State of Maine v. Christopher Sudsbury

MAINE SUPREME JUDICIAL COURT Reporter of Decisions
Decision: 2016 ME 25Docket: Wal-14-533
Argued: October 6, 2015
Decided: February 4, 2016
Panel: SAUFLEY, C.J., and MEAD, GORMAN, JABAR, HJELM, and HUMPHREY, JJ.
STATE OF MAINE
v.
CHRISTOPHER SUDSBURY
PER CURIAM
[¶1] After Christopher Sudsbury sold a single strip of Suboxone to a
confidential informant for twenty-five dollars, a jury found him guilty of
aggravated trafficking of a schedule W drug (Class A), 17-A M.R.S.
§ 1105-A(1)(B)(1) (2015), and the court (Waldo County, Alexander, J.) sentenced
him to eight years in prison.1 The State now concedes that it failed to present
evidence—required for purposes of proving the charged Class A crime—that the
Suboxone was, in fact, a schedule W drug.2 See 17-A M.R.S. §§ 1102(1),3
1105-A(1)(B)(1) (2015). Thus, we have no choice but to vacate the conviction.
1
Because of prior convictions, the sale of the single strip—had it been proven to be a schedule W
drug—would have brought Sudsbury within the definition of aggravated trafficking of scheduled drugs.
See 17-A M.R.S. § 1105-A(1)(B)(1) (2015). On appeal, Sudsbury has also challenged the legality of his
eight-year sentence, but we do not reach that challenge because we vacate the conviction.
2
Unlike in State v. Barnard, 2001 ME 80, ¶¶ 9-15, 772 A.2d 852, where the defendant argued that the
evidence was insufficient to establish that the substance sold was, in fact, a particular drug, Sudsbury
2
[¶2] To prove the charged crime of aggravated trafficking in a schedule W
drug, the State had to prove that (1) Sudsbury intentionally or knowingly trafficked
in what he knew or believed to be a scheduled drug; (2) the drug sold was “in fact
a scheduled drug”; (3) Sudsbury had “one or more prior convictions for any Class
A, B or C offense under this chapter or for engaging in substantially similar
conduct to that of the Class A, B or C offenses under this chapter in another
jurisdiction”; and (4) the trafficked drug was “[a] schedule W drug.” 17-A M.R.S.
§§ 1103(1-A), 1105-A(1)(B)(1) (2015). Neither Suboxone itself nor its active
ingredient, buprenorphine, is explicitly named as a prohibited scheduled drug in
any of the schedules established by the Legislature. See 17-A M.R.S. § 1102
(2015). Thus, proof that Sudsbury sold a strip of Suboxone was insufficient to
satisfy the statutory element requiring that the trafficked substance be “in fact a
scheduled drug,” see id. § 1103(1-A), or, more particularly, a schedule W drug, see
id. § 1105-A(1)(B)(1).
[¶3] To prove that Sudsbury’s conduct fell within the definition of the crime
charged, the State was therefore required to present evidence that Suboxone is a
drug that falls within one of the listed categories of schedule W drugs, such as “any
argues here that the evidence was insufficient to establish that the particular drug, undisputedly identified
as Suboxone through its appearance and a chemical analysis, fell within a particular schedule.
3
The Legislature’s recent amendment to the statute defining the drug schedules did not add Suboxone
or buprenorphine to any schedule. See P.L. 2015, ch. 330, § 1 (emergency, effective July 12, 2015)
(codified at 17-A M.R.S. § 1102 (2015)).
3
compound, mixture or preparation containing narcotic drugs” that is not listed or
described in another schedule. Id. § 1102(1)(I). At trial, however, no evidence
was presented to the jury that Suboxone or buprenorphine constituted a narcotic or
fell into any other category established in schedule W. See id. § 1102(1).4
[¶4] Although the State argues that proof of the sale of the Suboxone strip
could support a conviction for the Class C offense of aggravated trafficking of a
schedule Z drug, 17-A M.R.S. § 1105-A(1)(B)(6) (2015), neither Suboxone nor its
key ingredient buprenorphine is specifically classified as a schedule Z drug, see id.
§ 1102(4) (identifying substances classified in schedule Z), and again, the State
failed to establish that either Suboxone or buprenorphine was a prescription drug
“other than those included in schedules W, X or Y” or a nonprescription drug
“other than those included in schedules W, X or Y” as designated by the Maine
Board of Pharmacy, id. § 1102(4)(A), (C). Thus, contrary to the State’s
suggestion, we cannot remand for the entry of a judgment of conviction of
4
If the schedule of the drug had not been required as an element of the crime but instead served to
increase the sentence for a proved crime beyond a statutory maximum, the jury would similarly be unable
to reach that sentence-increasing finding on the evidentiary record supplied by the State here. See U.S.
Const. amends. VI, XIV; Blakely v. Washington, 542 U.S. 296, 301 (2004) (“‘Other than the fact of a
prior conviction, any fact that increases the penalty for a crime beyond the prescribed statutory maximum
must be submitted to a jury, and proved beyond a reasonable doubt.’” (quoting Apprendi v. New Jersey,
530 U.S. 466, 490 (2000))); State v. Schofield, 2005 ME 82, ¶¶ 13-27, 895 A.2d 927 (requiring a jury to
make the determination of whether a Class A crime was “among the most heinous and violent offenses
committed against a person” before the defendant could be sentenced to a term above twenty years
pursuant to the statute then in effect).
4
trafficking in the lowest schedule of drug because the evidence also fails to identify
the substance as falling within that schedule.5
[¶5] We also cannot, as the State suggests, remand for a new trial. The
State failed to satisfy its burden of proving an element of the charged crime,6 and
the defendant moved for a judgment of acquittal on that basis to preserve his claim
of error. See State v. Lane, 495 A.2d 773, 776-77 (Me. 1985); State v. Smith, 400
A.2d 749, 754-55 (Me. 1979). Given the State’s conceded failure of proof, we
must vacate the judgment of conviction. To do otherwise would subject Sudsbury
to double jeopardy in violation of the federal and state constitutions. See U.S.
Const. amends. V, XIV, § 1; Me. Const. art. I, § 8; Burks v. United States, 437
U.S. 1, 18 (1977); State v. Cotton, 673 A.2d 1317, 1319 (Me. 1996). We remand
for the entry of a judgment of acquittal. See Lane, 495 A.2d at 776-77.
The entry is:
Judgment vacated. Remanded for entry of
judgment of acquittal.
5
Moreover, the State does not take the position that the drug sold was, in fact, other than a schedule
W drug.
6
Specifically, the State failed to prove that the Suboxone strip was “in fact a scheduled drug,”
17-A M.R.S. § 1103(1-A) (2015), or, more particularly, that it was “[a] schedule W drug,” id.
§ 1105-A(1)(B)(1).
5
On the briefs:
Sean Ociepka, Esq., Belfast, for appellant Christopher Sudsbury
Katie R. Hollstrom, Asst. Dist. Atty., District Attorney’s Office,
Bath, for appellee State of Maine
Zachary L. Heiden, Esq., ACLU of Maine Foundation,
Portland, and Catherine R. Connors, Esq., and Joshua D.
Dunlap, Esq., Pierce Atwood LLP, Portland, for amicus curiae
American Civil Liberties Union of Maine Foundation
At oral argument:
Sean Ociepka, Esq., for appellant Christopher Sudsbury
Katie R. Hollstrom, for appellee State of Maine
Waldo County Superior Court docket number CR-2014-13
FOR CLERK REFERENCE ONLY