State of Maine v. Michael G. Nickerson

MAINE SUPREME JUDICIAL COURT Reporter of Decisions
Decision: 2013 ME 45
Docket: Ken-12-203
Argued: April 10, 2013
Decided: May 7, 2013
Panel: SAUFLEY, C.J., and ALEXANDER, LEVY, SILVER, MEAD, GORMAN, and JABAR,
JJ.
STATE OF MAINE
v.
MICHAEL G. NICKERSON
GORMAN, J.
[¶1] Michael G. Nickerson appeals from a judgment of conviction of assault
(Class D), 17-A M.R.S. § 207(1)(A) (2012), and refusing to submit to arrest
(Class D), 17-A M.R.S. § 751-B(1)(B) (2012), entered in the trial court (Dow, J.)
after a jury-waived trial. Nickerson challenges the court’s determination that he
was competent to stand trial. We affirm the judgment.
I. BACKGROUND
[¶2] Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, the
following facts were proved beyond a reasonable doubt. See State v. Reed,
2013 ME 5, ¶ 9, 58 A.3d 1130. On May 9, 2011, two Waterville police officers
responded to a citizen’s complaint of Nickerson swearing and being disruptive on
Main Street. The first officer approached Nickerson to discuss the complaint, and
in attempting to avoid speaking with the officer, Nickerson pushed the officer and
2
struck him in the face. When that officer and a second officer then attempted to
arrest Nickerson for assault, Nickerson thrashed, flailed, refused to put his hands
behind his back to be handcuffed, and otherwise failed to comply with their
instructions.
[¶3] At his arraignment two days later, Nickerson was still in custody. He
entered pleas of not guilty to the charges of assault (Class D), 17-A M.R.S.
§ 207(1)(A), and refusing to submit to arrest (Class D), 17-A M.R.S.
§ 751-B(1)(B). The record reflects that the arraignment court (Dow, J.) accepted
Nickerson’s plea, but was concerned about his competency.1 The court assigned
counsel to Nickerson; ordered that he be released on personal recognizance bail;
and, unless he filed a jury trial request, required Nickerson to return for a
jury-waived trial on July 26, 2011.
[¶4] When Nickerson returned to court for the scheduled trial date on July
26, the court (Bradford, J.) ordered that Nickerson undergo a mental examination
to determine his competency to stand trial pursuant to 15 M.R.S. § 101-D(1)
(2012).2 Nickerson failed to attend the examination, and the court (Dow, J.) then
1
The document completed during the arraignment indicates that the court advised Nickerson of his
rights and accepted his plea, but also includes the following note: “concerns re: understanding.”
2
Aside from the note regarding the arraignment court’s concerns about Nickerson’s understanding,
the record does not make clear how the competency evaluation was initiated, whether by motion of a
party or by the court’s sua sponte decision. See 15 M.R.S. § 101-D(1)(A) (2012) (“Upon motion by the
defendant or by the State, or upon its own motion, a court having jurisdiction in any criminal case may for
cause shown order that the defendant be examined by the State Forensic Service for evaluation of the
defendant’s competency to proceed.”).
3
issued a second order for a competency evaluation. After Nickerson failed to
attend a second time, the court issued a third order for a competency evaluation,
and set the date and time of the exam to coincide with the date that was to be
Nickerson’s next scheduled court appearance, February 29, 2012.3 Nickerson did
come to the courthouse on that date, and did meet with the evaluator from the State
Forensic Service.
[¶5] During the competency hearing that immediately followed Nickerson’s
interview with the evaluator, the evaluator testified that Nickerson was familiar
with the legal system, how the court works, and the roles of the participants. She
also testified, however, that Nickerson “likely suffers from a mental illness that
impedes his ability to think in an organized fashion and benefit from advice . . .
[and is] unable to display the range of skills that are typically associated with trial
competence.” Nickerson then testified regarding the events that led to his arrest,
the charges against him, his ability to assist his attorney, and his right to remain
silent or testify on his own behalf. He stated that he was not taking any medication
and was able to and wished to proceed with trial. Further, Nickerson’s attorney
stated, “I believe he’s competent to stand trial,” and stated that Nickerson was able
to assist him in trying the case.
3
We commend the practice of setting a date and time for the forensic evaluation to occur at the
courthouse when, as here, the defendant has failed to attend multiple appointments.
4
[¶6] The court found by a preponderance of the evidence that Nickerson
was competent to stand trial, and conducted that trial exactly seven days later.
After trial, the court found Nickerson guilty of both charges and sentenced him to a
$300 fine for the assault and two days in jail for refusing to submit to arrest.
Nickerson timely appeals.
