DocketNumber： 154524
Filed Date： 7/17/2018
Status： Precedential
Modified Date： 7/19/2018
Michigan Supreme Court Lansing, Michigan Syllabus Chief Justice: Justices: Stephen J. Markman Brian K. Zahra Bridget M. McCormack David F. Viviano Richard H. Bernstein Kurtis T. Wilder Elizabeth T. Clement This syllabus constitutes no part of the opinion of the Court but has been Reporter of Decisions: prepared by the Reporter of Decisions for the convenience of the reader. Kathryn L. Loomis SOUTH DEARBORN ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENT ASSOCIATION, INC v DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY Docket Nos. 154524 and 154526. Argued on application for leave to appeal March 6, 2018. Decided July 17, 2018. South Dearborn Environmental Improvement Association, Inc. (South Dearborn) and several other environmental groups petitioned the Wayne Circuit Court for judicial review of a decision of the Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) to issue a permit to install (PTI) for an existing source under the Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Act (NREPA), MCL 324.101 et seq. In 2006, the DEQ issued Severstal Dearborn, LLC (Severstal) a PTI that authorized the rebuilding of a blast furnace and the installation of three air pollution control devices at Severstal’s steel mill. In the years that followed, the permit was revised twice; each successive permit modified and replaced the preceding permit. Emissions testing performed in 2008 and 2009 revealed that several emission sources at the steel mill exceeded the level permitted. The DEQ sent Severstal a notice of violation, and after extended negotiations, they entered into an agreement, pursuant to which Severstal submitted an application for PTI 182- 05C, the PTI at issue in this case. The DEQ issued the permit on May 12, 2014, stating that the purpose of PTI 182-05C was to correct inaccurate assumptions about preexisting and projected emissions and to reallocate emissions among certain pollution sources covered by the PTI. On July 10, 2014, 59 days after PTI 182-05C was issued, South Dearborn and several other environmental groups appealed the DEQ’s decision in the circuit court. AK Steel Corporation (AK Steel) purchased the steel mill a short time later and moved to dismiss the action, arguing that the circuit court lacked jurisdiction over the appeal because South Dearborn’s petition was untimely filed. According to AK Steel, South Dearborn’s right to appeal a PTI for an existing source was based in MCL 600.631 of the Revised Judicature Act, MCL 600.101 et seq., and therefore the period in which to file an appeal was governed by MCR 7.123(B)(1) and MCR 7.104(A), which require that an appeal be filed within 21 days after the issuance of the permit. The court, Daniel A. Hathaway, J., denied AK Steel’s motion to dismiss, holding that South Dearborn’s petition for judicial review was timely filed because MCL 324.5506(14) governed the PTI appealed in this case and, therefore, South Dearborn had 90 days to file the petition. AK Steel appealed in the Court of Appeals, and the Court of Appeals, RIORDAN P.J., and SAAD and M. J. KELLY, JJ., affirmed the result but on different grounds, holding that the appeals period outlined in MCL 324.5506(14) applies only to operating permits and that MCL 600.631 and MCR 7.119 governed this appeal because, in its view, the contested-case provisions of the Administrative Procedures Act (APA), MCL 24.201 et seq., applied to the permitting decision pursuant to MCL 24.291(1). Accordingly, the Court of Appeals held that the petition was timely because it was filed within the 60-day period provided by MCR 7.119 and MCR 7.104(A).316 Mich App 265
(2016). AK Steel sought leave to appeal in the Supreme Court, and the DEQ filed a separate application raising nearly identical arguments. The Supreme Court consolidated the applications and scheduled oral argument on whether to grant the applications or take other action.500 Mich 966
(2017). In an opinion by Justice BERNSTEIN, joined by Justices MCCORMACK, VIVIANO, and CLEMENT, the Supreme Court, in lieu of granting leave to appeal, held: The final sentence of MCL 324.5505(8) recognizes the right to judicial review of the issuance or denial of a permit to install for an existing source in accordance with MCL 600.631 and provides that an appeal of such a permit action is governed by MCL 324.5506(14). MCL 324.5506(14) provides 90 days to seek judicial review of a decision to issue or deny a permit to install for an existing source. A petition for judicial review of the issuance or denial of any of the types of permits for an existing source that are governed by MCL 324.5505 and MCL 324.5506 must be filed within 90 days of the DEQ’s final permit action. Accordingly, the trial court correctly denied AK Steel’s motion to dismiss because the petition for judicial review was timely filed. Given that decision, Part III(B) of the Court of Appeals opinion was vacated as moot. 1. The final sentence of MCL 324.5505(8) provides that appeals of permit actions for existing sources are subject to MCL 324.5506(14). The plain language of this sentence indicates that a court must turn to MCL 324.5506(14) for the rules governing appeals of permit actions for an existing source, including appeals in the circuit court in accordance with MCL 600.631. The last sentence of MCL 324.5505(8) does not merely notify the reader of the contents of MCL 324.5506(14); reading the last sentence as a mere descriptor of the contents of MCL 324.5506(14) would strip it of any independent meaning or legal purpose. Rather, by saying that appeals of permit actions for existing sources are “subject to” MCL 324.5506(14), the last sentence of MCL 324.5505(8) instructs the reader that a right to appeal certain permit actions for an existing source, including a right to appeal in the circuit court in accordance with MCL 600.631, exists and is subject to MCL 324.5506(14). By using the phrase “subject to” in MCL 324.5505(8), the Legislature indicated its intent that MCL 324.5505(8) and MCL 324.5506(14) be read together, not in isolation. Reading MCL 324.5505(8) as working with MCL 324.5506(14) gives the full text of both statutes independent meaning and avoids reducing the final sentence of MCL 324.5505(8) to a mere descriptor of the next section. Additionally, the general reference to “permit actions” in the final sentence of MCL 324.5505(8), rather than a reference to a specific type of permit, indicates that appeals of all three permit types listed in the first sentence of MCL 324.5505(8) are contemplated. Accordingly, appeals of permit actions that are subject to MCL 324.5506(14) include, at a minimum, appeals of the issuance or denial of a permit to install, a general permit, or a permit to operate for an existing source. 