Jones v. Department of Corrections

664 N.W.2d 717 (2003) 468 Mich. 646

James JONES, Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS, Defendant-Appellant.

Docket No. 120991, Calendar No. 12.

Supreme Court of Michigan.

Argued March 13, 2003. Decided July 2, 2003.

Michigan Clinical Law Program, University of Michigan Law School (by Bridget M. McCormack), Ann Arbor, MI, for the plaintiff-appellee.

Michael A. Cox, Attorney General, Thomas L. Casey, Solicitor General, and Jason Julian, Assistant Attorney General, Lansing, MI, for the defendant-appellant.

Opinion

YOUNG, J.

We granted leave to appeal in this case to consider whether plaintiff parolee was properly discharged from prison where defendant, the Department of Corrections, failed to conduct a timely fact-finding hearing under M.C.L. § 791.240a on plaintiff's parole violation charges.^[1] Because we conclude that nothing in the plain language of M.C.L. § 791.240a permits the release of a parole violator under the circumstances of this case and that the appropriate remedy for the department's failure to timely conduct a fact-finding hearing is a writ of mandamus, we reverse the judgment of the Court of Appeals, dismiss plaintiff's complaint for habeas corpus relief and reinstate the order of the parole board revoking plaintiff's parole.

I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

In October 1998, plaintiff was paroled from sentences imposed for controlled substances convictions. Plaintiff tested positively for cocaine on several occasions after his release on parole, and his original twenty-four-month parole term was extended because of various parole violations prior to those at issue in this case.^[2] In February 2001, plaintiff again tested positively for cocaine, and he subsequently failed to report to his parole officer. These two parole violation charges were first detailed in a warrant issued February 13, 2001. A third parole violation charge was added on March 12, 2001, charging plaintiff with fleeing and eluding police.^[3]

Plaintiff waived his right to a preliminary hearing under M.C.L. § 791 .239a. On April 19, 2001, plaintiff appeared before a Department of Corrections administrative law examiner (ALE) and received notice of the charges against him and the time, place, and purpose of the fact-finding hearing as required by M.C.L. § 791.240a(2). Plaintiff admitted that he had used cocaine and had failed to report to his parole officer. However, plaintiff denied the third parole violation charge, the commission of the criminal offense of fleeing and eluding police. Plaintiff asked to present evidence in mitigation of the parole violations pursuant to M.C.L. § 791.240a(2)(d). He did not object to the date of the fact-finding hearing, which was scheduled for May 16, 2001.

At the fact-finding hearing, the ALE noted that the plaintiff had pleaded guilty of the first two counts alleging violation of the conditions of parole. The third count, alleging commission of a criminal offense, was dismissed pursuant to M.C.L. § 791.240a(1) for failure to hold a hearing within forty-five days of the date of plaintiff's arrest, March 11, 2001. Nevertheless, the ALE accepted evidence in mitigation of that offense.^[4] The ALE determined that plaintiff was in violation of the conditions of his parole as charged in the first two counts of the warrant, ruling that plaintiff's guilty plea provided a sufficient factual basis to establish the charged violations by a preponderance of the evidence. The ALE recommended a revocation of plaintiff's parole and continuation of plaintiff's incarceration for eighteen months before again considering plaintiff for parole.^[5] The parole board adopted the ALE's recommendation.

Plaintiff filed a complaint for a writ of habeas corpus in the circuit court, contending that he was entitled to discharge from prison because the fact-finding hearing was not held until the sixty-sixth day of his availability for return to a state correctional facility. The circuit court denied the requested relief. Plaintiff then filed a complaint for habeas corpus relief in the Court of Appeals,^[6] which entered an order of habeas corpus discharging plaintiff from prison and returning him to the jurisdiction of the parole board. Unpublished opinion per curiam, issued November 30, 2001 (Docket No. 236835).

The Attorney General, on behalf of the Department of Corrections, filed an application for leave to appeal the judgment of the Court of Appeals. This Court issued a stay of the Court of Appeals decision and granted defendant's application for leave to appeal. 467 Mich. 884, 653 N.W.2d 403 (2002).

