DocketNumber： Calendar 12, Docket 52,151
Citation Numbers： 175 N.W.2d 706, 383 Mich. 409, 63 A.L.R. 3d 360, 1970 Mich. LEXIS 156
Judges： Black, Kelly, Kavanagh, Dethmers, Brennan, Adams
Filed Date： 4/13/1970
Status： Precedential
Modified Date： 11/10/2024
(for reversal). I cannot sign the opinions of my esteemed brothers Black and Adams written in this case. I agree with them that the Court of Appeals and circuit court need some reversing insofar as some provisions of the judgment of divorce relating to property settlement are concerned. I do not agree to remand for determination of rights of defendant’s brothers in property of plaintiff wife and defendant husband. I would affirm property settlement provisions of the judgment of divorce as entered by the circuit court, affirmed by the Court of Appeals and set forth in substance in Mr. Justice Adams’ opinion, insofar as division between plaintiff and defendant is concerned, but delete therefrom paragraphs numbered (3) and (4) which make the money awards to defendant’s brothers, for which, Justice Adams writes, the court determined that the brothers were entitled to liens on the parties’ property.
I do not agree with Mr. Justice Black’s apparent disapproval of making what he terms the “rehash of former decisions” which is contained in Mr. Justice Adams’ opinion. I deem it an excellent compilation of the Michigan decisions and law, until now at least, to the effect that “the jurisdiction of the circuit courts in chancery in this state, in divorce proceed
One of the cases in the above mentioned line of authorities is Byrne v. Byrne (1946), 315 Mich. 441. In his opinion in the instant case Justice Adams writes that Byrne “is controlling here.” I agree. It seems to me, however, that he has not followed it in his concluding paragraph insofar as he provides for remand and redetermination of property settlement rights to include those of the brothers if they are joined as parties.
Both Justices Black and Adams have written that there is no good reason why our circuit courts should not exercise their general equity powers in divorce actions so long as, in so doing, they do not disregard statutory provisions pertaining to divorce. This seems to me to be begging the question. As held in the cases cited in Mr. Justice Adams’ opinion, what is sought to be done here is not permitted by those statutory provisions and, hence, is done in disregard thereof.
Now it is said by my brothers that the law and rule as enunciated in the above-mentioned long line of Michigan decisions that the jurisdiction of a court in a divorce action is strictly statutory, is no longer
There are two kinds of jurisdiction, that is to say, jurisdiction of parties and jurisdiction of subject matter. The most that can be said of the mentioned court rules is that, if they pertain at all to jurisdiction, it is to the former and not the latter kind. One must read these rules in vain to find therein any mention of or grant to courts of equity, in divorce proceedings, of power to disregard statutory provisions pertaining to divorce and to litigate the rights of others than the husband and wife.
And then Justice Adams speaks of the trial court’s imposition upon the property of the parties of liens in favor of defendant’s brothers to insure collection of the money judgments awarded to them. Oh, happy day for creditors, when a debtor owing to them sues or is sued for divorce by his or her spouse for this would then give rise to a new-found right not previously existing for general creditors, namely, to have a lien on the property of the husband or wife or both! A wonder is thus created by the mentioned court rules which scarcely could have been foreseen at the time of their adoption. If defendant’s brothers have rights arising out of an alleged
It is said that while the pleadings make no mention of the alleged rights of defendant’s brothers, counsel for the parties, by statements made in court during trial and questions put to witnesses, permitted the subject to become one for the court’s determination. In Maslen v. Anderson (1910), 163 Mich 477, it was said and held that parties cannot confer jurisdiction over a subject matter, by consent, upon a tribunal from which the law has withheld it.
Justice Adams quotes from 102 ALR 814 and 24 Am Jur 2d, Divorce and Separation, § 278, p 431, to the effect that in some jurisdictions other than Michigan it is held that third persons having or claiming to have an interest in property involved in a divorce action are proper parties to such action. The instant case is not such an action. The most claimed by defendant for his brothers is that he owes them money based on an oral promise of his to pay them, but no claim is made by anyone that they have an interest in the property involved in this action.
