Traverse City Record-Eagle v. Traverse City Area Public Schools Bd

If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.
STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
TRAVERSE CITY RECORD-EAGLE, FOR PUBLICATION
May 13, 2021
Plaintiff-Appellee/Cross-Appellant, 9:10 a.m.
v No. 354586
Grand Traverse Circuit Court
TRAVERSE CITY AREA PUBLIC SCHOOLS LC No. 20-035220-CZ
BOARD OF EDUCATION and M. SUE KELLY,
Defendants-Appellants/Cross-
Appellees.
Before: MURRAY, C.J., and FORT HOOD and GLEICHER, JJ.
FORT HOOD, J.
Defendants, the Traverse City Area Public Schools Board of Education (TCAPS) and M.
Sue Kelly,1 appeal by leave granted2 the trial court’s decision granting plaintiff’s, the Traverse
City Record-Eagle’s,3 motion for partial summary disposition and granting defendants’ motion for
partial summary disposition. The trial court granted plaintiff’s motion as it related to its Freedom
of Information Act (FOIA) disclosure claim, and it granted defendants’ motion as it related to
plaintiff’s Open Meetings Act (OMA) violation claim. Defendants appeal the trial court’s decision
on the FOIA claim. In a cross-appeal, plaintiff appeals the trial court’s decision on the OMA
claim. We affirm as to both issues.
I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND
This case involves the interplay between FOIA and the OMA. Ann Cardon was hired by
defendants as the school superintendent but, soon after her hiring, various complaints arose against
1
M. Sue Kelly was the Board President of TCAPS.
2
Traverse City Record-Eagle v Traverse City Area Pub Sch Bd of Ed, unpublished order of the
Court of Appeals, entered October 9, 2020 (Docket No. 354586).
3
Plaintiff is a Traverse City newspaper.
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her. Defendants convened a meeting to discuss the complaints, and Cardon requested a closed
session under the OMA. The closed session was granted. At the session, a document created by
Kelly and referred to by the parties as the “Kelly document” contained the complaints against
Cardon. That document is the subject of the FOIA issue in this case. No formal decision was
reached after the closed session, however, soon after the meeting, Cardon and defendants mutually
agreed that Cardon would resign. After this, defendants held an open meeting and moved to name
Jim Pavelka as the interim superintendent. At a future open meeting, defendants formally ratified
Pavelka’s contract.
Plaintiff filed its FOIA request and requested the Kelly document; defendants refused,
maintaining that the document was exempt from disclosure. Plaintiff filed this action, seeking the
Kelly document and alleging numerous OMA violations. Relevant to this appeal, plaintiff argued
that defendants’ conduct with Pavelka was improper and outside the OMA requirements. Each
party moved for partial summary disposition. The trial court ultimately granted summary
disposition in plaintiff’s favor as to the FOIA claim, ruling that the Kelly document was subject to
disclosure. The trial court granted summary disposition in defendants’ favor as to the OMA claim,
ruling that plaintiff failed to create a genuine issue of material fact and that defendants were entitled
to judgment as a matter of law.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
“This Court reviews de novo a trial court’s decision on a motion for summary disposition,
as well as questions of statutory interpretation and the construction and application of court rules.”
Dextrom v Wexford Co, 287 Mich App 406, 416; 789 NW2d 211 (2010). A motion is properly
granted pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10) when “there is no genuine issue with respect to any
material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Dextrom, 287 Mich
App at 415. This Court “must examine the documentary evidence presented and, drawing all
reasonable inferences in favor of the nonmoving party, determine whether a genuine issue of
material fact exists. A question of fact exists when reasonable minds could differ as to the
conclusions to be drawn from the evidence.” Id. at 415-416. “This Court is liberal in finding
genuine issues of material fact.” Jimkoski v Shupe, 282 Mich App 1, 5; 763 NW2d 1 (2008).
Additionally, questions of statutory interpretation, construction, and application are
reviewed de novo. Dextrom, 287 Mich App at 416. “When interpreting a statute, [this Court]
must ascertain the Legislature’s intent,” which is accomplished “by giving the words selected by
the Legislature their plain and ordinary meanings, and by enforcing the statute as written.” Griffin
v Griffin, 323 Mich App 110, 120; 916 NW2d 292 (2018) (quotation marks and citation omitted).