II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

At issue in this case is whether a parolee accused of a parole violation is entitled to discharge from prison where a fact-finding hearing on the charge is not held within forty-five days as required by M.C.L. § 791.240a(1). This Court reviews de novo the interpretation and application of a statute as a question of law. Cruz v. State Farm Mut. Automobile Ins. Co., 466 Mich. 588, 594, 648 N.W.2d 591 (2002); People v. Thousand, 465 Mich. 149, 156, 631 N.W.2d 694 (2001). If the language of the statute is clear, "no further analysis is necessary or allowed to expand what the Legislature clearly intended to cover." Miller v. Mercy Mem. Hosp., 466 Mich. 196, 201, 644 N.W.2d 730 (2002).

III. ANALYSIS

A. MCL 791.240a(1)

A prisoner enjoys no constitutional or inherent right to be conditionally released from a validly imposed sentence. See Greenholtz v. Inmates of Nebraska Penal & Correctional Complex, 442 U.S. 1, 7, 99 S.Ct. 2100, 60 L.Ed.2d 668 (1979); People v. Malmquist, 155 Mich.App. 521, 400 N.W.2d 317 (1986).^[7] Furthermore, parole revocation is not a stage of a criminal prosecution. See Gagnon v. Scarpelli, 411 U.S. 778, 782, 93 S.Ct. 1756, 36 L.Ed.2d 656 (1973); Morrissey v. Brewer, 408 U.S. 471, 480, 92 S.Ct. 2593, 33 L.Ed.2d 484 (1972). However, pursuant to Morrissey, limited due process requirements, including notice and the opportunity to be heard, apply to the loss of liberty occasioned by parole revocation.

The granting, rescission, and revocation of parole in Michigan is overseen by the Bureau of Pardons and Paroles pursuant to M.C.L. § 791.231 et seq. This statutory scheme makes clear that, with limited exception,^[8] matters of parole lie solely within the broad discretion of the parole board, and that the freedom enjoyed by a paroled prisoner is a limited freedom.^[9] The release of a prisoner on parole "shall be granted solely upon the initiative of the parole board," M.C.L. § 791.235(1), and a paroled prisoner remains in the legal custody and under the control of the Department of Corrections, M.C.L. § 791.238(1). A parole is "a permit to the prisoner to leave the prison," not a release. MCL 791.238(6). Furthermore, a parolee may be arrested without a warrant where there exists reasonable cause to believe that he has violated parole. MCL 791.239.

The procedural requirements of M.C.L. § 791.240a serve to protect the due process interests, as outlined by Morrissey, of a parolee whose liberty is at stake by virtue of a charge of parole violation. However, contrary to the holding of the Court of Appeals in this case, M.C.L. § 791.240a neither deprives the parole board of jurisdiction to revoke parole nor requires the discharge of a parolee where the required hearing has been delayed beyond the forty-five-day period prescribed.

MCL 791.240a(1) provides:

Within 45 days after a paroled prisoner has been returned or is available for return to a state correctional facility under accusation of a parole violation other than conviction for a felony or misdemeanor punishable by imprisonment under the laws of this state, the United States, or any other state or territory of the United States, the prisoner is entitled to a fact-finding hearing on the charges before 1 member of the parole board or an attorney hearings officer designated by the chairperson of the parole board. The fact-finding hearing shall be conducted only after the accused parolee has had a reasonable amount of time to prepare a defense. The fact-finding hearing may be held at a state correctional facility or at or near the location of the alleged violation.

