Judges： Bird, Cornish, King, Savage, Whitehouse
Filed Date： 10/1/1909
Status： Precedential
Modified Date： 11/10/2024
Case to recover for personal injuries caused by the defendants’ alleged negligence in leaving open or unguarded the door to an elevator into which the plaintiff stepped and fell. At the conclusion of the evidence for the plaintiff, a nonsuit was directed, and the plaintiff excepted.
The facts shown, taken most favorably for the plaintiff, are these. The defendants were the owners of an office building on Exchange Street in Portland, which was occupied by their tenants. On the ground floor were two insurance offices, and the second and third floor rooms were mostly lawyers’ offices. Between the two insurance offices was the main entrance to the building, leading into a hallway. At the further end of the hallway were the stairs leading to the second and third floors. At the right of the door as one entered, and about five feet distant therefrom, the defendants had placed, and were operating, a passenger elevator. The face of the elevator cage formed a part of the side of the hallway. In the elevator well, below the level of the first floor of the building, was an electric light meter. On the day in question, a servant of the electric light company went to the building for the purpose of reading the meter. To enable him to get into the well where the meter was, the boy in charge of the elevator, who was the servant of the defendants, in operating it,, run it up until the floor of the elevator was only a little lower than the top of the doorway in the elevator frame. The electric light man descended into the well, leaving open the door in the elevator frame. While things were in this situation, the plaintiff entered the hallway from the street, and thinking, as he says, that the open space in the elevator frame was
The plaintiff, that morning, according to his own version, had learned that a Mr. York wished to see him, and he went to the latter’s office. He learned there that York wished to obtain some gravel from a pit owned by the city of South Portland, of which city the plaintiff was an alderman. The plaintiff refused York’s request, but said that he knew a lawyer, whose name he thought was Hanscomb, who had a gravel pit, and he told York that he thought Hanscomb would be the man to see. Thereupon York said "Let’s see him.” The plaintiff and York then started to ascertain where Hanscomb’s office was. The plaintiff had sometime been told that Hanscomb had an office on Exchange Street, but neither he nor York knew where it was. When they reached the entrance of the defendants’ building, York said "Let’s go in here. Any of these lawyers will tell us where he is.” They went in, and the plaintiff stepped into the elevator well, as has been described. It is admitted that Hanscomb did not then have, and never had had, an office in the defendants’ building.
Upon these facts it is contended in support of the order .of non-suit, that the plaintiff was a mere licensee upon the defendants’ premises, and that they did not owe to him the duty of using care to prevent his stepping into the open elevator well, and hence that, as to him, at least, they were not negligent. It is also contended that the plaintiff himself was guilty of contributory negligence.
We think the nonsuit was properly ordered. Upon the evidence the jury would not have been warranted in finding for the plaintiff. In such case it is the duty of the court to order a nonsuit, or direct a verdict for the defendant.
' In the first place, if the plaintiff was paying the slightest attention to the situation, it is difficult to see how he could have mistaken the opening into the darkness of an elevator well for the entrance to an office, as he testified that he supposed it was. It was a sunshiny day, and the door from the street was wide open, and was only five feet from the elevator. The merest attentive glance would have disclosed that the opening was not the open door of an office, and
But we go further. While it is the duty of the owner of a building, having it in charge, to be careful in keeping it safe for all those who come there by his invitation, express or implied, he owes no such duty to those who come there for their own convenience, or as mere licensees. Toward a licensee, the owner owes no duty, except that he shall not wantonly injure him. Dixon v. Swift, 98 Maine, 207; Russell v. M. C. R. R. Co., 100 Maine, 408; Parker v. Portland Publishing Co., 69 Maine, 173. It is well settled that when the owner of a building fits it up for business uses, he impliedly invites all persons to come there whose coming is naturally incident to the business carried on there. And if he leases the building, or parts of it, to tenants, he impliedly invites all persons to come there in connection with the business carried on by the tenants. At the same time, if the building is open, and there is nothing to indicate that strangers are not wanted, he impliedly permits and licenses persons to come there for their own convenience, or to gratify their curiosity. To those invited, he owes the duty of exercising care with reference to the management of an elevator operated by him, but to those merely licensed he owes no such duty. Plummer v. Dill, 156 Mass. 426.
"To come under an implied invitation as distinguished from mere license, the visitor must come for a purpose connected, with the business in which the occupant is engaged, or which he permits to be carried on there.' There must at least be some mutuality of interest in the subject to which the visitor’s business relates, although the particular thing which is the object of the visit may not be for the benefit of the occupant.” Pollock on Torts, 417; Plummer v. Dill, supra. When the owner lets rooms to tenants for business purposes he has an interest in their being used for such purposes ; and a mutuality of interest exists when a visitor goes to the rooms for the purpose of transacting the kinds of business for which the
Now applying these rules to the case at bar, it will "readily be seen that the plaintiff was not invited by the defendants to visit their building, but that he was a mere licensee. He went to the building to make an inquiry about a matter which concerned himself, or his friend York, alone. It had nothing to do with any kind of business in which any of the tenants or occupants were engaged, or for which the building was used, or designed to be used. It was not used and it was not held out by the owners as being used, as an information bureau. See the precisely parallel case of Plummer v. Dill, supra.
It may well be that the plaintiff was not unlawfully upon the premises. Under the circumstances, it may be conceded that he was impliedly permitted to go to this building in pursuit of the information he desired; but he was not invited. -That is the distinction. As a mere licensee, he went into the building at his own risk, and was bound to take the premises as he found them. Reardon v. Thompson, 149 Mass. 267; Moffatt v. Kenny, 174 Mass. 315; Beekler v. Daniels, 18 R. I. 563; Dixon v. Swift, supra.
In argument, the plaintiff’s counsel cites and relies upon Stratton v. Staples, 59 Maine, 94, and Foren v. Rodick, 90 Maine, 276. But neither of these cases affords him any aid. They are both cases of implied invitation. In the former, the plaintiff, in the evening, went to the defendant’s building, in which were four stores, seeking a business interview with him. The defendant’s counting room was in one of the stores, but the plaintiff did not know which one it was. In endeavoring to ascertain in which store the counting room was, the plaintiff walked along the platform in front of the stores, and fell into an insufficiently guarded roll-way, and was
Upon the whole case, therefore, it is clear that the plaintiff has no cause of action against the defendants. The exceptions to the order of a nonsuit must be overruled.
Exceptions overruled.