If a statute is unambiguous, it must be applied as plainly written. McQueer v Perfect Fence Co,
502 Mich 276, 286; 971 NW2d 584 (2018). This Court may not read something into the statute
“that is not within the manifest intent of the Legislature as derived from the words of the statute
itself.” Id. (quotation marks and citation omitted).
Finally, “certain FOIA provisions require the trial court to balance competing interests,”
and, “when an appellate court reviews a decision committed to the trial court’s discretion, such as
[a] balancing test . . . , the appellate court must review the discretionary determination for an abuse
of discretion and cannot disturb the trial court’s decision unless it falls outside the principled range
of outcomes.” Herald Co, Inc v Eastern Mich Univ Bd of Regents, 475 Mich 463, 470-471; 719
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NW2d 19 (2006). But “where a party challenges the underlying facts that support the trial court’s
decision,” the clear error standard applies. Id. at 470. “Clear error exists only when the appellate
court is left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been made.” Id. at 471(quotation marks and citation omitted).
II. THE KELLY DOCUMENT
Defendants contend that the trial court incorrectly concluded that the Kelly document was
unprotected by the OMA, and disclosable under FOIA. We disagree.
The Freedom of Information Act, MCL 15.231 et seq., “requires public bodies to release
certain information at a citizen’s request.” Warren v Detroit, 261 Mich App 165, 166; 680 NW2d
57 (2004). Except when expressly exempted, “a person has a right to inspect, copy, or receive
copies of [a] requested public record of [a] public body.” MCL 15.233(1). A public record is
defined to be
a writing prepared, owned, used, in the possession of, or retained by a public body
in the performance of an official function, from the time it is created. Public record
does not include computer software. This act separates public records into the
following 2 classes:
(i) Those that are exempt from disclosure under [MCL 15.243].
(ii) All public records that are not exempt from disclosure under [MCL
15.243] and that are subject to disclosure under this act. [MCL 15.232(i).]
The purpose of FOIA is for people to “be informed so that they may fully participate in the
democratic process.” MCL 15.231(2).
Our Legislature created numerous exemptions to the general rule of disclosure. See MCL
15.243. Relevant to this appeal are “[r]ecords or information specifically described and exempted
from disclosure by statute.” MCL 15.243(1)(d) (emphasis added). One such exemption described
by statute applies to minutes of a closed meeting conducted under the OMA, MCL 15.261 et seq.
Normally, the minutes of open meetings held by public bodies are disclosable to the public. See
MCL 15.269. The same is not true of the minutes for closed meetings.
MCL 15.268 provides:
A public body may meet in a closed session only for the following purposes:
(a) To consider the dismissal, suspension, or disciplining of, or to hear
complaints or charges brought against, or to consider a periodic personnel
evaluation of, a public officer, employee, staff member, or individual agent, if the
named person requests a closed hearing. A person requesting a closed hearing may
rescind the request at any time, in which case the matter at issue shall be considered
after the rescission only in open sessions. [Emphasis added.]
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MCL 15.267(2) provides that “[a] separate set of minutes shall be taken by the clerk or the
designated secretary of the public body at the closed session. These minutes shall be retained by
the clerk of the public body, are not available to the public, and shall only be disclosed if required
by a civil action filed under [MCL 15.270], [MCL 15.271], or [MCL 15.273].”4 (Emphasis added.)
These minutes are not disclosable to the public under a FOIA request; only a court order can
require their disclosure. Titus v Shelby Charter Twp, 226 Mich App 611, 615; 574 NW2d 391
(1997). The exemptions from MCL 15.243 “are narrowly construed, and the burden of proof rests
on the party asserting the exemption.” Bradley v Saranac Community Sch Bd of Educ, 455 Mich
285, 293; 565 NW2d 650 (1997).
Defendants heavily rely on Titus for the contention that the Kelly document is not
disclosable because it should be considered part of the exempt meeting minutes. In Titus, this
Court held that the meeting “minutes” of a closed session described in the OMA and exempt from
disclosure include transcripts of the closed meeting. Titus, 226 Mich App at 615. In reaching this
conclusion, we stated:
The plain and ordinary meaning of “minutes” of a meeting refers to the official
record of the proceedings at a group’s meeting. Random House Webster’s College
Dictionary (2d ed. 1995), p. 837. [MCL 15.269(1)] of the OMA does not purport
to be an exclusive listing of the information that may be contained in minutes of a
meeting. The requirement in the statute that the “minutes must show” certain items
is properly read as a minimum requirement, but not as excluding other information.