The Court of Appeals "reluctantly" held that it was required, pursuant to this Court's decision in Stewart v. Dep't of Corrections, 382 Mich. 474, 170 N.W.2d 16 (1969), to order plaintiff's release from prison because the fact-finding hearing was not held within forty-five days of his availability for return to the Department of Corrections as required by M.C.L. § 791.240a(1). The panel further opined that habeas corpus relief was appropriate on the basis of this Court's order granting such relief to an alleged parole violator in In re Lane, 377 Mich. 695, 387 N.W.2d 912 (1966), after a Court of Appeals panel had determined that a writ of mandamus was the appropriate remedy for the failure to hold a timely parole violation hearing.^[10] However, the panel urged this Court to reconsider Stewart and Lane:

In light of these Supreme Court cases, we have little option but to grant plaintiff's requested relief. However, we urge defendant to seek review in the Supreme Court and for the Supreme Court to reverse us. We agree with our prior opinion in Lane [2 Mich.App. 140, 138 N.W.2d 541 (1965) ] that mandamus is a more appropriate remedy than habeas corpus. We see little rational reason to require that plaintiff be returned to parole status. It would seem to us that if defendant violates the forty-five-day rule, it could properly be remedied by mandamus. It might perhaps even be appropriate to require that a parolee be released from detention on the forty-sixth day. However, we find nothing in the statute or in common sense to justify entitling plaintiff to a return to parole status, particularly in light of parole violations to which he has admitted. [Slip op at 2, 2001 WL 1545705 at *2.]

In Stewart, the plaintiff was charged with several alleged parole violations. The plaintiff admitted his guilt on some of the charges. Although the plaintiff demanded a formal hearing under former M.C.L. § 791.240, the predecessor of the current M.C.L. § 791.240a,^[11] in light of the plaintiff's admission of guilt the parole board denied the request for a hearing. This Court affirmed the judgment of the Court of Appeals granting the plaintiff's writ of superintending control against the Department of Corrections, holding that

[t]he failure of the parole board to conduct the hearing provided for by the statute within 30 days constituted, in effect, a waiver of any claim based upon these violations since the alleged violations were not "a felony or misdemeanor under the laws of this state."^[12] We further conclude that, under these circumstances, the plaintiff is entitled to be discharged from prison but he will remain under the jurisdiction of the parole board as per their order of December 9, 1966. [Stewart, supra at 479, 170 N.W.2d 16.]

The Stewart Court erred, in our judgment, by engrafting onto the terms of former M.C.L. § 791.240 a remedy that had no basis in the plain language of the statute. As we have recently noted on several occasions, "``our judicial role precludes imposing different policy choices than those selected by the Legislature, [and] our obligation is, by examining the statutory language, to discern the legislative intent that may reasonably be inferred from the words expressed in the statute.'" People v. Sobczak-Obetts, 463 Mich. 687, 694-695, 625 N.W.2d 764 (2001), quoting People v. McIntire, 461 Mich. 147, 152, 599 N.W.2d 102 (1999). In determining that the parole board had waived its authority and that the plaintiff was entitled to discharge, the Stewart Court created a remedy for a violation of former M.C.L.

§ 791.240 that was not grounded anywhere in the statutory scheme and thus exceeded its judicial authority.^[13]

We decline to impose the relinquishment of the parole board's statutory authority^[14] to revoke parole as a remedy for a violation of the forty-five-day limitation period provided in M.C.L. § 791.240a(1). To infer such a legislative intent where none is indicated either in the text of M.C.L. § 791.240a or elsewhere in the statutory scheme "would be an exercise of will rather than judgment." People v. Stevens (After Remand), 460 Mich. 626, 645, 597 N.W.2d 53 (1999) (emphasis in original). We overrule Stewart to the extent that it conflicts with today's holding.^[15]

B. RESPONSE TO THE DISSENT

The dissent, invoking the so-called "reenactment rule," asserts that because the post-Stewart revisions to M.C.L. § 791.240 and M.C.L. § 791.240a do not "clearly show an intention to undo this Court's holding in Stewart," we must assume that the Legislature intended to adopt the extra-statutory remedy imposed by the Stewart Court. We decline to impose on the Legislature any such duty to "clearly show" its intention to repudiate any judicial construction with which it disagrees.