II. DISCUSSION
[¶7] Notwithstanding Nickerson’s argument to the trial court that he was
competent, and his testimony suggesting the same, Nickerson now contends that
the court’s determination that he was competent to stand trial was error.4 He points
to two stages of the proceedings during which he asserts that the court erred—first,
in finding him competent during the competency hearing, and second, in failing to
reconsider his competency and find him incompetent during the trial itself.
[¶8] A party is competent to stand trial if he is “capable of understanding
the nature and object of the charges against him, comprehending his own condition
in reference thereto, and cooperating with counsel to conduct a defense in a
rational and reasonable manner.” Haraden v. State, 2011 ME 113, ¶ 7, 32 A.3d
448 (quoting State v. Lewis, 584 A.2d 622, 624 (Me. 1990)); see Dusky v. United
States, 362 U.S. 402, 402 (1960); 6 Wayne R. LaFave et al., Criminal Procedure
4
Although Nickerson’s argument to the trial court that he was competent was ultimately successful,
Nickerson now contends that he was not competent to argue that he was competent before the trial court.
The State does not challenge Nickerson’s ability to appeal the determination of his competency.
5
§ 24.2(g) (3d ed. 2007). Here, there was evidence presented at the competency
hearing—namely, Nickerson’s own testimony—that Nickerson recalled the events
that led to his arrest, understood the charges against him, understood his right to
remain silent or speak on his own behalf, was not on any medication, could assist
his own attorney, and was able and willing to proceed with trial. This testimony is
sufficient to support the court’s determination, by a preponderance of the evidence
made after the competency hearing, that Nickerson was competent to stand trial.
See Haraden, 2011 ME 113, ¶ 14, 32 A.3d 448.
[¶9] Although the evaluator testified to the contrary, the court was free to
reject that testimony and to credit Nickerson instead. See State v. Cumming,
634 A.2d 953, 956 (Me. 1993); State v. Ledger, 444 A.2d 404, 418-19 (Me. 1982)
(discussing that a court may find a defendant competent in the face of
uncontradicted expert testimony opining otherwise given the court’s ability to
observe the defendant directly). Furthermore, it is well established that a party
may be both mentally ill and competent to stand trial. Thursby v. State, 223 A.2d
61, 68 (Me. 1966); see also State v. Murphy, 2010 ME 140, ¶ 17, 10 A.3d 697,
cert. denied, 132 S. Ct. 183 (2011) (stating that a party can be “competent but
continually disruptive and disrespectful”); Ledger, 444 A.2d at 419 (noting that a
defendant who “rambled” was nevertheless competent for purposes of the
“criminal adjudication process” (quotation marks omitted)).
6
[¶10] Nickerson also challenges as error the court’s failure to reconsider his
competency during the trial itself. We note that the court had found Nickerson
competent based on sufficient evidence just seven days earlier. Nickerson was
presumed to be competent during the remainder of the proceedings unless and until
the court “learn[ed] from observation or a credible source that there [was] a
genuine doubt as to competence.” State v. Comer, 584 A.2d 638, 642 (Me. 1990);
see Haraden, 2011 ME 113, ¶ 14, 32 A.3d 448. The court indicated no such doubt
during the trial.
[¶11] On this record, the decision not to formally inquire into Nickerson’s
competency at trial was a proper exercise of the court’s discretion, and we discern
no error in the court’s finding of competency at any stage in the proceedings. See
Murphy, 2010 ME 140, ¶ 3, 10 A.3d 697; Comer, 584 A.2d at 642-43 (“Although
the presiding justice made no specific findings regarding [the defendant’s]
competence . . . , [the court’s] implicit conclusion that [the defendant] was
competent is fully supported by the record . . . .”); Clement v. State, 458 A.2d 69,
73 (Me. 1983); State v. Dyer, 371 A.2d 1079, 1084-86 (Me. 1977) (affirming the
trial court’s decision not to reconsider the defendant’s competency during
sentencing after the defendant lit himself on fire in the courtroom).
[¶12] Nickerson’s remaining contentions are without merit.
7
The entry is:
Judgment affirmed.
On the briefs:
Sarah A. Churchill, Esq., Nichols, Webb & Loranger, Saco, for appellant
Michael Nickerson
Maeghan Maloney, District Attorney, and Tracy DeVoll, Asst. Dist. Atty.,
Prosecutorial District IV, Augusta, for appellee State of Maine
At oral argument:
Sarah A. Churchill, Esq., for appellant Michael Nickerson
Tracy DeVoll, Asst. Dist. Atty., for appellee State of Maine
Waterville District Court docket number CR-2011-661
FOR CLERK REFERENCE ONLY