the tools and the machinery, owes a positive duty to his employee in respect thereto. That positive duty does not go to the extent of a guarantee of safety, but it does require that reasonable precautions be taken to ensure safety, and it matters not to the employee by whom that safety is secured, or the reasonable precautions taken. He has a right to look to the master for the discharge of that duty, and if the master, instead of discharging that duty himself, sees fit to have it attended to by others, that does not change the measure of obligation to the employee, or the latter's right to insist that reasonable precaution shall be taken to secure safety in these respects." Where, as in this case, there was a probable source of danger unknown to and undiscoverable by either the plaintiff or the foreman, but known to the defendant, or which must have been known upon comparing the location of the sewer with that of the gas main, there is the strongest reason for the application of the rule above stated. If the foreman had been furnished with a drawing of the location of this gas main wherever it was in close proximity with this trench, it is reasonable to presume that he would have taken such precautions as he deemed reasonable to secure safety at the place of this accident, either by shoreing up the side of the trench, or some other appropriate means, and that he would not have peremptorily ordered the men to go into the trench, if he had had reason to believe it was unsafe. The testimony shows that the line of cleavage, in the whole section of ten feet, was along the line of the gas main. Manuel says: "The side of the ditch slid or fell right away from the gas main so that you could see ten feet of the main exposed." Wm. C. Brent says: "It slid in clear to the bottom of the gas main." J.W. Clark says: "It fell right away from the main in one large lump and left it bare." The superintendent says: "We braced the bank in several places, but not there." thus showing that where it could be seen, or otherwise known, that bracing was required as a proper precaution, he was prepared for it, and fortifying the presumption that if he had known of the proximity of this gas main he would have braced the trench at that point.

The specific question whether the fall of earth was due to the proximity of this gas main, and whether it would have been prevented by shoreing or bracing the trench should have been submitted to the jury, and the plaintiff's rejected prayers properly submitted those questions.

The defendant's third prayer was misleading, because it was calculated and indeed intended to lead the jury to believe that the whole question was one of the negligence of afellow-servant, whereas as we have seen, the vital question is one of the omission of a positive duty of the master whichcannot be delegated so as to avoid liability for neglect.

For the reasons stated the judgment must be reversed.

Judgment reversed, with costs to the appellant above andbelow, and new trial awarded.