As we have recently explained in People v. Hawkins, 468 Mich. 488, ___ N.W.2d___, 2003 WL 21434768 (2003), the reenactment rule cannot be used as a tool to circumvent the plain and unambiguous language of a statute. Nothing in the language of M.C.L. § 791.240a indicates the Legislature's intent to adopt the Stewart Court's holding that the parole board waives its right to pursue parole violation charges by failing to conduct a hearing within the statutory period. While the dissent opines that the Legislature's failure to affirmatively limit the holding in Stewart is indicative of its approval of that holding, an equally plausible conclusion to be drawn from the Legislature's silence is that it intended to reject the Stewart Court's analysis. See Hawkins, supra at___n. 12.

"[O]ur most fundamental principle of statutory construction [is] that there is no room for judicial interpretation when the Legislature's intent can be ascertained from the statute's plain and unambiguous language." Hawkins, supra at___. Because there is no clear indication in the language of M.C.L. § 791.240a(1) that the Legislature intended to either adopt or repudiate the Stewart Court's imposition of an extra-statutory remedy for a violation of that statute, we decline to apply the reenactment rule in this case.

C. APPROPRIATE REMEDY FOR A VIOLATION OF MCL 791.240a(1)

Where an official has a clear legal duty to act and fails to do so, the appropriate remedy is an order of mandamus. See In re MCI, 460 Mich. 396, 442-443, 596 N.W.2d 164 (1999); Lickfeldt v. Dep't of Corrections, 247 Mich.App. 299, 302, 636 N.W.2d 272 (2001).^[16] Where, as here, the Legislature has established a clear, ministerial duty, but has failed to prescribe any consequence for a violation of that duty, a plaintiff may seek a writ of mandamus to compel compliance with the statutory duty. Accordingly, we agree with the suggestion of the Court of Appeals in this case—and in Lane, 2 Mich.App. at 144, 138 N.W.2d 541—that the proper remedy for the failure to hold a timely hearing as required by M.C.L. § 791.240a(1) is a complaint for an order of mandamus rather than for a writ of habeas corpus.^[17]

IV. CONCLUSION

Because nothing in the text of M.C.L. § 791.240a or the remainder of the statutory scheme governing paroles indicates a legislative intent that a violation of the forty-five-day time limit established by M.C.L. § 791.240a(1) requires the discharge of a prisoner, we reverse the decision of the Court of Appeals and reinstate the order of the parole board revoking plaintiff's parole. The appropriate remedy for a violation of the forty-five-day requirement is a writ of mandamus. To the extent that this Court's decisions in Stewart and Lane conflict with today's holding, they are overruled.

CORRIGAN, C.J., and TAYLOR and MARKMAN, JJ., concur.

WEAVER, J., concurring.

I join in all but part IIIB of the majority opinion. As I noted in my concurring opinion in People v. Hawkins, 468 Mich. 488,)___ N.W.2d___, 2003 WL 21434768 (2003), I believe that the reenactment rule may be relied on in cases where it is appropriate.

MICHAEL F. CAVANAGH, J., dissenting.

I respectfully disagree with the majority. Plaintiff is a prisoner whose parole was revoked by the parole board. The issue presented is whether the parole-violation charges against plaintiff must be dismissed because the fact-finding hearing on the charges was not held within forty-five days, as required by M.C.L. § 791.240a.^[1] In response to plaintiff's complaint for a writ of habeas corpus, the Court of Appeals ruled that pursuant to existing case law, plaintiff's requested relief must be granted and plaintiff must be discharged from prison and returned to the jurisdiction of the parole board. For the reasons articulated below, I would affirm the decision of the Court of Appeals.

I

Whether the parole-violation charges against plaintiff must be dismissed because the fact-finding hearing on the charges was not held within forty-five days, as required by M.C.L. § 791.240a, is a matter of statutory interpretation. A matter of statutory interpretation is a question of law, which this Court reviews de novo. People v. Morey, 461 Mich. 325, 329, 603 N.W.2d 250 (1999).

