People v. McCray

630 N.W.2d 633 (2001) 245 Mich. App. 631

PEOPLE of the State of Michigan, Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
Lorenzo McCRAY, Defendant-Appellant.

Docket No. 214701.

Court of Appeals of Michigan.

Submitted October 12, 2000, at Detroit. Decided May 8, 2001, at 9:05 a.m. Released for Publication June 27, 2001.

Jennifer M. Granholm, Attorney General, Thomas L. Casey, Solicitor General, John D. O'Hair, Prosecuting Attorney, and Timothy A. Baughman, Chief of Research, Training, and Appeals.

Carl S. Christoph, for the defendant on appeal.

Before MARKEY, P.J., and MURPHY and COLLINS, JJ.

COLLINS, J.

Following a bench trial, defendant was convicted of assault with intent to commit murder, M.C.L. § 750.83, two counts of assault with intent to commit armed robbery, M.C.L. § 750.89, and possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony, M.C.L. § 750.227b. He was sentenced to twenty-five to fifty years' imprisonment for the conviction of assault with intent to commit murder, fifteen to thirty years' imprisonment for each of the convictions of assault with intent to commit armed robbery, and two years' imprisonment for the felony-firearm conviction. Defendant appeals as of right. We affirm, but remand for correction of the amended judgment of sentence.

On December 28, 1997, Detroit Police Officers William Blake and Reginald Washington were patrolling the area of Joy and Epworth in a marked squad car. The officers saw two men lying face down on the ground and another man standing over them, holding a weapon. When the officers stopped and turned around, the assailant put his weapon in his pocket and ran to a waiting vehicle. The officers chased the vehicle until it stopped and the assailant jumped out of the passenger side and attempted to run between two houses. Blake pursued the assailant on foot. The assailant jumped over a fence and fell. When Blake jumped over the fence, the assailant got up, shot Blake in the right upper thigh, and then continued running.

Trial testimony revealed that defendant, along with Timothy Hobson and Terrance Hanson, was in the vehicle that fled from Blake and Washington, and that the vehicle was owned by Hobson's girlfriend. The critical issue at trial was whether defendant or Hobson was the assailant. Defendant acknowledged that he was present at the scene of the robbery attempt, but testified that he was in the back seat of the vehicle and that Hobson committed the charged crimes. Hobson testified that he was driving the vehicle, and that it was defendant whom the officers observed attempting to rob the two men and it was defendant who shot Officer Blake. Hanson did not testify.

Defendant first argues on appeal that the trial court erred in admitting defendant's notice of alibi as impeachment evidence because defendant did not pursue an alibi defense at trial. This Court reviews for an abuse of discretion the trial court's decision to admit or exclude evidence and will reverse only where there is a clear abuse of discretion. People v. Starr, 457 Mich. 490, 494, 577 N.W.2d 673 (1998).

Before trial, defendant filed a notice of alibi defense pursuant to M.C.L. § 768.20, asserting that he was not at the scene of the shooting, but was at another location in Detroit with three named individuals. During trial, defendant testified on his own behalf and acknowledged that he was in the vehicle at the scene of the attempted robbery, but denied any involvement in the attempted robbery or shooting. On cross-examination, the prosecutor sought to impeach defendant's credibility with his notice of alibi, and defendant objected. Relying on People v. Von Everett, 156 Mich. App. 615, 402 N.W.2d 773 (1986), the court allowed the impeachment.

In Von Everett, this Court found that the defendant's notice of alibi, which alleged an alibi wholly inconsistent with the alibi to which the defendant testified at trial, was admissible as a party-opponent admission under MRE 801(d)(2)(C) and could be used to impeach the defendant. Von Everett, supra at 624, 402 N.W.2d 773. This Court reasoned that admission of the alibi notice for the purpose of impeachment did not infringe the defendant's right to remain silent where the defendant had already testified regarding an inconsistent alibi, and that the impeachment was proper because the inconsistent alibis reflected on the defendant's credibility. Id.