2. The fourth sentence of MCL 324.5506(14) provides that a petition for judicial review is the exclusive means of obtaining judicial review of a permit and shall be filed within 90 days after the final permit action. The term “a permit” does not only refer to the operating permits described in the immediately preceding sentence of MCL 324.5506(14), which provides, in pertinent part, that any person may appeal the issuance or denial of an operating permit in accordance with MCL 600.631. Rather, MCL 324.5506(14) must be read together with MCL 324.5505(8), and the cross-reference in MCL 324.5505(8) to MCL 324.5506(14) demonstrates that appeals of the issuance or denial of a permit are subject to MCL 324.5506(14) when the permit is for an existing source. Furthermore, the presence of the indefinite article “a” preceding the word “permit” in MCL 324.5506(14) suggests that the statute refers to more than one type of permit. Had the Legislature intended the fourth sentence of MCL 324.5506(14) to refer only to operating permits, then it would have used that specific term, or another restrictive term, rather than the general phrase “a permit.” Four permit types are mentioned by name in MCL 324.5505(8) and MCL 324.5506(14), which indicates that the Legislature knew how to be specific when it so intended. Moreover, when the Legislature wanted to use “permit” to refer to a particular previously referenced permit, it used more restrictive language; for instance, the first sentence of MCL 324.5506(14) lists three types of permits that an owner or operator of an emission source might possess and instructs how “such a permit” and “his or her permit” may be reviewed when referring back to those specific permits. Because the fourth sentence of MCL 324.5506(14) refers to “a permit,” this nonrestrictive language refers to any of the four types of permits mentioned in MCL 324.5505(8) and MCL 324.5506(14). Accordingly, a petition for judicial review of the issuance or denial of any of the four types of permits for an existing source that are governed by MCL 324.5505 and MCL 324.5506—one of which is a permit to install— must be filed within 90 days of the DEQ’s final permit action. In this case, South Dearborn’s petition for judicial review was timely filed within the 90-day window because South Dearborn filed the petition 59 days after the permit was issued. 3. The conclusion that the fourth sentence of MCL 324.5506(14) applies to any of the four permits for existing sources that are governed by MCL 324.5505 and MCL 324.5506 does not render other avenues for appeal superfluous. First, no internal conflict was created within MCL 324.5506(14). The first sentence of MCL 324.5506(14) addresses a discrete group of persons who might challenge a permit action—a person who owns or operates an existing source—and also provides them a right to contest various types of permit actions, not merely the issuance or denial of a permit. The second sentence of MCL 324.5506(14) states that owners or operators may file a petition for administrative review of the previously listed permit actions pursuant to the contested-case and judicial-review procedures of the Administrative Procedures Act. Therefore, the first two sentences of MCL 324.5506(14) exclusively concern the rights of owners and operators of an existing source to seek administrative review of specific permit actions, which is a legally distinct avenue of potential relief from judicial review. The third sentence of MCL 324.5506(14) states that any person may appeal the issuance or denial of an operating permit in accordance with MCL 600.631, which means that non-owners and non- operators also have a right to judicial review of the issuance or denial of operating permits, even if they possess no right to administrative review. Accordingly, the first three sentences of MCL 324.5506(14) each have an independent legal purpose that is unaffected by the conclusion that the fourth sentence of MCL 324.5506(14) applies to any of the four permits for existing sources that are governed by MCL 324.5505 and MCL 324.5506. Second, there was no conflict with the right to appeal the issuance or denial of a permit to install for a new source pursuant to MCL 324.5505(8). The first two sentences of MCL 324.5505(8) govern only the appeal of permit actions for specific permits—and only when the permit is for a new source. The fourth sentence of MCL 324.5506(14) applies to judicial review of permits for an existing source, including issuance or denial of an operating permit, which is not addressed in MCL 324.5505(8). Finally, the Court of Appeals misconstrued the surplusage canon. The surplusage canon applies only when a competing interpretation gives effect to every clause and word of a statute. There was no such competing interpretation offered in this case. Affirmed in part for different reasons; Part III(B) of the Court of Appeals opinion vacated; case remanded to the circuit court. Justice WILDER, joined by Chief Justice MARKMAN and Justice ZAHRA, dissenting, would have affirmed the portion of the Court of Appeals opinion that held that MCL 324.5506(14) describes only two different appeals and that the term “a permit” does not refer to a third class of appellant who may appeal any type of permit. Reading MCL 324.5506(14) as a whole, sentence four’s placement immediately after the sentence recognizing judicial review of an operating permit provided a highly relevant context for interpreting the statute, and therefore the more reasonable interpretation of sentence four was that “a permit” refers to the term “operating permit” used in the immediately preceding sentence, rather than to a PTI, a type of permit that is not mentioned anywhere in MCL 324.5506. The majority’s interpretation renders nugatory both MCL 324.5505(8) and MCL 324.5506(14); the Legislature differentiated between new and existing sources and the identity of the challenger, and permitting any party to seek judicial review of any permit under sentence four of MCL 324.5506(14) renders these distinctions meaningless. Justice WILDER also would have reversed the holding in Part III(B) of the Court of Appeals opinion that MCR 7.119 governs, because the APA does not apply under these facts. MCL 24.291(1) states, in pertinent part, that when licensing is required to be preceded by notice and an opportunity for hearing, the provisions of the APA governing a contested case apply, and MCL 24.203(3) defines “contested case,” in pertinent part, as a proceeding, including licensing, in which a determination of the legal rights, duties, or privileges of a named party is required by law