MCL 791.240a provides in pertinent part:

(1) Within 45 days after a paroled prisoner has been returned or is available for return to a state correctional facility under accusation of a parole violation other than conviction for a felony or misdemeanor punishable by imprisonment under the laws of this state, the United States, or any other state or territory of the United States, the prisoner is entitled to a fact-finding hearing on the charges before 1 member of the parole board or an attorney hearings officer designated by the chairperson of the parole board. The fact-finding hearing shall be conducted only after the accused parolee has had a reasonable amount of time to prepare a defense. The fact-finding hearing may be held at a state correctional facility or at or near the location of the alleged violation.^[2]

In Stewart v. Dep't of Corrections, 382 Mich. 474, 477, 170 N.W.2d 16 (1969), this Court considered the predecessor of M.C.L. § 791.240a, which stated:

"Whenever a paroled prisoner is accused of a violation of his parole, other than the commission of, and conviction for, a felony or misdemeanor under the laws of this state, he shall be entitled to a fair and impartial hearing of such charges within 30 days before 2 members of the parole board under such rules and regulations as the parole board may adopt. Upon such hearing such paroled prisoner shall be allowed to be heard by counsel of his own choice, at his own expense, and may defend himself, and he shall have the right to produce witnesses and proofs in his favor and to meet the witnesses who are produced against him." [MCL 791.240.]

Stewart's parole agent submitted a parole-violation report charging that the plaintiff had unlawfully absconded from the jurisdiction, and a parole-violation warrant was issued. Subsequently, the plaintiff pleaded guilty to a misdemeanor charge in St. Louis, Missouri. He was released to the custody of the Michigan Parole Board, which denied his request for a formal hearing. The parole board's reasoning for denying the hearing was that the evidence Stewart proposed to offer would be "``incompetent, immaterial, and unduly repetitious,' " given that he had already admitted his guilt on some of the charges. Stewart, supra at 477, 170 N.W.2d 16.

This Court agreed with the Court of Appeals analysis rejecting defendant's interpretation of the statute:

"In our [the Court of Appeals] opinion the parole board misreads the statute. An alleged parole violator (other than one accused of the commission of, and conviction for, a felony or misdemeanor ``under the laws of this State') is entitled to a fair and impartial hearing within 30 days, at such hearing to be heard by counsel and to produce witnesses and proofs in his favor and to meet the witnesses produced against him, without regard to whether he admits his guilt. The statute provides that all such alleged parole violators, not merely those that deny guilt, are entitled to such a hearing. The petitioner asserts he requested such a hearing which assertion was neither denied in the affidavit filed in response to the original petition or in the attorney general's briefs filed in response to petitioner's complaint and our order. Those responses merely state that the petitioner's rights were explained to him, that he freely admitted his guilt, and therefore it was not necessary to conduct a hearing." [Id. at 478, 170 N.W.2d 16.]

The Court further stated:

We agree with the Court of Appeals' rejection of defendant's construction of the statute applicable to this appeal.

We affirm the [decision of the] Court of Appeals. The failure of the parole board to conduct the hearing provided for by the statute within 30 days constituted, in effect, a waiver of any claim based upon these violations since the alleged violations were not "a felony or misdemeanor under the laws of this state." We further conclude that, under these circumstances, the plaintiff is entitled to be discharged from prison but he will remain under the jurisdiction of the parole board as per their order of December 9, 1966. [Id. at 479, 170 N.W.2d 16 (emphasis added).]

