People v. Rouse

728 N.W.2d 874 (2006) 272 Mich. App. 665

PEOPLE of the State of Michigan, Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
John Allen ROUSE, Defendant-Appellant.

Docket No. 262417.

Court of Appeals of Michigan.

Submitted September 5, 2006, at Detroit. Decided November 2, 2006, at 9:05 a.m. Released for Publication February 28, 2007.

Michael A. Cox, Attorney General, Thomas L. Casey, Solicitor General, Christopher Ninomiya, Prosecuting Attorney, and Nancy Mullett, Special Assistant Attorney General, for the people.

Nieuwenhuis Law Offices, P.C. (by Helen C. Nieuwenhuis), Grand Rapids, for the defendant.

Before: BORRELLO, P.J., and JANSEN and COOPER, JJ.

BORRELLO, P.J.

Defendant appeals as of right his jury-based convictions of two counts of second-degree criminal sexual conduct (CSC II), MCL 750.520c. Defendant was sentenced to 11 to 30 years in prison. We reverse and remand for a new trial. This appeal is being decided without oral argument. MCR 7.214(E).

At trial, the complainant testified that defendant engaged in sexual contact with her numerous times during the summer of 2003. The complainant was less than 13 years of age at the time.

Following the completion of proofs and closing arguments, the jury began its deliberations. On the first day, the jury deliberated for approximately 6 1/2 hours, with breaks for dinner and to hear testimony replayed. At about 3:35 p.m. on the second day of deliberations, the trial court received a note from the jury that read: "We have discussed and explored all the avenues in this case. We are at an impasse." The trial court instructed the jury as follows:

At this point in time I am going to ask that you continue to deliberate. I am going to remind you of some of the instructions that I have read to you in the past with regard to your deliberation.

There is no fixed set of time as to how long we will allow a jury to deliberate before we determine it to be a mistrial. But in considering everything that I will read to you, also consider that if you are not truly able to reach an agreement on this in compliance with the instruction that I will give you, it will result in everybody coming back, the victim and the defendant included, and going through this entire process again with another jury. That is a difficult situation. It is, it is, you know, in terms of the justice that we are rendering in this case, I think is somewhat compromised if we are unable to reach a verdict one way or the other in this case. [Emphasis added.]

Immediately following this instruction, the trial court instructed the jury pursuant to CJI2d 3.12, commonly referred to as the deadlocked-jury instruction:

However, as I will read you this instruction, if one or more of you are truly convicted to your beliefs, which ever way it is, I don't want you to reach an agreement just to reach an agreement because of what I have just told you. I want you to follow this instruction, search your conscience, search your reasons for what ever your position is, and give this matter some more consideration, given these parameters.

You have returned from deliberations indicating that you believe you cannot reach a verdict. I'm going to ask you to please return to the jury room and resume your deliberations in the hope that after further discussion you will be able to reach a verdict. As you deliberate, please keep in mind the guidelines that I gave you earlier. Remember it is your duty to consult with your fellow jurors and to try to reach an agreement if you can do so without violating your own judgment. To return a verdict you must all agree and the verdict must represent the judgment of each of you.

As you deliberate you should carefully and seriously consider the views of your fellow jurors. Talk things over in a spirit of fairness and frankness. Naturally there will be differences of opinion. You should each not only express your opinion but also give the facts and the reasons on which you base it. By reasoning the matter out, jurors can often reach an agreement. When you continue your deliberations do not hesitate to rethink your own views and change your opinion if you decide it was wrong.

However, none of you should give up your honest beliefs about the weight or effect of the evidence only because of what your fellow jurors think or only for the sake of reaching an agreement.

When the trial court completed the supplemental instructions, defense counsel objected to the instructions and moved for a mistrial. According to defense counsel, the effect of the trial court's instructions was to inform the jury that it would be a waste of time and money if it did not reach a verdict. Defense counsel also asserted that the first supplemental instruction was not part of the standard jury instruction for a deadlocked jury. The trial court denied defense counsel's motion for a mistrial, reasoning that there was nothing inappropriate in its instructions. The jury deliberated for approximately 5 1/2 hours after the trial court instructed it to continue deliberating and ultimately convicted defendant of two counts of CSC II and acquitted him of a third count of CSC II.