to be made by an agency after an opportunity for an evidentiary hearing. Therefore, the correct interpretation of these provisions requires an evidentiary hearing before a contested case in order for the APA to apply. Because that did not happen in this case, Justice WILDER would have held that the APA did not apply. Finally, Justice WILDER would have concluded that because the APA was not applicable, the provisions of the Revised Judicature Act, MCL 600.101 et seq., for judicial review applied. Therefore, MCR 7.123, the catch-all rule for appeals of agency decisions not governed by another rule, applied in this case, and MCR 7.123 provided 21 days for petitioners to challenge the DEQ’s decision to issue the PTI. Because petitioners’ challenge came 59 days after that decision, Justice WILDER would have held that the challenge was not timely. ©2018 State of Michigan Michigan Supreme Court Lansing, Michigan OPINION Chief Justice: Justices: Stephen J. Markman Brian K. Zahra Bridget M. McCormack David F. Viviano Richard H. Bernstein Kurtis T. Wilder Elizabeth T. Clement FILED July 17, 2018 STATE OF MICHIGAN SUPREME COURT SOUTH DEARBORN ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENT ASSOCIATION, INC., DETROITERS WORKING FOR ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE, ORIGINAL UNITED CITIZENS OF SOUTHWEST DETROIT, and SIERRA CLUB, Petitioners-Appellees, v No. 154524 DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY and DAN WYANT, Respondents-Appellants, and AK STEEL CORPORATION, Appellee. SOUTH DEARBORN ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENT ASSOCIATION, INC., DETROITERS WORKING FOR ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE, ORIGINAL UNITED CITIZENS OF SOUTHWEST DETROIT, and SIERRA CLUB, Petitioners-Appellees, v No. 154526 DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY and DAN WYANT, Respondents-Appellees, and AK STEEL CORPORATION, Appellant. BEFORE THE ENTIRE BENCH BERNSTEIN, J. In this case, we consider how long an interested party has to file a petition for judicial review of a Michigan Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) decision to issue a permit for an existing source of air pollution. We hold that MCL 324.5505(8) and MCL 324.5506(14) provide that such a petition must be filed within 90 days of the DEQ’s final permit action. Therefore, the circuit court correctly denied AK Steel Corporation’s (AK Steel’s) motion to dismiss pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(1) because the petition for judicial review was timely filed 59 days after the final permit action in this 2 case. Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the Court of Appeals in part, albeit for different reasons, and remand this case to the circuit court for further proceedings.1 I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY AK Steel operates a steel mill within the Ford Rouge Manufacturing complex in Dearborn, Michigan. Before being acquired by AK Steel in 2014, the steel mill was operated by Severstal Dearborn, LLC (Severstal). The steel mill is subject to air pollution control and permitting requirements under the federal Clean Air Act,2 42 USC 7401 et seq., and the Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Act (NREPA), MCL 324.101 et seq. In order to comply with the Clean Air Act, Part 55 of the NREPA requires the DEQ to promulgate rules to establish a permit-to-install program, MCL 324.5505(2), and an operating-permit program, MCL 324.5506(4). In 2006, the DEQ issued Severstal a permit to install3 titled “PTI 182-05,” which authorized the rebuilding of a blast furnace and the installation of three air pollution 1 Our conclusion that MCL 324.5505(8) and MCL 324.5506(14) provide 90 days to file a petition in this case makes it unnecessary to consider the applicability of the contested- case provision of the Administrative Procedures Act, MCL 24.201 et seq., an issue considered by the Court of Appeals. Therefore, we vacate Part III(B) of the Court of Appeals’ analysis of that issue as moot. 2 The Clean Air Act requires states to regulate air pollution emissions within their borders and abide by certain regulatory requirements in doing so. 42 USC 7407. Relevant to this appeal, states must create programs requiring that certain producers of air pollution obtain permits authorizing their conduct. 42 USC 7661a. 3 The NREPA states that “a person shall not install, construct, reconstruct, relocate, alter, or modify any process or process equipment without first obtaining from the [DEQ] a permit to install . . . authorizing the conduct or activity.” MCL 324.5505(1). The DEQ defines a “permit to install” as “a permit issued by the department authorizing the construction, installation, relocation, or alteration of any process, fuel-burning, refuse- 3 control devices at Severstal’s steel mill. In the years that followed, the permit was revised twice, first in 2006 (PTI 182-05A) and again in 2007 (PTI 182-05B). Each successive permit modified and replaced the preceding permit. Emissions testing performed in 2008 and 2009 revealed that several emission sources at the steel mill exceeded the level permitted by PTI 182-05B. The DEQ sent Severstal a notice of violation, and after extended negotiations, they entered into an agreement, pursuant to which Severstal submitted an application for PTI 182-05C. The DEQ issued the permit on May 12, 2014, after a period of public comment and a public hearing as prescribed by the NREPA, MCL 324.5511(3). The DEQ stated that the purpose of PTI 182-05C was to correct inaccurate assumptions about pre-existing and projected emissions and to reallocate emissions among certain pollution sources covered by the permit to install. On July 10, 2014, 59 days after PTI 182-05C was issued, appellee South Dearborn Environmental Improvement Association, Inc. (South Dearborn)4 and a number of other environmental groups appealed the DEQ’s decision by filing a petition for judicial review in the Wayne Circuit Court.5 burning, or control equipment in accordance with approved plans and specifications.” Mich Admin Code, R 336.1116(f). 4 South Dearborn is the only named appellee that has participated in the appeal in this Court, and therefore, this opinion only addresses appellees’ arguments as presented by South Dearborn. 