What this court has all along held is that it is beyond the power of a court of equity in divorce proceedings to grant a judgment to others than the husband and wife because such proceedings are strictly statutory and the statutes governing divorce do not provide for it. I am not willing to agree that that is no longer correct on the theory that this Court, through the device of rule adoption, has properly engaged in the legislative function of amending the statutes so that in these strictly statutory pro
It will be observed, generally, that joinder of parties is appropriate in situations in which their respective rights and obligations arise out of the same contract, transaction, occurrence or like circumstances, and any question of law or fact is common to the claims of them all. (See mentioned rules and annotations.) Here the alleged rights, if any, of defendant’s brothers arise out of an oral agreement by defendant to pay them. The rights and duties of plaintiff and defendant with respect to each other, which are the proper subjects for consideration and determination by the court, under the statutes, in divorce proceedings spring from the marriage covenants and relationship in and to which defendant’s brothers had no part whatsoever. Hence, for this reason also, joinder of them in this cause is unthinkable.
Reversed and remanded to the circuit court for entry of a judgment of divorce consistent with this opinion. Costs to plaintiff.
(for reversal).
I
Plaintiff sued for divorce. The parties were married May 12, 1956. Defendant then was the sole owner of a parcel of real estate. After the marriage, the property was placed in the names of the parties as tenants by the entireties. They resided in á mobile home on thq premises. Four thousand dollars
Labor for constructing the home was provided by defendant, his brothers, and friends. Defendant contended he borrowed $2,500 from his brother, William Yedinak, in May 1956, after marriage to plaintiff. Plaintiff asserted no knowledge of such a loan. Defendant and William Yedinak admitted there was only an oral agreement for repayment at some future date. No payments were made and no demand was made for repayment before institution of the divorce action. Plaintiff contended she first learned of the claimed debt in 1966, two months prior to trial. Defendant and William Yedinak contended she knew of the debt from about the time the $2,500 was borrowed.
The trial court found that William Yedinak was entitled to a lien on the real estate for $2,500 and tha,t such lien should be paid upon ultimate sale of it.
George Yedinak, another brother of defendant, performed much of the labor on the house. He acted as foreman. He put in footings, laid basement blocks, installed the furnace, wiring, plumbing, and helped frame the house. Defendant contended that he agreed to pay George Yedinak a “reasonable amount of money” for his efforts. Plaintiff contended she had no knowledge of such an agreement. The agreement was oral. George Yedinak testified he never made demand for payment until two months prior to trial. No payments were ever made. He submitted a claim for $1,610. There was no evidence that any of the others who worked on the project made claims or were paid for their labor.
The trial court determined that George Yedinak was entitled to a lien on the property for $1,600 and that such lien should be satisfied upon sale of the real estate.
Neither the complaint, answer, pretrial statement, or any other pleading, contains any mention of a claim that the husband’s brothers were asserting liens upon the property, nor is there any mention of any indebtedness to the husband’s brothers. From a statement made by the wife’s counsel at the beginning of the trial, apparently counsel had been informed of these claims prior to trial. As far as the record shows, the first time the claims were asserted in the divorce proceedings was at trial.
Byrne v. Byrne (1946), 315 Mich 441, was an action for separate maintenance on the ground of extreme and repeated cruelty, later amended to hill for divorce from bed and board. Defendant filed a cross-bill for divorce on the ground of extreme and repeated cruelty. Plaintiff was granted an absolute divorce. Defendant appealed. Upon appeal, it was contended that the trial court erred in adjudicating the liability of defendant to a Dr. Dursum arising out of a joint venture. Dr. Dursum had advanced money to defendant from time to time and, to do so, had borrowed at a bank in Belding, Michigan. At the time of trial, there was due to the bank from Dr. Dursum approximately $1,620. The record on appeal did not establish any legal liability on the part of plaintiff in connection with this obligation. The trial judge awarded plaintiff all of the real estate and personalty with the exception of a truck
This Court said (p 447):
“On behalf of appellant it is insisted that the trial court should not have attempted to adjudicate the question as to the liability of defendant to Dr. Dursum arising out of their joint venture. This claim is meritorious. Whether defendant is indebted to Dr. Dursum and, if so, the amount of such indebtedness, are matters to be determined between them. Testifying as a witness in plaintiff’s behalf, Dr. Dursum said ‘As far as I am concerned there is nothing for Byrne to pay unless he wants to pay.’ While this statement may be regarded as somewhat ambiguous, nevertheless, it tends to lend support to defendant’s claim that the matter is not one that should be adjudicated in this proceeding. The decree will be modified by striking out the provision requiring plaintiff to make payment of $1,620 to the Belding bank.” (Emphasis added.)