We therefore hold that a transcript of the proceedings in a public body’s closed
session is part of the official record and, hence, part of the minutes of the session.
[Id. at 615-616.]
Defendants’ attempts to analogize Titus to the present case are unpersuasive. Defendants
refer us to the Titus Court’s statement that “[MCL 15.269(1)] of the OMA does not purport to be
an exclusive listing of the information that may be contained in minutes of a meeting.” Id. at 615.
Defendants rely on this statement to say that the Kelly document may properly be considered part
of the meeting minutes. However, the crux of our decision in Titus centered on the close relation
between the definitions of minutes and transcripts. As noted, Titus involved the transcripts of a
closed session, and it made logical sense in that case for this Court to hold that transcripts are part
of a meeting’s minutes. See id. at 615-616 (referring to the plain and ordinary meaning of
“minutes” as “the official record of the proceedings at a group’s meeting”). That is, just because
the OMA does not give an exclusive list of what may be contained in a meeting’s minutes does not
mean that every document referred to in the meeting can be said to be a part of the same.5
4
Such civil actions include: an action challenging the final decision of a public body, MCL 15.270;
an action to enforce compliance, MCL 15.271; and an action alleging that a public official
intentionally violated the OMA, MCL 15.273.
5
To that end, we note defendants’ argument that, because the complaint in this case was made part
of the official record, it was part of the minutes and therefore exempt. Again, the focus should be
on the plain and ordinary meaning of “minutes,” not on whether the Kelly document was made
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Defendants also suggests that the Kelly document assisted in TCAPS’s deliberations, and
that, under Titus, this exempted the document from disclosure. This argument is also unavailing.
In Titus, this Court addressed an argument by the plaintiff that “the communications documented
in a transcript of a public body’s closed session must be further categorized as ‘deliberative’ or
‘factual non-deliberative,’ with only ‘deliberative’ information exempt from disclosure under
[MCL 15.267(2)].” Id. at 616. We rejected this argument, holding “that such a distinction has no
statutory basis,” and that, although “the OMA makes a distinction between a public body’s
deliberations and its decisions,” the OMA “does not, however, classify the content of the
communications that take place during the deliberation process as either factual or deliberative.”
Id. We explained:
In this case, the testimony of the witnesses at the March 30, 1994, closed
session, as well as the dialogue between board members during the session, may be
said to be part of the process of deliberating whether to terminate plaintiff’s
employment. The minutes of the closed session include the transcript of the
proceedings, without regard to whether the communications transcribed were
factual statements provided to help the board make an informed decision or were
part of board members’ actual deliberations. [Id. (emphasis added).]
In other words, and again, the Titus Court focused on the fact that the transcripts were part of the
minutes because of the “plain and ordinary meaning of ‘minutes,’ ” and not because the transcripts
involved deliberations of the public body within the closed session. See id. at 615-616.
Defendants fail to persuasively show how the Kelly document, which contained complaints against
Cardon, falls within the plain and ordinary meaning of “minutes.”
Our decision is bolstered by our Supreme Court’s decision in Bradley, wherein the Court
held that the personnel files of public teachers are not exempt from disclosure under FOIA. In that
case, the public teachers contended that various exemptions from MCL 15.243 applied, but the
Court rejected each contended exemption.6 Bradley, 455 Mich at 293-300. Bradley was an action
by the public teachers to prevent disclosure; this Court described the action as a “reverse FOIA
action,” and our Supreme Court stated that this “may be [an] apt” description. Id. at 291 (quotation
marks and citation omitted). Regardless, the Court stated that actions challenging a “FOIA request
may turn on an interpretation of whether the FOIA requires disclosure, notwithstanding that the
part of the official record. We agree with the trial court that to hold otherwise would seemingly
allow any public body to attach anything to the official record in order to exempt it from disclosure,
essentially rendering other exemptions and parts of the OMA surplusage and nugatory. See
Johnson v Recca, 492 Mich 169, 177; 821 NW2d 520 (2012) (stating that “courts ‘must give effect
to every word, phrase, and clause in a statute and avoid an interpretation that would render any
part of the statute surplusage or nugatory.’ ”).
6
Admittedly, the argued exemptions in Bradley are different from those advanced in the present
appeal. We further note defendants’ argument that Bradley did not involve issues related to the
OMA. Irrespective of that issue, Bradley is instructive for its application of FOIA to the type of
document at issue in this case.