In People v. Malone, 180 Mich.App. 347, 354, 447 N.W.2d 157 (1989), this Court relied on Von Everett in allowing use of the defendant's notice of alibi defense for the purpose of impeachment, even though the statements made in the notice of alibi were not entirely inconsistent with the defendant's trial testimony. The defendant in that case testified that he was at his sister's house at the time of the offense, which was consistent with his alibi notice, but also testified that he had not seen one of the witnesses listed in his alibi notice on the date of the offense and that he did not know the other one. Again, this Court found the evidence relevant to the defendant's credibility. Id.

Defendant attempts to distinguish Von Everett on the basis that the defendant in that case presented an alibi defense that was inconsistent with the alibi in his notice of alibi, while defendant in this case did not rely on an alibi defense. Defendant contends that because he did not present an alibi defense at trial, his notice of alibi should be considered analogous to statements made during plea negotiations, which are not admissible under MRE 410, or to statements made by a defendant to an examining psychiatrist, which are not admissible, pursuant to M.C.L. § 768.20a(5), if the defendant later chooses not to pursue an insanity defense. We note, however, that in both examples relied on by defendant, there exists a policy-based rule or statute that prohibits admission of the statements in question, including for purposes of impeachment. See, e.g., People v. Toma, 462 Mich. 281, 293, 613 N.W.2d 694 (2000) (no exception to M.C.L. § 768.20a[5] for impeachment exists). Although F.R. Crim. P. 12.1(f) prohibits the admission of a statement expressing an intent to rely on an alibi defense if the defense is later withdrawn, there is no such rule in Michigan.

We conclude that the holding of Von Everett is not limited to situations where a defendant testifies regarding an inconsistent alibi. Rather, as a party-opponent admission, the notice of alibi may be used to impeach defendant's credibility at trial when his testimony is inconsistent with the contents of the alibi notice. Here, as in Von Everett, defendant's Fifth Amendment right not to testify was not infringed, because the court permitted the impeachment only after defendant testified that he was present at the scene, but did not participate in the attempted robbery or the shooting.^[1] Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting statements made in defendant's notice of alibi defense for the purpose of impeaching defendant.

Defendant next argues that the trial court abused its discretion in denying his motion for a new trial based on the claim that the verdict was against the great weight of the evidence. This Court reviews for an abuse of discretion the trial court's denial of a motion for a new trial on the ground that the verdict was against the great weight of the evidence. People v. Stiller, 242 Mich.App. 38, 49, 617 N.W.2d 697 (2000). The test is whether the evidence preponderates so heavily against the verdict that it would be a miscarriage of justice to allow the verdict to stand. People v. Gadomski, 232 Mich. App. 24, 28, 592 N.W.2d 75 (1998).

Defendant contends that the verdict was against the great weight of the evidence because witness descriptions of the assailant varied, and none of the descriptions exactly fit defendant. However, "[c]onflicting testimony, even when impeached to some extent, is an insufficient ground for granting a new trial." People v. Lemmon, 456 Mich. 625, 647, 576 N.W.2d 129 (1998). Although there were discrepancies among witness descriptions of the assailant and defendant's appearance, after review of the entire record we conclude that those discrepancies do not preponderate so heavily against the verdict that it would be a miscarriage of justice to let the verdict stand. Gadomski, supra.

Defendant next argues that the court erred in admitting Blake's out-of-court identification of defendant in a photographic lineup after defendant was in custody, and his in-court identification of defendant at trial, because counsel was not present at the photographic lineup, and the in-court identification may have been influenced by the prior photographic identification.^[2] Defendant did not object at trial to the admission of the photographic lineup identification or to Blake's in-court identification of defendant. Our review of this unpreserved issue is therefore limited to determining whether defendant has demonstrated a plain error that affected his substantial rights. People v. Carines, 460 Mich. 750, 763-764, 597 N.W.2d 130 (1999). Defendant argues in the alternative that his counsel was ineffective for failing to object to the admission of the out-of-court and in-court identifications of defendant by Blake.