5 We note that South Dearborn substantively challenged the issuance of the permit to install on the grounds that the DEQ does not have statutory authority to reallocate emission limitations and levels among various sources by issuing a revised permit to 4 AK Steel purchased the steel mill a short time later and filed a motion to dismiss pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(1), arguing that South Dearborn’s petition was untimely filed and thus the circuit court lacked jurisdiction over the case.6 According to AK Steel, while MCL 324.5505(8)7 and MCL 324.5506(14)8 provide a right to appeal the issuance or denial of an operating permit9 and a permit to install for a new source, and state when install. We need not reach the merits of this argument because the sole matter before this Court is whether the petition for judicial review was timely filed. 6 We note that AK Steel’s motion was filed pursuant to the wrong court rule. Subchapter 7.100 of the court rules governs circuit court appeals from an agency’s decisions. MCR 7.110 states that “[m]otion practice in a circuit court appeal is governed by MCR 2.119” and may include “special motions identified in MCR 7.211(C).” Neither Subchapter 7.100 nor MCR 2.119 provides a party with the authority to file a motion pursuant to MCR 2.116 in a circuit court appeal. Rather, because MCR 7.104(A) states that “[t]he time limit for an appeal of right is jurisdictional,” AK Steel’s motion to dismiss should have instead been filed pursuant to MCR 7.211(C)(2)(a), which states: “An appellee may file a motion to dismiss an appeal . . . on the ground that the appeal is not within the [circuit court’s appellate] jurisdiction[.]” 7 “Any person may appeal the issuance or denial by the department of a permit to install . . . for a new source in accordance with . . . [MCL 600.631]. Petitions for review shall be the exclusive means to obtain judicial review of such a permit and shall be filed within 90 days after the final permit action . . . . Appeals of permit actions for existing sources are subject to section 5506(14).” MCL 324.5505(8). 8 “A person who owns or operates an existing source that is required to obtain an operating permit under this section . . . may file a petition with the department for review of [specifically listed permit actions]. This review shall be conducted pursuant to the contested case and judicial review procedures of . . . [MCL] 24.201 to [MCL] 24.328 . . . . Any person may appeal the issuance or denial of an operating permit in accordance with . . . [MCL 600.631]. A petition for judicial review is the exclusive means of obtaining judicial review of a permit and shall be filed within 90 days after the final permit action.” MCL 324.5506(14). 9 While an operating permit is not expressly defined, it generally allows the DEQ to engage in ongoing monitoring of emissions from a source of air pollution. If an operating 5 such appeals must be filed, neither statute applies to a permit to install for an existing source.10 Instead, AK Steel argued that South Dearborn’s right to appeal a permit to install for an existing source is based in MCL 600.631 of the Revised Judicature Act, MCL 600.101 et seq., and that the period in which to file an appeal is thus governed by MCR 7.123(B)(1) and MCR 7.104(A). AK Steel claimed that South Dearborn’s appeal was untimely because it was not filed within 21 days, as required by those court rules. The circuit court disagreed. The court noted that MCL 324.5506(14) states, “A petition for judicial review is the exclusive means of obtaining judicial review of a permit and shall be filed within 90 days after the final permit action.” Relying heavily on the Legislature’s use of an indefinite article, the circuit court found that the phrase “a permit” in MCL 324.5506(14) included the permit to install appealed in this case. Therefore, South Dearborn had 90 days from the date that the fourth successive permit was issued to file a petition for judicial review. Accordingly, the circuit court held that South Dearborn’s petition was timely filed and denied AK Steel’s motion to dismiss. AK Steel appealed in the Court of Appeals, which affirmed the result, but on different grounds. In the Court of Appeals’ view, “[t]he circuit court erred by ignoring the plain context of [MCL 324.5506(14)] and placing far too much importance on the permit is required for a source of emissions by the Clean Air Act, then a person may not operate that source without applying for and complying with an operating permit issued by the DEQ. See MCL 324.5506(1). 10 The parties do not dispute that the contested permit was issued for an existing source as the term is used in the NREPA. Therefore, it is unnecessary to address any distinctions between a new and existing source. 6 Legislature’s use of the indefinite article ‘a.’ ” South Dearborn Environmental Improvement Ass’n, Inc v Dep’t of Environmental Quality,316 Mich App 265
, 273; 891 NW2d 233 (2016) (SDEIA). Rejecting the circuit court’s reasoning, the Court of Appeals held that the appeals period outlined in MCL 324.5506(14) applies only to operating permits.Id. at 274
. The Court of Appeals determined that MCL 600.631 and MCR 7.119 governed this appeal because, in its view, the contested-case provisions of the Administrative Procedures Act, MCL 24.201 et seq., applied to the permitting decision pursuant to MCL 24.291(1).Id. at 277
. On this basis, the Court of Appeals held that the petition was timely because it was filed within the 60-day period provided by MCR 7.119 and MCR 7.104(A).Id. at 277-278
. AK Steel sought leave to appeal in this Court. The DEQ, participating for the first time in these legal proceedings, filed a separate application raising nearly identical arguments. This Court consolidated their applications for the purpose of appellate review and scheduled oral argument on the applications. South Dearborn Environmental Improvement Ass’n, Inc v Dep’t of Environmental Quality,500 Mich 966
(2017). Our order instructed the parties to address, in substantive part: (1) whether MCL 324.5505(8) and MCL 324.5506(14) prescribe the applicable time period for filing a petition for judicial review of the Department of Environmental Quality’s issuance of the permit that the petitioners are seeking to challenge, and (2) if not, whether the issuance of that permit was a decision of that agency subject to the contested case provisions of the Administrative Procedures Act, such that the time period for filing a petition for judicial review set forth in MCR 7.119(B)(1) applies, rather than the time period established by MCR 7.123(B)(1) and MCR 7.104(A). [Id.] 7 II. STANDARD OF REVIEW This Court reviews de novo the grant or denial of a motion to dismiss an appeal for a lack of jurisdiction.11 Whether the circuit court has jurisdiction over this appeal is a question of statutory interpretation that we also review de novo. People v Mazur,497 Mich 302
, 308; 872 NW2d 201 (2015). The principal goal of statutory interpretation is to give effect to the Legislature’s intent, and the most reliable evidence of that intent is the plain language of the statute.Id.