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FOIA does not prevent disclosure.” Id. Accordingly, the Court examined the teachers’ action
under FOIA. See id. at 291-300. Of note, when examining the proposed exemptions, the Court
stated that, for one of the plaintiffs, the personnel records contained “corrective or disciplinary
actions, complaints filed, and performance evaluations.” Id. at 294 (emphasis added). Absent a
specific exemption related to the same, such files were ultimately deemed to be disclosable. Id.
at 300. See also Detroit Free Press, Inc v Detroit, 480 Mich 1079, 1079; 744 NW2d 667 (2008)
(concluding that a settlement agreement and “Notice of Rejection” were disclosable under FOIA
because neither were the subject of a specific FOIA exemption).
Defendant points out that the trial court placed considerable weight on an Attorney General
opinion, OAG 1990, NO 6668, and that it erred in doing so.7 Noting that the opinion comports
with the subsequent decision in Bradley, we disagree. The opinion addressed the following
question:
When a board of education lawfully convenes in closed session in accordance with
section 8(a) of the Open Meetings Act to review a superintendent’s evaluation, is
the evaluation document discussed in the closed session exempt from disclosure
under section 13(1)(d) of the Freedom of Information Act?
The opinion referenced Ridenour v Bd of Ed of City of Dearborn Sch Dist, 111 Mich App 798,
804; 314 NW2d 760 (1981), abrogated on other grounds by Speicher v Columbia Twp Bd of
Trustees, 497 Mich 125; 860 NW2d 51 (2014), which held that the OMA did not permit a closed
meeting session for routine performance evaluations of a public employee. Ridenour, 111 Mich
App at 804. The Attorney General opinion noted that, after Ridenour, the Michigan Legislature
amended the OMA to explicitly permit closed sessions for routine performance evaluations. OAG
1990, NO 6668. The Attorney General opinion concluded that, because the Legislature amended
the OMA but not FOIA, this meant that the Legislature did not intend for the performance
evaluations to be exempted from FOIA disclosure. OAG 1990, NO 6668. We note that Bradley
was decided in 1997, and the personnel files in that case involved performance evaluations.
Bradley, 455 Mich at 294. Thus, in holding that that the files were not exempt, id. at 300, our
Supreme Court’s opinion in that case complimented the Attorney General opinion.
Defendants point out that the performance evaluations discussed in the Attorney General
opinion are not the same as the Kelly document, and while we agree to some extent, we also note
that the two are undeniably related. The Kelly document contained complaints against Cardon,
and performance evaluations could, theoretically, contain the same. More important are the
similarities between the Kelly document, the personnel files in Bradley, and the settlement
agreements in Detroit Free Press. Although characterized as a “reverse FOIA” action, the Bradley
Court applied standard FOIA principles when analyzing the issue presented. See Bradley, 455
Mich at 291-300. The personnel records contained “corrective or disciplinary actions, complaints
filed, and performance evaluations” against the teachers. Id. at 294 (emphasis added). The
Bradley Court held that the files were disclosable. Id. at 300. Complaints and performance
7
As defendants correctly contend, an attorney general opinion is not binding on the Court. See
Frey v Dep’t of Mgt and Budget, 429 Mich 315, 338; 414 NW2d 873 (1987).
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evaluations were treated seemingly the same way by the Bradley Court, and we discern no
persuasive reason to deviate in the present case. See also Detroit Free Press, 480 Mich at 1079.
Bradley, Detroit Free Press, and Titus, when read together, suggest that, although the
minutes and transcripts of a closed session are exempt from disclosure, various documents that
may be relevant to or relied upon in the same are not necessarily exempt. In other words, the exact
discussions and deliberations of those involved within the closed session are exempt; however,
documents, such as personnel files, settlement agreements, and performance evaluations, that are
brought into the closed session are disclosable where no individualized exemption exists for the
same. See Bradley, 455 Mich at 291-300; Detroit Free Press, 480 Mich at 1079. The Kelly
document was one such document. And, while there may be situations in which such documents
are not disclosable; for purposes of this appeal, we hold that the trial court correctly concluded that
the Kelly document was disclosable under FOIA, and that defendants could not render the
document exempt merely because it was a subject of the closed meeting.
III. OMA VIOLATIONS
Plaintiff contends that the trial court erred in partially granting defendants’ motion for
summary disposition because defendants violated the OMA by hiring Pavelka without adequately
addressing the same in a public meeting. At the very least, plaintiff suggests that genuine issues
of material fact existed as to that issue. We disagree.