The sole issue on appeal concerns the trial court's supplemental instructions to the jury after the jury informed the court that it had reached an impasse in the afternoon of the second day of deliberations. We review de novo claims of instructional error. People v. Marion, 250 Mich.App. 446, 448, 647 N.W.2d 521 (2002).

In People v. Sullivan, 392 Mich. 324, 341-342, 220 N.W.2d 441 (1974), our Supreme Court adopted American Bar Association (ABA) Standard 5.4 for the supplemental instruction that should be read to a deadlocked jury. ABA Standard 5.4^[1] provides:

"Length of deliberations; deadlocked jury.

"(a) Before the jury retires for deliberation, the court may give an instruction which informs the jury:

"(i) that in order to return a verdict, each juror must agree thereto;

"(ii) that jurors have a duty to consult with one another and to deliberate with a view to reaching an agreement, if it can be done without violence to individual judgment;

"(iii) that each juror must decide the case for himself, but only after an impartial consideration of the evidence with his fellow jurors;

"(iv) that in the course of deliberations, a juror should not hesitate to reexamine his own views and change his opinion if convinced it is erroneous; and

"(v) that no juror should surrender his honest conviction as to the weight or effect of the evidence solely because of the opinion of his fellow jurors, or for the mere purpose of returning a verdict.

"(b) If it appears to the court that the jury has been unable to agree, the court may require the jury to continue their deliberations and may give or repeat an instruction as provided in subsection (a). The court shall not require or threaten to require the jury to deliberate for an unreasonable length of time or for unreasonable intervals.

"(c) The jury may be discharged without having agreed upon a verdict if it appears that there is no reasonable probability of agreement." [Sullivan, supra at 335, 220 N.W.2d 441, quoting ABA Standard 5.4.]

The Sullivan Court held that "[a]ny substantial departure" from ABA Standard 5.4 "shall be grounds for reversible error." Id. at 342, 220 N.W.2d 441. The purpose of giving the instruction is to "guard against coercion." Id. at 334, 220 N.W.2d 441. According to the Court in Sullivan:

The optimum instruction will generate discussion directed towards the resolution of the case but will avoid forcing a decision.

If the instruction given "can cause a juror to abandon his conscientious dissent and defer to the majority solely for the sake of reaching agreement", then that charge should not be used. Such results obviously have no place in a fair criminal justice system. [Id.]

In People v. Hardin, 421 Mich. 296, 365 N.W.2d 101 (1984), our Supreme Court further defined when an instruction is unduly coercive and constitutes a substantial departure from ABA Standard 5.4. According to Hardin, "[w]hether any deviation from ABA standard jury instruction 5.4 is substantial in the sense that reversal is required depends upon whether the deviation renders the instruction unfair because it might have been unduly coercive." Id. at 316, 365 N.W.2d 101. Our Supreme Court further explained that, in Sullivan,

[t]his Court simply stated that any substantial departure from ABA standard jury instruction 5.4 "shall be grounds for reversible error." Our adoption of ABA standard 5.4 was not designed to create or promote an appellate exercise in semantic comparison as to whether the syntax and language of a given instruction comports with that of ABA standard 5.4. The significance of a "substantial departure" — i.e., one which is grounds for reversible error — is not just a difference in language, style, or syntax. The significance of a "substantial departure" is the risk that the resultant instruction will be more coercive than the ABA instruction. The test for determining whether a departure from ABA standard 5.4 is substantial cannot rest simply on a gross difference in language. The instruction that departs from ABA standard 5.4 must also have an undue tendency of coercion — e.g., could the instruction given cause a juror to abandon his conscientious dissent and defer to the majority solely for the sake of reaching agreement?

Thus, coercion is at the very heart of the inquiry of whether a departure from ABA standard jury instruction 5.4 is a "substantial departure." [Id. at 314, 365 N.W.2d 101.] According to our Supreme Court in Hardin, "[w]here additional language contains `no pressure, threats, embarrassing assertions, or other wording that would cause this Court to feel that it constituted coercion,' . . . that additional language rarely would constitute a substantial departure." Id. at 315, 365 N.W.2d 101, quoting People v. Holmes, 132 Mich.App. 730, 749, 349 N.W.2d 230 (1984). In addition, "whether the court required, or threatened to require, the jury to deliberate for an unreasonable length of time or for unreasonable intervals" is also relevant to whether there was coercion. Hardin, supra at 316, 365 N.W.2d 101. Furthermore, "an instruction that calls for the jury, as part of its civic duty, to reach a unanimous verdict and which contains the message that the failure to reach a verdict constitutes a failure of purpose, is a substantial departure . . . because it tends to be coercive." Id., citing People v. Goldsmith, 411 Mich. 555, 561, 309 N.W.2d 182 (1981).