When interpreting a statute, “ ‘we must give effect to every word, phrase, and clause and avoid an interpretation that would render any part of the statute surplusage or nugatory.’ ” People v Rea,500 Mich 422
, 428; 902 NW2d 362 (2017), quoting People v Miller,498 Mich 13
, 25; 869 NW2d 204 (2015). Moreover, “[n]ontechnical words and phrases” should be construed according to their plain meaning, taking into account the context in which the words are used. Rea, 500 Mich at 428. “When a word or phrase is not defined by the statute in question, it is appropriate to consult dictionary definitions to determine [its] plain and ordinary meaning . . . .” Id. 11 We review a trial court’s decision to grant or deny a motion for summary disposition de novo. See Maiden v Rozwood,461 Mich 109
, 118; 597 NW2d 817 (1999). We also review questions of law de novo. As we noted earlier, AK Steel should have filed its motion pursuant to MCR 7.211(C)(2)(a). Such a motion is a motion to dismiss an appeal, rather than a motion for summary disposition. However, “[m]otions to dismiss or affirm or for peremptory reversal essentially are the appellate versions of a motion for summary disposition. Motions to dismiss basically present jurisdictional arguments why the court should not consider the appeal.” 6 Longhofer, Michigan Court Rules Practice, Text (6th ed), § 7110.1, p 37. It follows that a motion to dismiss an appeal based on a jurisdictional argument, which presents a purely legal issue, is analogous to a motion for summary disposition and should also be reviewed de novo. 8 III. INTERPRETATION AND APPLICATION OF MCL 324.5505(8) AND MCL 324.5506(14) The focus of this appeal is on the interplay of MCL 324.5505(8) and MCL 324.5506(14). These subsections govern appeals of various DEQ permitting decisions made pursuant to Part 55 of the NREPA. The critical dispute in this case is whether the fourth sentence of MCL 324.5506(14)—“A petition for judicial review is the exclusive means of obtaining judicial review of a permit and shall be filed within 90 days after the final permit action”—applies to the issuance of a permit to install for an existing source. The Court of Appeals held that this sentence applies only to operating permits. SDEIA, 316 Mich App at 272-273. We disagree and conclude that the Court of Appeals failed to read MCL 324.5505(8) and MCL 324.5506(14) together so as to “harmonize the[ir] meaning, giving effect to the act as a whole.” G C Timmis & Co v Guardian Alarm Co,468 Mich 416
, 421; 662 NW2d 710 (2003) (quotation marks and citation omitted). A. MCL 324.5505(8) We begin our analysis with MCL 324.5505(8), which states: Any person may appeal the issuance or denial by the [DEQ] of a permit to install, a general permit, or a permit to operate authorized in rules promulgated under [MCL 324.5505(6)], for a new source in accordance with . . . MCL 600.631. . . . Petitions for review shall be the exclusive means to obtain judicial review of such a permit and shall be filed within 90 days after the final permit action, except that a petition may be filed after that deadline only if the petition is based solely on grounds arising after the deadline for judicial review. Such a petition shall be filed no later than 90 days after the new grounds for review arise. Appeals of permit actions for existing sources are subject to section 5506(14). [Emphasis added.] 9 The first two sentences of MCL 324.5505(8) provide that “any person” may seek judicial review in accordance with MCL 600.63112 to challenge the issuance or denial of certain permits relating to new sources “within 90 days after the final permit action . . . .” However, the permit at issue in this case was issued for an existing source, which is addressed in the last sentence of MCL 324.5505(8)—“Appeals of permit actions for existing sources are subject to section 5506(14).” (Emphasis added.) The plain language of this sentence indicates that we turn to MCL 324.5506(14) for the rules governing appeals of permit actions for an existing source, including appeals in the circuit court in accordance with MCL 600.631. AK Steel and the DEQ argue that the last sentence of MCL 324.5505(8) does not provide a right to judicial review of permit actions for an existing source pursuant to MCL 600.631; rather, it merely notifies the reader of the contents of MCL 324.5506(14). We reject that interpretation. Reading the last sentence as a mere descriptor of the contents of MCL 324.5506(14) would strip it of any independent meaning or legal purpose. Such a reading is contrary to the interpretive principle that a statute should be 12 MCL 600.631 provides: An appeal shall lie from any order, decision, or opinion of any state board, commission, or agency, authorized under the laws of this state to promulgate rules from which an appeal or other judicial review has not otherwise been provided for by law, to the circuit court of the county of which the appellant is a resident or to the circuit court of Ingham county, which court shall have and exercise jurisdiction with respect thereto as in nonjury cases. Such appeals shall be made in accordance with the rules of the supreme court. 10 construed so as to avoid rendering its language surplusage. Rea, 500 Mich at 428. Rather, by saying that appeals of permit actions for existing sources are “subject to” MCL 324.5506(14), the last sentence of MCL 324.5505(8) instructs the reader that a right to appeal certain permit actions for an existing source, including a right to appeal in the circuit court in accordance with MCL 600.631, exists and is subject to MCL 324.5506(14). Stated differently, such appeals are governed by MCL 324.5506(14). This reading is consistent with our interpretation of similar statutory language in Mayor of Lansing v Pub Serv Comm,470 Mich 154
; 680 NW2d 840 (2004). That case involved a utility company that wanted to build a pipeline. Two statutory provisions, MCL 247.183(1) and MCL 247.183(2), outlined the approval process for a pipeline.13 The utility company argued that because the plain language of MCL 247.183(1) stated that it was “subject to” MCL 247.183(2), the company had to comply only with MCL 247.183(2) and not MCL 247.183(1) as well. We rejected that argument.Id. at 159-160
. In doing so, we examined the phrase “subject to” and noted that it is defined as “dependent upon.”Id. at 160
, citing Random House Webster’s College Dictionary (2001). From there, we reasoned: When used as it is here and in other places in the Legislature’s work, it is clear that the subsections work together . . . . That is, both subsections are applicable because the relevant words in subsection 1, the “subject to” words, do not mean that the requirements of subsection 1 do not apply to those utilities that are covered also by subsection 2. [Mayor of Lansing,470 Mich at 160
.] 13 The Legislature subsequently amended MCL 247.183 by enacting2005 PA 103