Under the OMA, “[a]ll meetings of a public body must be open to the public and must be
held in a place available to the general public.” MCL 15.263(1). Similarly, “[a]ll decisions of a
public body must be made at a meeting open to the public,” MCL 15.263(2), and “[a]ll
deliberations of a public body constituting a quorum of its members must take place at a meeting
open to the public except as provided in this section and sections 7 and 8 [i.e., closed sessions],”
MCL 15.263(3) (emphasis added). The OMA’s purpose “is to promote governmental
accountability by facilitating public access to official decision making and to provide a means
through which the general public may better understand issues and decisions of public concern.”
Vermilya v Delta College Bd of Trustees, 325 Mich App 416, 419; 925 NW2d 897 (2018)
(quotation marks and citations omitted).
In the present case, plaintiff contended that, although defendants named Pavelka to be the
interim superintendent at an open meeting, there was no deliberation or decision at that or another
open and public meeting involving the offer to Pavelka or any other candidates. Plaintiff,
therefore, maintained that the actual decision to choose Pavelka was reached outside an open
meeting and in violation of the OMA. We conclude that the record provides no support for
plaintiff’s position and, instead, works against it. At the relevant open meeting, a motion was put
forth to name Pavelka as the interim superintendent, and all TCAPS members approved. Kelly
affirmed that she “had a discussion with [Pavelka] in order to gauge whether or not he would
consider acting as TCAPS Interim Superintendent on a temporary basis” and that this discussion
“did not advance beyond whether he would consider returning and no agreement for his return was
made during our conversation.” Kelly further affirmed that, at the time of the open meeting, on
October 17, 2019, “there had been no acceptance of any position or discussion of any contract
terms pertinent to the position.” In fact, the record shows that TCAPS’s contract with Pavelka was
formally ratified at a subsequent open meeting on October 28, 2019.
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In other words, the record evidence establishes that Kelly and TCAPS properly met in an
open meeting on October 17, 2019, and made the decision to hire Pavelka as interim
superintendent. Kelly affirmed that, although she approached Pavelka about the position, no
decision was made, and no contractual terms were discussed; the meeting was merely to inquire
about his interest in the position. Kelly was by herself, and there was, accordingly, no quorum in
place to trigger MCL 15.263(3). Plaintiff provided no evidence to rebut Kelly’s affidavit or to
show that there were improper deliberations made outside of the October 17, 2019 meeting with a
quorum of TCAPS. We accordingly agree with defendants’ contention that plaintiff’s claims as
to the OMA violation were mere speculation and unsupported by documentary evidence. See
McNeil-Marks v Midmichigan Med Center-Gratiot, 316 Mich App 1, 16; 891 NW2d 528 (2016)
(noting that, although “[c]ircumstantial evidence can be sufficient to establish a genuine issue of
material fact, . . . mere conjecture or speculation is insufficient”).
Furthermore, plaintiff offered no authority below, and offers none on appeal, to show that
the quality or length of deliberations was deficient for purposes of the OMA. The OMA merely
requires that decisions and deliberations be made in an open meeting, MCL 15.263(2) and (3); it
does not require that any specific type of deliberations take place. Kelly and TCAPS moved for
Pavelka to be named interim superintendent, and the motion carried. The contract was
subsequently ratified at another public meeting. Although plaintiff may be unhappy with the short
length of the deliberations by defendants, plaintiff points to no authority to show this was improper.
“An appellant may not merely announce his or her position and leave it to this Court to discover
and rationalize the basis for his or her claims.” Bill & Dena Brown Trust v Garcia, 312 Mich App
684, 695; 880 NW2d 269 (2015) (quotation marks and citation omitted). When “a party fails to
cite any supporting legal authority for its position, the issue is deemed abandoned.” Id. (quotation
marks and citation omitted).
IV. CONCLUSION
We hold that documents otherwise discoverable under FOIA are not generally rendered
exempt merely because they provide the basis for a closed meeting under the OMA or are included
in the official record of the same. The trial court therefore did not err by granting partial summary
disposition to plaintiff as it related to disclosure of the Kelly document. We further conclude that
the trial court did not err by partially granting defendants’ motion as it related to the alleged OMA
violation concerning defendants’ hiring of Pavelka.
Affirmed.
/s/ Karen M. Fort Hood
/s/ Christopher M. Murray
/s/ Elizabeth L. Gleicher
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