Byrne was decided by a unanimous court of seven participating justices and is controlling here. In this case, as in Byrne, the trial judge attempted to adjudicate the rights of persons who were not parties to the divorce action. Neither of defendant’s brothers was in court as a party by intervention or impleader, or any other proceeding. The court was in no position to adjudicate the claims of nonparties or to circumvent the possible defenses of plaintiff to such claims, such as the provisions of CL 1948, § 557.53 and § 557.54 (Stat Ann 1957 Rev §§ 26.183, 26.184), or the statute of limitations. The case is remanded for further proceedings.
For the guidance of the trial judge upon remand, it is necessary to decide whether the jurisdiction of a court in a divorce action is strictly limited by the divorce statutes with only the husband and wife as parties or may the court exercise general powers as a chancery court. In Perkins v. Perkins (1867), 16 Mich 162, this Court said (p 167):
“But chancery courts have no inherent power to declare liens against real estate to secure debts which may be established against the person: Bennett v. Nichols (1863), 12 Mich 22. And they have no inherent power as courts of equity to decree permanent alimony at all: Pettier v. Pettier, Harr Ch (Mich) 19. The power is a statutory power, incident to the jurisdiction over applications for divorce. The statute prescribes the entire powers and regulations on the subject.”
In Baugh v. Baugh (1877), 37 Mich 59, this Court said (pp 61, 62):
“The jurisdiction over divorce is purely statutory, and the legislative authority has not seen fit to allow any hut the parties to intervene in such suits. The husband and wife are the only persons recognized as parties. * * *
“It is for the legislature to determine to what extent public policy requires the power of intervention to be vested in any hut the parties to divorce suits. There are certainly some reasons why it might be wise to have children represented, hut whether their ultimate prosperity would be furthered by permitting strangers to intervene in their behalf between parents, is a question which would probably he considered very carefully before any action is taken to permit it. In the meantime the courts have no right to sanction any such intervention.”
“The jurisdiction of the circuit courts in chancery, in this State, in divorce proceedings, is strictly statutory. Perkins v. Perkins (1867), 16 Mich 162; Baugh v. Baugh (1877), 37 Mich 59 (26 Am Rep 495); Peck v. Peck (1887), 66 Mich 586; Peck v. Uhl (1887), 66 Mich 592. Such courts have no inherent power as courts of equity to decree permanent alimony at all. Perkins v. Perkins, supra, citing Peltier v. Peltier, Harr Ch (Mich) 19. Our statutes give the court power to grant alimony to the wife for the support of herself and minor children, and to give a lien against the property of the husband to secure the payment of the same; hut they do not give the court power to decree the payment of any sum to the children upon their reaching majority, or to create a lien to secure the payment thereof.”
In Judson v. Judson (1912), 171 Mich 185, suit was brought in this state for support based upon a decree of divorce granted by a Minnesota court. This Court said (p 189):
“It is the contention of her counsel that, under the comity of courts and the constitutional provision that full faith and credit shall he given in each State to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other State, ‘she is entitled to have this hill sustained as supplemental to the Minnesota proceedings, just as if the divorce had been granted in this State.’
In Przeklas v. Przeklas (1927), 240 Mich 209, the defendant wife, by cross-bill, attempted to bring in a third party for an accounting. This Court said (p 212):
“[T]he trial court correctly concluded that divorce suits are special statutory proceedings, limited to litigating domestic relations between husband and wife, to the exclusion of third parties, who can only be brought in as defendants where it is alleged that they have conspired with the husband to transfer property subject to plaintiff’s claim for alimony with intent to defraud her. Here appellant is seeking in a divorce case to recover from a third party her own money which she claims her husband secured and squandered on the third party, a matter outside the jurisdiction of the court in a suit between husband and wife for divorce.”