. 11 We further note that Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed) provides that to be “subject” to something includes, among other things, being “contingent on or under the influence of some later action468 Mich 416.” This signals that when an item or event is subject to another item or event, the former and the latter must be considered together. Therefore, by using the phrase “subject to” in MCL 324.5505(8), the Legislature indicated its intent that MCL 324.5505(8) and MCL 324.5506(14) be read together, not in isolation. This reading also makes sense in light of the same language used elsewhere in Part 55 of the NREPA to indicate that the application of one provision is affected by another.14 Reading MCL 324.5505(8) as working with MCL 324.5506(14) gives the full text of both statutes independent meaning and avoids reducing the final sentence of MCL 324.5505(8) to a mere descriptor of the next section. AK Steel also urges us to disregard the final sentence of MCL 324.5505(8) because it does not explicitly refer to a permit to install. However, when we consider the effect of the words “permit actions” in that sentence, it is clear that identifying a specific permit type in the statutory language was unnecessary. The first sentence of MCL 324.5505(8) states, “Any person may appeal the issuance or denial . . . of a permit to 14 See, e.g., MCL 324.5512(1) (“Subject to section 5514, the department shall promulgate rules for purposes of doing all of the following . . . .”) (emphasis added). According to MCL 324.5514, the DEQ is prohibited from promulgating rules limiting emissions from wood heaters or enforcing federal regulations imposing such limitations. Thus, when the DEQ promulgates rules pursuant to MCL 324.5512(1), it must look to MCL 324.5514 for further restrictions on the potential subject matter of those rules. 12 install, a general permit, or a permit to operate . . . for a new source in accordance with . . . MCL 600.631.” (Emphasis added.) An issuance and a denial are two types of actions that the DEQ can take in response to a permit application. The last sentence of MCL 324.5505(8) then states, “Appeals of permit actions for existing sources are subject to section 5506(14).” (Emphasis added.) Read in context, “permit actions” refers, at minimum, back to the two types of departmental actions mentioned in the first sentence: an issuance or a denial. It is also clear that a permit action requires a permit to act upon. In addition to a permit to install, two other types of permits are listed in the first sentence of the statute, both of which could be issued for an existing source. The general reference to “permit actions” in the final sentence of MCL 324.5505(8), rather than a reference to a specific type of permit, indicates that appeals of all three permit types are contemplated. Thus, appeals of permit actions that are subject to MCL 324.5506(14) include, at a minimum, appeals of the issuance or denial of a permit to install, a general permit, or a permit to operate for an existing source.15 In summary, the first part of MCL 324.5505(8) recognizes the right to judicial review of the issuance or denial of a permit to install for a new source in accordance with MCL 600.631 and provides “90 days after the final permit action” to file such an appeal. The final sentence of MCL 324.5505(8) recognizes the right to judicial review of the 15 We note that it might be argued that permit actions could be read to include actions other than the issuance or denial of a permit, such as modification or revocation. As this appeal arises from the DEQ’s decision to issue a permit to install, we need not decide whether other possible types of permit actions are also included. 13 issuance or denial of a permit to install for an existing source in accordance with MCL 600.631 and provides that an appeal of such a permit action is governed by MCL 324.5506(14). Since this case deals with an existing source, the next step in our analysis is to examine the language of MCL 324.5506(14) to determine the time period for filing appeals related to existing sources. B. MCL 324.5506(14) MCL 324.5506(14) provides: A person who owns or operates an existing source that is required to obtain an operating permit under this section, a general permit, or a permit to operate authorized under rules promulgated under section 5505(6) may file a petition with the [DEQ] for review of the denial of his or her application for such a permit, the revision of any emissions limitation, standard, or condition, or a proposed revocation of his or her permit. This review shall be conducted pursuant to the contested case and judicial review procedures of the administrative procedures act . . . , being [MCL 24.201 to MCL 24.328]. Any person may appeal the issuance or denial of an operating permit in accordance with [MCL 600.631]. A petition for judicial review is the exclusive means of obtaining judicial review of a permit and shall be filed within 90 days after the final permit action. Such a petition may be filed after that deadline only if it is based solely on grounds arising after the deadline for judicial review and if the appeal does not involve applicable standards and requirements of the acid rain program under title IV. Such a petition shall be filed within 90 days after the new grounds for review arise. [Emphasis added.] The Court of Appeals held that the 90-day period in which to file a petition for judicial review of “a permit” in MCL 324.5506(14) applies only to appeals of operating permits. SDEIA, 316 Mich App at 274. We disagree and hold that MCL 324.5506(14) also provides 90 days to seek judicial review of a decision to issue or deny a permit to install for an existing source. 14 The fourth sentence of MCL 324.5506(14) has been the focus of the disagreement in this case. It states that “[a] petition for judicial review is the exclusive means of obtaining judicial review of a permit and shall be filed within 90 days after the final permit action.” MCL 324.5506(14) (emphasis added). Appellants and the dissent argue that “a permit” should be read as referring to only the operating permits described in the previous sentence—“[a]ny person may appeal the issuance or denial of an operating permit in accordance with [MCL 600.631].” If we read MCL 324.5506(14) alone and without consideration of MCL 324.5505(8), we might be inclined to agree.16 However, we do not read statutory language in isolation and must construe its meaning in light of the context of its use. See Rea, 500 Mich at 430; Guardian Alarm Co, 468 Mich at 421. As explained earlier, the cross-reference in MCL 324.5505(8) to MCL 324.5506(14) demonstrates that appeals of the issuance or denial of a permit are subject to MCL 324.5506(14) when the permit is for an existing source. With this in mind, we conclude that a petition for judicial review of the issuance or denial of any of the types of permits 16 We agree with the dissent that the placement of the fourth sentence in MCL 324.5506(14) within that provision is a relevant consideration; however, it is not dispositive. As our opinion explains, when MCL 324.5505(8) and MCL 324.5506(14) are read together, the plain language of the statutes demonstrates that “a permit” should not be read as referring to only “an operating permit” as described in the preceding sentence. Our interpretation is consistent with the whole-text canon, “which calls on the judicial interpreter to consider the entire text, in view of its structure and of the physical and logical relation of its many parts.” Scalia & Garner, Reading Law: The Interpretation of Legal Texts (St. Paul: Thomson/West, 2012), p 167. Reviewing the entire text requires consideration of the relationship of text within a single statutory provision as well as its relationship to the text of other provisions within the same act. See G C Timmis & Co v Guardian Alarm Co,
, 421; 662 NW2d 710 (2003). 15 for an existing source that are governed by MCL 324.5505 and MCL 324.5506 must be filed within 90 days of the DEQ’s final permit action. Several considerations lead us to this conclusion. The first is the presence of an indefinite article preceding the word “permit” in MCL 324.5506(14), which the Court of Appeals did not give due consideration. Rather than stating that a petition for review of the permit must be filed within 90 days, the statute states that a petition for review of “a permit” must be filed within 90 days. MCL 324.5506(14) (emphasis added). This suggests that the statute refers to more than one type of permit. “A” is an indefinite article, which is often used to mean “any.”17 Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed). Whether “a” should be read as referring to a discrete item or as referring to one of many potential items depends on the context in which it is used.18 But, while the article may be susceptible to multiple meanings when read in isolation, we must select the meaning that makes the most sense when the statute is read as a whole. See Rea, 500 Mich at 431; Miller, 498 Mich at 24.19 17 “Any” means “one, some, or all indiscriminately of whatever quantity[.]” Merriam- Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed). 18 See Allstate Ins Co v Freeman,432 Mich 656