The version of the statute at issue in Stewart, M.C.L. § 791.240, was repealed by 1968 PA 192.^[3] However, at the same time that it was repealed, the substance of that provision was reenacted in M.C.L. § 791.240a. The 1968 version of this provision stated:

Within 30 days after a paroled prisoner has been returned to a state penal institution under accusation of a violation of his parole, other than the conviction for a felony or misdemeanor punishable by imprisonment in any jail, a state or federal prison under the laws of this state, the United States or any other state or territory of the United States, he shall be entitled to a hearing on such charges before 2 members of the parole board. Hearings shall be conducted in accordance with rules and regulations adopted by the director, and the accused prisoner shall be given an opportunity to appear personally or with counsel and answer to the charges placed against him. [1968 PA 192.]^[4]

Subsequent amendments of M.C.L. § 791.240a have taken effect in 1982, 1985, and 1994. The 1982 amendments are especially relevant because they altered the time requirement for the formal hearing, increasing it from thirty days after a paroled prisoner has been returned or is available to forty-five days after a paroled prisoner has been returned or is available. The 1982 version of M.C.L. § 791.240a(1) stated in pertinent part:

Within 45 days after a paroled prisoner has been returned or is available for return to a state penal institution under accusation of a violation of parole, other than the conviction for a felony or misdemeanor punishable by imprisonment under the laws of this state, the United States, or any other state or territory of the United States, the prisoner is entitled to a fact-finding hearing on the charges before 1 member of the parole board or an attorney hearings officer designated by the chairperson of the parole board. The fact-finding hearing shall be conducted only after the accused parolee has had a reasonable amount of time to prepare a defense. The fact-finding hearing may be held at a state penal institution or at or near the location of the alleged violation. [1982 PA 314.]

No revisions were made to the statute, as it was reenacted in 1982, to limit this Court's conclusion in Stewart that the failure to conduct the formal hearing within the requisite time constitutes a waiver of any claim based on the alleged parole violations, nor have any such revisions been made in amendments after the 1982 version of M.C.L. § 791.240a. While this Court has disavowed the doctrine of legislative acquiescence in previous cases,^[5] this case represents something more than legislative acquiescence, or discerning legislative intent from the Legislature's failure to take any action. In the present case, the Legislature has acted several times to reenact and revise the statute, even increasing the time limit for the fact-finding hearing from thirty days to forty-five days. However, none of the subsequent revisions to the statute since Stewart was decided can be construed as limiting this Court's conclusion in Stewart that the failure to conduct the formal hearing within the requisite time constitutes a waiver of any claim based on the alleged parole violations. The Legislature is presumed to know "that when a statute, clause or provision thereof, has been construed by the court of last resort of this State and the same is substantially re-enacted the legislature adopts such construction, unless the contrary is clearly shown by the language of the act." Jeruzal v. Wayne Co. Drain Comm'r, 350 Mich. 527, 534, 87 N.W.2d 122 (1957).^[6] The language used by the Legislature in subsequent revisions of the provision at issue does not clearly show an intention to undo this Court's holding in Stewart.

Therefore, I would affirm the decision of the Court of Appeals and order that the stay imposed on February 22, 2002, be lifted and that plaintiff be discharged from prison and returned to the jurisdiction of the parole board.

NOTES

[1] MCL 791.240a(1) provides in part that "[w]ithin 45 days after a paroled prisoner has been returned or is available for return to a state correctional facility under accusation of a parole violation ..., the prisoner is entitled to a fact-finding hearing on the charges...."

[2] Plaintiff's prior parole violations included an incident in which he punched and threatened a woman; cocaine use; and failure to report to his parole officer.

[3] Plaintiff was subsequently convicted in the Washtenaw Circuit Court of fourth-degree fleeing and eluding in violation of M.C.L. § 750.479a(2).

[4] Apparently, plaintiff's only mitigation evidence pertained to the dismissed third count of the parole violation warrant.

[5] The ALE noted: "Parolee is a drug offender who has previously violated his parole on charges of assault, using cocaine, failing to enter treatment, and absconding. For these violations, he has been diverted to [the Technical Rules Violation Center] three times.... Parolee has plainly established that he remains an unwarranted danger to the community, will likely re-offend, and is not amenable to parole supervision."

[6] The Court of Appeals treated plaintiff's complaint as an original action, noting that plaintiff had not appealed from the circuit court's denial of habeas corpus relief.