"In the case of photographic identifications, the right of counsel attaches with custody." People v. Kurylczyk, 443 Mich. 289, 302, 505 N.W.2d 528 (1993) (Griffin, J.). Here, it is not possible to determine from the record whether counsel was present at the photographic lineup. At trial, the prosecutor asked Officer Blake if an attorney was present, and he responded that he could not recall. The issue was not further pursued by either party. Also, there is nothing in the record to show that the photographic lineup was so impermissibly suggestive as to give rise to a very substantial likelihood of irreparable misidentification, and defendant did not request a Wade^[3] hearing. People v. Anderson, 389 Mich. 155, 169, 205 N.W.2d 461 (1973). In any event, even assuming error in the photographic lineup, the record shows that, under the factors listed in People v. Kachar, 400 Mich. 78, 95-96, 252 N.W.2d 807 (1977), Officer Blake had a basis for his in-court identification of defendant independent of the photographic lineup.

Blake testified that he viewed his assailant for a few seconds from about ten feet away. There was nothing blocking his view, and although it was nighttime, there was a large yard light illuminating the area where he was shot. Further, as a police officer, Blake is a trained observer and "not likely to have been affected adversely by the stress inherent in the situation." People v. Starks, 107 Mich.App. 377, 382, 309 N.W.2d 556 (1981). See also People v. Davis, 241 Mich. App. 697, 704, 617 N.W.2d 381 (2000). While Blake identified defendant in the photographic lineup only eight days after the shooting, defendant relies heavily on a discrepancy between defendant's appearance and the description of the assailant as written by the officer who interviewed Blake in the hospital five days after the shooting. In the written statement, the assailant is described as dark skinned, while undisputed trial testimony showed that defendant is light-skinned. Blake testified at trial that when he was interviewed in the hospital, he described the driver of the vehicle as dark-skinned and described his assailant as light-skinned. The officer who wrote the statement after interviewing Blake also testified and acknowledged that he incorrectly recorded the descriptions. The court found both officers to be credible and accepted Blake's testimony that he had consistently described his assailant as light-skinned. As finder of fact, the trial court was charged with making credibility determinations, and we find nothing in the record to suggest that the court clearly erred in its findings. People v. Thenghkam, 240 Mich.App. 29, 46, 610 N.W.2d 571 (2000). Blake was thoroughly cross-examined with regard to the conditions and circumstances under which he viewed his assailant and thus any reason to question the accuracy of his identification was before the court. Therefore, defendant's substantial rights could not have been materially affected by the photographic identification procedure.

Further, the court specifically stated that it did not rely solely on Blake's identification of defendant in finding defendant guilty. The court also relied on the descriptions of the assailant given by the two men who were the victims of the attempted robbery, testimony by Hobson's girlfriend, testimony by Officer Alfred Thomas concerning the description of the assailant that he entered in the preliminary complaint record he filed the night of the shooting, the fact that it was Hobson's girlfriend's vehicle that was involved and thus more likely that Hobson would be the driver, the fact that defendant's coat was found at the scene, and defendant's lack of credibility.

Because defendant has failed to show that any error in admitting the photographic identification and in-court identification by Blake affected the outcome of the trial, we find that defendant forfeited his claim of error in this regard by not timely objecting to admission of the evidence. Carines, supra at 772, 597 N.W.2d 130. Likewise, because defendant has not established that there is a reasonable probability that, but for any alleged error in defense counsel's failure to object to the admission of the photographic lineup and Blake's in-court identification of defendant, the result of the proceedings would have been different, his claim of ineffective assistance of counsel also fails. Toma, supra at 302-303, 613 N.W.2d 694.

Defendant next argues that the trial court erred in admitting Hobson's prior consistent statement under MRE 801(d)(1)(B), because Hobson made the prior consistent statement at a time when he had a strong motivation to lie and defense counsel had not alleged a recent fabrication. Again, this Court reviews for an abuse of discretion the trial court's decision to admit or exclude evidence and will reverse only where there is a clear abuse of discretion. Starr, supra at 494, 577 N.W.2d 673.

MRE 801(d)(1)(B) provides that a statement is not hearsay if

[t]he declarant testifies at the trial or hearing and is subject to cross-examination concerning the statement, and the statement is ... consistent with the declarant's testimony and is offered to rebut an express or implied charge against the declarant of recent fabrication or improper influence or motive.

"[A] consistent statement made after the motive to fabricate arose does not fall within the parameters of the hearsay exclusion for prior consistent statements." People v. Rodriquez (On Remand), 216 Mich.App. 329, 332, 549 N.W.2d 359 (1996).