, 743-744; 443 NW2d 734 (1989) (CAVANAGH, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part) (opining that whether the article “a” should be read as referring to one or many is dependent on the context of its usage). We have also repeatedly recognized the significance of using a definite article to indicate the inverse—that a word should be read restrictively. See, e.g., Massey v Mandell,462 Mich 375
, 382 n 5; 614 NW2d 70 (2000) (noting that when the Legislature has qualified the same word with the definite article “the” and the indefinite article “a” in the same part of a statute, the Court should not read “the” as if it were “a”). 19 The dissent does not disagree with our conclusion that the meaning of the indefinite article “a” must be determined from its context, but the dissent instead suggests that “a 16 It is also a fundamental principle of statutory construction that “[w]hen the Legislature uses different words, the words are generally intended to connote different meanings.” US Fidelity & Guaranty Co v Mich Catastrophic Claims Ass’n (On Rehearing),484 Mich 1
, 14; 795 NW2d 101 (2009). Applying that principle here, had the Legislature intended the fourth sentence of MCL 324.5506(14) to refer only to operating permits, then it would have used that specific term, or another restrictive term, rather than the general phrase “a permit.” Four permit types20 are mentioned by name in MCL 324.5505(8) and MCL 324.5506(14), which indicates that the Legislature knew how to be specific when it so intended. It is notable that the Legislature refers to the generic “a permit” in the sentence stating the time line for filing for judicial review but specifically refers to operating permits in the immediately preceding sentence; had the Legislature intended the 90-day time line to apply only to operating permits, it could have easily done so, but it did not. Because the statute refers instead to “a permit,” this permit” should be read as recognizing that there may be multiple “permits of the singular species identified in the preceding sentence . . . .” It is true that “a” can refer to a plural or singular antecedent depending on the context of its use, but that does not affect our analysis. The fact that a single facility may have more than one operating permit or that one might seek judicial review of more than one permit simultaneously does not answer the question of whether the sentence describing the timing for judicial review of “a permit” refers to permits other than an operating permit. Rather, when viewing the term in context, “a permit” is more reasonably read as referring to operating permits as well as those other permits for an existing source that are referred over to MCL 324.5506(14) by the last sentence of MCL 324.5505(8). 20 The named permits are operating permits, permits to install, general permits, and permits to operate authorized under rules promulgated pursuant to MCL 324.5505(6). Currently, no administrative rules exist that govern a permit-to-operate program, but such permits remain legally distinct from operating permits. 17 language thus refers to any of the four types of permits mentioned in MCL 324.5505(8) and MCL 324.5506(14). This reading is bolstered by other provisions in Part 55 of the NREPA, in which the Legislature used the phrase “a permit” to refer to all permits governed by Part 5521 and named specific permits when a provision’s applicability is limited to a single type of permit.22 We also find significant the Legislature’s use of restrictive language in other parts of the very statutes being analyzed. As South Dearborn notes, when the Legislature wanted to use “permit” to refer to a particular previously referenced permit, it used more restrictive language. In MCL 324.5506(14), the first sentence lists three types of permits that an owner or operator of an emission source might possess and instructs how “such a permit” and “his or her permit” may be reviewed when referring back to those specific permits. (Emphasis added.) This signals a limitation to the previously mentioned permits. The final three sentences of MCL 324.5506(14) also distinguish between restrictive and nonrestrictive language. They state: A petition for judicial review is the exclusive means of obtaining judicial review of a permit and shall be filed within 90 days after the final permit action. Such a petition may be filed after that deadline only if it is 21 See, e.g., MCL 324.5515(1) (“If the department believes that a person is violating . . . a permit issued under this part, . . . the department shall make a prompt investigation.”); MCL 324.5510 (“In accordance with this part and rules promulgated under this part, the department may, after notice and opportunity for public hearing, deny or revoke a permit issued under this part if any of the following circumstances exist[.]”). 22 See MCL 324.5502(1) (“Except as provided in subsection (2), the department shall not issue a permit to install or an operating permit to a municipal solid waste incinerator unless . . . .”). 18 based solely on grounds arising after the deadline for judicial review and if [it does not involve Title IV’s acid rain program]. Such a petition shall be filed within 90 days after the new grounds for review arise. [MCL 324.5506(14) (emphasis added).] The final two sentences in the quoted passage refer back to the subject of the preceding sentence by starting with the words “such a petition.” By doing so, these sentences impose additional limitations on the petition for judicial review described in the first sentence. The use of “such a petition” also makes clear that these limitations apply only to a petition for judicial review, as opposed to a petition for administrative review mentioned earlier in the statute. Similarly, although MCL 324.5505(8) uses the phrase “such a permit,” MCL 324.5506(14) does not use that same phrase to limit the types of permit to which the 90-day time line applies. On the basis of this analysis, we conclude that the Legislature intended “a permit” in MCL 324.5506(14) to mean “any permit” in order to describe the requirements for judicial review of the issuance or denial of the four types of permits for existing sources that are governed by MCL 324.5505 and MCL 324.5506, one of which is a permit to install. Accordingly, a petition for judicial review of a permit to install for an existing source must be filed within 90 days of the permit being issued. Such a reading harmonizes the meaning of these two statutes. The dissent argues that MCL 324.5506(14) is silent as to petitions for judicial review of permits to install for existing sources and that this silence indicates that the 90- day period contained in MCL 324.5506(14) does not apply to such petitions. However, as already discussed, MCL 324.5505(8) clearly states that “[a]ppeals of permit actions for existing sources are subject to section 5506(14).” (Emphasis added.) This effectively 19 refers judicial review of permit actions for existing sources to MCL 324.5506(14); it would be unnecessary to state again in MCL 324.5506(14) that a right to judicial review exists with regard to permits to install for existing sources. Accordingly, the silence in MCL 324.5506(14) as to the availability of judicial review for permits to install for existing sources is immaterial because this right is recognized in MCL 324.5505(8), which explicitly states that such appeals are “subject to” MCL 324.5506(14). The Court of Appeals and the dissent suggest that the interpretation we adopt today would render “other avenues for appeal” superfluous because the fourth sentence of MCL 324.5506(14) “would apply to the appeal of any and all permits.” SDEIA, 316 Mich App at 273. However, this concern is unfounded. First, no internal conflict is created within MCL 324.5506(14). The first sentence addresses a discrete group of persons who might challenge a permit action—“[a] person who owns or operates an existing source”—and also provides them a right to contest various types of permit actions—not merely the issuance or denial of a permit. MCL 324.5506(14). The second sentence of MCL 324.5506(14) states that owners or operators may file a petition for administrative review of the previously listed permit actions pursuant to the contested- case and judicial-review procedures of the Administrative Procedures Act. The first two sentences of MCL 324.5506(14) thus exclusively concern the rights of owners and operators of an existing source to seek administrative review of specific permit actions. Administrative review is a legally distinct avenue of potential relief from judicial review. Mudel v Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co,462 Mich 691