[7] A preliminary hearing is required to determine if there is probable cause to believe that parole conditions have been violated. However, a paroled prisoner may be arrested and detained without a warrant. MCL 791.239, 791.239a. This reflects the conditional nature of the release and the continuing authority of the Department of Corrections to maintain the prisoner in custody.

[8] See M.C.L. § 791.234(1); MCL 791.234a.

[9] See Morrissey, supra at 480, 92 S.Ct. 2593:

[T]he revocation of parole is not part of a criminal prosecution and thus the full panoply of rights due a defendant in such a proceeding does not apply to parole revocations.... Revocation deprives an individual, not of the absolute liberty to which every citizen is entitled, but only of the conditional liberty properly dependent on observance of special parole restrictions. [Citation omitted.]

[10] At issue in Stewart and Lane was former M.C.L. § 791.240, the predecessor of M.C.L. § 791.240a. Former M.C.L. § 791.240 was repealed by 1968 PA 192.

[11] MCL 791.240, which was substantially similar to the current M.C.L. § 791.240a, provided:

Whenever a paroled prisoner is accused of a violation of his parole, other than the commission of, and conviction for, a felony or misdemeanor under the laws of this state, he shall be entitled to a fair and impartial hearing of such charges within 30 days before 2 members of the parole board under such rules and regulations as the parole board may adopt. Upon such hearing such paroled prisoner shall be allowed to be heard by counsel of his own choice, at his own expense, and may defend himself, and he shall have the right to produce witnesses and proofs in his favor and to meet the witnesses who are produced against him....

[12] The parole board argued in Stewart that because the plaintiff had been convicted of a crime in Missouri, he was not entitled to a parole violation hearing because the conduct underlying the Missouri conviction was a "felony or misdemeanor under the laws of this state" within the meaning of former M.C.L. § 791.240. One of the primary differences between former M.C.L. § 791.240 and current M.C.L. § 791.240a is that the current statute does not require a fact-finding hearing for parole violations based on convictions punishable by imprisonment not only in this state, but in "the United States ... or any other state or territory of the United States...."

[13] The Legislature well knows how to provide remedies for statutory time limitation violations and has explicitly done so in other settings. See, e.g., M.C.L. § 780.133 (providing that where the "180-day rule" of M.C.L. § 780.131 is violated, the courts of this state lose jurisdiction and must dismiss the action with prejudice).

[14] MCL 791.240a(6).

[15] The Attorney General cites Hawkins v. Mich. Parole Bd., 390 Mich. 569, 213 N.W.2d 193 (1973), in which this Court adopted and affirmed an opinion of the Court of Appeals ordering a parole revocation hearing de novo on the ground that the allegedly indigent plaintiff was not accorded a proper hearing because he was not provided with court-appointed counsel. The Attorney General essentially argues that Stewart was overruled sub silentio by this Court's decision in Hawkins. However, Hawkins is inapposite because the parties in that case stipulated that such a hearing would be held. See Hawkins v. Michigan Parole Bd., 45 Mich.App. 529, 531, 206 N.W.2d 764 (1973). Thus, unlike in Stewart and the present case, the consequences of holding an improper parole revocation hearing were not at issue in Hawkins.

[16] See Phillips v. Warden, State Prison of Southern Michigan, 153 Mich.App. 557, 566, 396 N.W.2d 482 (1986) ("Habeas corpus is an alternative remedy and may be refused in the exercise of discretion where full relief may be obtained in other more appropriate proceedings.").

[17] As noted by the Court of Appeals in this case, this Court, without comment, granted habeas corpus relief to the petitioner in Lane. To the extent that any implication arises from this Court's terse order in Lane that habeas corpus relief is appropriate for a violation of M.C.L. § 791.240a(1), we overrule that decision.

[1] MCL 791.240a requires that the hearing be held within forty-five days after a paroled prisoner has been returned or is available for return to a state correctional facility. Plaintiff was available on March 11, 2001. The hearing was held May 16, 2001.