Hobson testified that he told Kevin Ingram about the shooting the day after it happened. Hobson also testified that, about an hour after the shooting occurred, he received a telephone call from his stepmother informing him that his brother had been arrested because the license plate on his girlfriend's vehicle had been traced to his stepmother's house. Over defendant's hearsay objection, Ingram testified that Hobson told him the day after the shooting that a "tall, bald guy" he was with "messed up and shot a police," but did not identify the assailant by name. The court ruled that the statement was not hearsay under MRE 801(d)(1)(B). However, given the telephone call he received from his stepmother, Hobson had a motive to lie when he spoke to Ingram, because he knew that the vehicle had been traced to his family and his involvement would likely be discovered. Because consistent statements made after the motive to fabricate arose are nonadmissible hearsay, the trial court abused its discretion in admitting the evidence. Rodriquez, supra.

Although the court made reference to Ingram's testimony as being corroborative of Officer Blake's testimony regarding his description of the assailant, in light of the strength and weight of the untainted evidence cited by the trial court, we conclude that the error in admitting Ingram's testimony regarding the prior consistent statement was harmless. People v. Elston, 462 Mich. 751, 766, 614 N.W.2d 595 (2000). Because defendant has not established it is more probable than not that the error in question "`undermine[d] the reliability of the verdict,' thereby making the error `outcome determinative,'" reversal is not warranted. People v. Snyder, 462 Mich. 38, 45, 609 N.W.2d 831 (2000), quoting People v. Lukity, 460 Mich. 484, 495-496, 596 N.W.2d 607 (1999).

Finally, we find no merit in defendant's argument that he was denied his right to a fair trial because the prosecution failed to reveal that it had offered Hobson leniency in exchange for his testimony. First, because defendant made no inquiry at trial with regard to any agreement for Hobson's testimony, this issue is unpreserved. Further, defendant points to no record facts indicating that there was an agreement for Hobson's testimony; rather, defendant simply asserts that given Hobson's self-incriminating testimony, the prosecution must have withheld evidence of the existence of such an agreement. See People v. Atkins, 397 Mich. 163, 172-174, 243 N.W.2d 292 (1976). Finally, the record shows that the court was fully apprised of Hobson's presence at the scene and his possible motivation for testifying through cross-examination by defense counsel, and that the court considered Hobson's participation in the events leading to the shooting in assessing his credibility. Id. at 171-172, 243 N.W.2d 292. Because defendant has not demonstrated that he suffered any prejudice, this unpreserved issue is forfeited. Carines, supra.

We note that the amended judgment of sentence incorrectly states that defendant was convicted of three counts of assault with intent to commit murder, M.C.L. § 750.83, and possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony, M.C.L. § 750.227b. The record reflects that defendant was convicted of, and sentenced for, one count of assault with intent to commit murder, two counts of assault with intent to commit armed robbery, M.C.L. § 750.89, and possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony. Therefore, we remand for correction of the amended judgment of sentence consistent with the record.

Affirmed and remanded for correction of the amended judgment of sentence. We do not retain jurisdiction.

NOTES

[1] We thus distinguish this situation from those where a prosecutor attempts to comment on a defendant's failure to put forth an alibi defense after he has filed a notice of alibi defense, or comment on the defendant's failure to produce a witness listed on a notice of alibi, when the defendant has not presented an alibi defense. See, e.g., People v. Holland, 179 Mich.App. 184, 445 N.W.2d 206 (1989); People v. Hunter, 95 Mich.App. 734, 291 N.W.2d 186 (1980); People v. Shannon, 88 Mich.App. 138, 276 N.W.2d 546 (1979). "Such comment is tantamount to shifting the burden of proof by allowing the jury to make adverse inferences from defendant's or the alibi witness's failure to testify." Holland, supra at 190, 445 N.W.2d 206. Where, as here, the alibi notice is used to impeach a defendant's credibility, burden shifting is not implicated.

[2] Defendant does not challenge the propriety of a photographic lineup as opposed to a live lineup.

[3] United States v. Wade, 388 U.S. 218, 87 S.Ct. 1926, 18 L.Ed.2d 1149 (1967).