In Rex v. Rex (1951), 331 Mich 399, an action for divorce, this Court said (p 409):
“The decree requires plaintiff to place the capital stock of the 2 corporations which he owns, and from which he derives his income, with a trust company to hold in trust for his 3 sons, 2 of whom are now more than 21 years of age, and the third is now near his majority. The decree is to operate as such a trust instrument if appellant fails to execute the same. The decree also orders appellant to deliver to the trust company 2 life insurance policies amounting to $25,000, to be held in trust for cross-plaintiff and the 3 sons. All of said provisions in the decree requiring the setting up of trusts for appellant’s property are illegal and void and must be deleted. The jurisdiction of the court in divorce cases is circumscribed by statute and there is no such authority
“Jurisdiction in divorce proceedings is strictly statutory. The court cannot decree payment direct to children upon their reaching majority, or even during minority, or create a lien for such payment. We have held that provisions in a divorce decree, even by consent, providing payment of a sum to the wife’s mother and sums to the children at majority, are void.”
In Peck v. Peck (1887), 66 Mich 586, this Court for the first time had stated a possible exception to the rule as enunciated in the above cases (p 591):
“The only cases where third persons have been permitted to be made defendants in an action for divorce are those where such persons have conspired with the husband to transfer property subject to complainant’s claim for alimony to such persons, with intent to defraud her out of her interest in such property held by reason of her marital rights in the same. Damon v. Damon (1871), 28 Wis 510; Van Duzer v. Van Duzer (1837), 6 Paige, 366.”
In Hass v. Hass (1927), 237 Mich 671, a supplemental bill was filed in a divorce action to set aside as fraudulent the transfer of certain property by the defendant husband to his two brothers named as defendants. The brothers appeared and defended at the trial. This Court affirmed the power of the trial court to grant plaintiff relief, saying (p 674):
“All of the parties were before him as litigants; he had jurisdiction of the parties and of the subject matter, and he was of the belief that the assignment was fraudulent and in furtherance of a conspiracy between the three brothers to defraud plaintiff of her rights and interest therein.”
In Newton v. Security National Bank of Battle Creek (1949), 324 Mich 344, a complaint was filed in
“Plaintiff seems to proceed upon the theory that the trust in this case was the result of the decree of divorce, and that as such it was in excess of the court’s statutory powers. The trust was in reality the result of the property settlement between the parties, which they had a right to make, and which the court had a right to confirm, (p 353) * * *
“There might be some merit in plaintiff’s suit if it depended solely on the decree. He makes no attempt to excuse his voluntary agreement for the settlement of all his property matters, in the agreement signed by him. He was of full age, and makes no assertion of mental incompetence or duress. He fails to set up any adequate claim of fraud or mistake. The decree as to property matters which he now seeks to repudiate is a consent decree. And if any additional ground were necessary to preclude the plaintiff from now obtaining relief from an equity court, he has not satisfactorily excused his delay of 28 years before invoking the power of equity in his behalf.” (p 357)
In Stephenson v. Stephenson (1952), 334 Mich 528, a divorce action, this Court, while denying plaintiff relief, did consider the merits of her claim against two added parties defendant who were charged along with her defendant husband of conspiring to defraud plaintiff of property rights.
In Berg v. Berg (1953), 336 Mich 284, a proceeding for a rehearing of a divorce action on the ground that defendant wife, who had been confined as criminally insane, had not been properly represented in the original divorce, this Court said (p 288):
Finally, in Flynn v. Flynn (1962), 367 Mich 625, this Court divided 4r-3 on the question as to the authority of a judge in an action for divorce to enter a decree incorporating a property settlement creating a life estate to the parties with remainders over to their children. Justice Otis M. Smith, writing for the majority, stated (p 633):
“We agree with the circuit court, at least to this extent, that there was no authority for disposing of entireties property to persons other than the parties thereto who were plaintiff and defendant in the divorce case. We construed the section of the statute cited above in Allen v. Allen (1917), 196 Mich 292. We said (p 296): ‘The language of the statute is unambiguous, and clothes the court with plenary authority to award the whole or any part of the lands held by the parties as tenants by the entireties to either of the parties(Emphasis supplied.) It is clear therefore that there was no authority in the
See Newton v. Security National Bank of Battle Creek (1949), 324 Mich 344, 352, and Flynn v. Flynn (1962), 367 Mich 625, 634, for discussion of the holding in Maslen.