, 698; 614 NW2d 607 (2000) (describing the distinctions between judicial and administrative review). The third sentence of MCL 324.5506(14) states that “[a]ny person may appeal the issuance or 20 denial of an operating permit in accordance with” MCL 600.631. This clearly means that non-owners and non-operators also have a right to judicial review of the issuance or denial of operating permits, even if they possess no right to administrative review. Thus, the first three sentences of MCL 324.5506(14) each have an independent legal purpose that is unaffected by our construction of the fourth sentence. Second, there is no conflict with the right to appeal the issuance or denial of a permit to install for a new source pursuant to MCL 324.5505(8). As we have explained, the first two sentences of MCL 324.5505(8) govern only the appeal of permit actions for specific permits—and only when the permit is for a new source. The fourth sentence of MCL 324.5506(14) applies to judicial review of permits for an existing source, including issuance or denial of an operating permit, which is not addressed in MCL 324.5505(8).23 Third, the Court of Appeals also misconstrued the surplusage canon. That canon applies only when a “competing interpretation gives effect to every clause and word of a statute.” Microsoft Corp v i4i Ltd Partnership,564 US 91
, 106;131 S Ct 2238
;180 L Ed 2d 131
(2011) (quotation marks and citation omitted). There is no such competing interpretation offered here. In this case, it is the Court of Appeals’ interpretation of MCL 324.5506(14) that would render the last sentence in MCL 324.5505(8) needless surplusage. As we explained, its interpretation would relegate the last sentence of MCL 23 Even assuming that a conflict existed between the first part of MCL 324.5505(8) and the fourth sentence of MCL 324.5506(14), the more specific language concerning new sources in the former would control over the more general language in the latter. See People v Calloway,500 Mich 180
, 185-186; 895 NW2d 165 (2017). 21 324.5505(8) to a mere descriptor without any independent legal meaning. Therefore, the surplusage canon compels us to reject that interpretation. See Rea, 500 Mich at 433. For the aforementioned reasons, MCL 324.5505(8) and MCL 324.5506(14) provide 90 days after the final permit action to file a petition for judicial review. South Dearborn’s petition for judicial review was timely filed within the 90-day period. IV. CONCLUSION We hold that, pursuant to MCL 324.5505(8) and MCL 324.5506(14), South Dearborn had 90 days from the date the DEQ issued PTI 182-05C to file a petition for judicial review of that decision in the circuit court. Because South Dearborn’s petition for judicial review was timely filed 59 days after the permit was issued, the circuit court properly denied AK Steel’s motion to dismiss. Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the Court of Appeals in part for different reasons, vacate Part III(B) of the Court of Appeals’ opinion, and remand this case to the circuit court for further proceedings. Richard H. Bernstein Bridget M. McCormack David F. Viviano Elizabeth T. Clement 22 STATE OF MICHIGAN SUPREME COURT SOUTH DEARBORN ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENT ASSOCIATION, INC., DETROITERS WORKING FOR ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE, ORIGINAL UNITED CITIZENS OF SOUTHWEST DETROIT, and SIERRA CLUB, Petitioners-Appellees, v No. 154524 DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY and DAN WYANT, Respondents-Appellants, and AK STEEL CORPORATION, Appellee. SOUTH DEARBORN ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENT ASSOCIATION, INC., DETROITERS WORKING FOR ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE, ORIGINAL UNITED CITIZENS OF SOUTHWEST DETROIT, and SIERRA CLUB, Petitioners-Appellees, v No. 154526 DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY and DAN WYANT, Respondents-Appellees, and AK STEEL CORPORATION, Appellant. WILDER, J. (dissenting). I respectfully dissent because I would affirm the portion of the Court of Appeals opinion that holds that MCL 324.5506(14) describes only two different appeals and that the term “a permit” does not refer to a third class of appellant who may appeal any type of permit. Additionally, I would reverse the Court of Appeals insofar as it held that MCR 7.119 governs and hold that the Administrative Procedures Act (APA), MCL 24.201 et seq., does not apply under these facts. I. ANALYSIS At issue in this case is whether petitioners timely filed their claim in circuit court seeking judicial review of a permitting decision by the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality (MDEQ) regarding a permit to install for an existing source of air pollution. In short, this Court held oral argument on the questions (1) whether MCL 324.5506(14) gave petitioners a 90-day period to bring their claim and (2) if not, whether MCR 7.119 gave petitioners a 60-day period to bring their claim. South Dearborn Environmental Improvement Ass’n, Inc v Dep’t of Environmental Quality,500 Mich 966
(2017). If neither provision applies, petitioners’ claim is time-barred because it was not brought within the 21 days provided by the catch-all provision of MCL 600.631. A. INTERPRETATION OF PART 55 The dispositive issue is whether the MDEQ’s issuance of an existing permit to install is governed by Part 55 of the Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Act 2 (NREPA), MCL 324.101 et seq. MCL 324.5506(14) must be interpreted harmoniously with MCL 324.5505(8), and both these provisions must be interpreted while keeping in mind their place in the overall licensing scheme, which comprises state and federal laws and regulations. “A court does not construe the meaning of statutory terms in a vacuum. Rather, we interpret the words in their context and with a view to their place in the overall statutory scheme.” Manuel v Gill,481 Mich 637
, 650; 753 NW2d 48 (2008) (quotation marks and citations omitted). When interpreting words and phrases used in a statute, those “ ‘words and phrases used . . . must be assigned such meanings as are in harmony with the whole of the statute, construed in the light of history and common sense.’ ” Sweatt v Dep’t of Corrections,468 Mich 172
, 179; 661 NW2d 201 (2003) (opinion by MARKMAN, J.), quoting Arrowhead Dev Co v Livingston Co Rd Comm,413 Mich 505
, 516; 322 NW2d 702 (1982). Statutory language should be construed reasonably, keeping in mind the purpose of the act. McCahan v Brennan,492 Mich 730
, 739; 822 NW2d 747 (2012). Air pollution regulation is governed by interrelated federal and state legislative schemes that are implemented by executive agencies. Federal air pollution regulation is rooted in the Clean Air Act (CAA), 42 USC 7401 et seq., the central goal of which is to ensure clean air by establishing national air quality standards and requiring states to develop state plans to ensure that those standards are met. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is the federal agency responsible for implementing the CAA by setting air quality standards and approving state plans.Id.