[2] The statute further provides:

(2) An accused parolee shall be given written notice of the charges against him or her and the time, place, and purpose of the fact-finding hearing. At the fact-finding hearing, the accused parolee may be represented by an appointed or retained attorney and is entitled to the following rights:

(a) Full disclosure of the evidence against him or her.

(b) To testify and present relevant witnesses and documentary evidence.

(c) To confront and cross-examine adverse witnesses unless the person conducting the fact-finding hearing finds on the record that a witness is subject to risk of harm if his or her identity is revealed.

(d) To present other relevant evidence in mitigation of the charges.

(3) A fact-finding hearing may be postponed for cause beyond the 45-day time limit on the written request of the parolee, the parolee's attorney, or, if a postponement of the preliminary hearing has been granted beyond the 10-day time limit, by the parole board.

(4) If the evidence presented is insufficient to support the allegation that a parole violation occurred, the parolee shall be reinstated to parole status.

(5) If the parole board member or hearings officer conducting the fact-finding hearing determines from a preponderance of the evidence that a parole violation has occurred, the member or hearings officer shall present the relevant facts to the parole board and make a recommendation as to the disposition of the charges.

(6) If a preponderance of the evidence supports the allegation that a parole violation occurred, the parole board may revoke parole, and the parolee shall be provided with a written statement of the findings of fact and the reasons for the determination within 60 days after the paroled prisoner has been returned or is available for return to a state correctional facility.

(7) A parolee who is ordered to make restitution under the crime victim's rights act, Act No. 87 of the Public Acts of 1985, being sections 780.751 to 780.834 of the Michigan Complied Laws, or the code of criminal procedure, Act No. 175 of the Public Acts of 1927, being sections 760.1 to 776.21 of the Michigan Compiled Laws, or to pay an assessment ordered under section 5 of Act No. 196 of the Public Acts of 1989, being section 780.905 of the Michigan Compiled Laws, as a condition of parole may have his or her parole revoked by the parole board if the parolee fails to comply with the order and if the parolee has not made a good faith effort to comply with the order. In determining whether to revoke parole, the parole board shall consider the parolee's employment status, earning ability, and financial resources, the willfulness of the parolee's failure to comply with the order, and any other special circumstances that may have a bearing on the parolee's ability to comply with the order.

[3] Although Stewart was decided in 1969, after the repeal of M.C.L. § 791.240, the issue before the Court at that time was the proper interpretation of M.C.L. § 791.240 because the alleged parole violations at issue in Stewart occurred in 1967, before the repeal and subsequent reenactment of the statute.

[4] One of the primary differences between the 1968 version of M.C.L. § 791.240a and its predecessor, M.C.L. § 791.240, is that the 1968 version of M.C.L. § 791.240a also included an exception for misdemeanor and felony convictions in jurisdictions other than the state of Michigan.

[5] See Donajkowski v. Alpena Power Co., 460 Mich. 243, 258-262, 596 N.W.2d 574 (1999).

[6] See also Smith v. Detroit, 388 Mich. 637, 650-651, 202 N.W.2d 300 (1972) ("``Even more persuasive is the rule that where the basic provisions of a statute have been construed by the courts and these provisions are subsequently reenacted by the legislature, it may be assumed that the legislature acted with knowledge of the Court's decisions and that the legislature intended the reenacted statute to carry the Court's interpretation with it.'" Quoting Breckon v. Franklin Fuel Co., 383 Mich. 251, 295, 174 N.W.2d 836 [1970] [Adams, J., dissenting]); Sheppard v. Michigan Nat'l Bank, 348 Mich. 577, 631-632, 83 N.W.2d 614 (1957) (Chief Justice Dethmers, concurring, wrote "Where a statutory provision is re-enacted without change in language, it must be presumed that the action was taken in the light of prior judicial construction placed upon it and with the intent to adopt such construction. When the Supreme Court has placed an interpretation on a statute over a considerable period of years it may indulge in the judicial assumption that the legislature has been content with that interpretation because of its failure to exercise its independent prerogative to restate the provision." [Citations omitted.]).