Another factor that affects the potential coercive effect of a jury instruction is the timing of the instruction. Instructions that are given before the jury begins deliberating are less likely to have a coercive effect than supplemental instructions given to a jury that has already begun deliberating. People v. Pollick, 448 Mich. 376, 385, 531 N.W.2d 159 (1995). As our Supreme Court stated in Pollick,

[i]t requires no special insight to see that there is a greater coercive potential when an instruction is given to a jury that already believes itself deadlocked. Instructions given to a jury that has not yet begun to deliberate are less likely to weigh on a dissenting juror, or to be understood as a request that a particular dissenting juror abandon the view that is preventing an otherwise unanimous jury from reaching its verdict. [Id.]

In the instant case, the trial court responded to the jury's declaration that it was at an impasse by giving supplemental instructions, which included those of ABA Standard 5.4, plus some additional supplemental instructions. While the trial court's recitation of ABA Standard 5.4 was not verbatim,^[2] it was not, in and of itself, different enough to constitute a substantial departure. However, we find that the trial court's additional supplemental instructions did constitute a substantial departure from ABA Standard 5.4. In making a determination regarding coerciveness, "[w]e must examine the alleged coerciveness of the language employed, and we must examine it in the factual context in which it was given." Hardin, supra at 321, 365 N.W.2d 101. Examining the following supplemental instruction in the factual context in which it was given, we find that the language is coercive and constitutes a substantial departure from ABA Standard 5.4:

But in considering everything that I will read to you, also consider that if you are not truly able to reach an agreement on this in compliance with the instruction that I will give you, it will result in everybody coming back, the victim and the defendant included, and going through this entire process again with another jury. That is a difficult situation. It is, it is, you know, in terms of the justice that we are rendering in this case, I think is somewhat compromised if we are unable to reach a verdict one way or the other in this case.

This instruction is coercive in two respects. First, the portion of the instruction that suggested to the jury that justice would be compromised if the jury was unable to reach a verdict and that "everybody" would have to come back to go through the process again with another jury is coercive because it contains the message that a failure to reach a verdict constitutes a failure of purpose. In Goldsmith, our Supreme Court held that the trial court's instruction to the jury before the jury began deliberating that "`when a jury is unable to reach a verdict, the jury has not accomplished its purpose'" was a substantial departure, requiring reversal. Goldsmith, supra at 560, 309 N.W.2d 182. In reversing, our Supreme Court stated:

Part of the instruction given in this case is essentially a call for the jury, as part of its civic duty, to reach a unanimous verdict and contains the message that a failure to reach a verdict constitutes a failure of purpose. Nothing in the standard instruction sanctions such a charge and we conclude that the giving of such an instruction was reversible error. [Id. at 561, 309 N.W.2d 182.]

The instruction in this case was similarly coercive because, by asserting that justice would be compromised if the jury were unable to reach a verdict, it contained the message that a failure to reach a verdict constitutes a failure of purpose and tended to pressure the jury to reach a unanimous verdict as part of its civic duty. Significantly, the instruction in the instant case, unlike the instruction in Goldsmith, was given after the jury had commenced deliberations and after the jury had informed the trial court that it had reached an impasse. Therefore, the coercive effect was even greater in this case than in Goldsmith. See Pollick, supra at 385, 531 N.W.2d 159.

The supplemental instruction is also coercive because it included language indicating that if the jury did not reach a verdict, the victim would be subjected to another trial. This instruction was improper because it contained language that, in effect, pressured the jury to make a decision on the basis of emotion or sympathy for the minor victim. See Hardin, supra at 315, 365 N.W.2d 101. The victim was a child who was allegedly a victim of sexual abuse. Because they are so vulnerable, child victims of sexual abuse evoke strong emotions and sympathies. The trial court's remarks appealed to the jury's sympathy for the child victim and pressured the jury to render a verdict to avoid the necessity of the minor victim being subjected to the trauma of another trial. For the trial court to highlight the fact that the minor victim would be required to endure another trial if the jury did not render a verdict is coercive because of the pressure that jurors might feel to reach a verdict to ensure that the minor victim did not have to face this trauma. The jury's sympathy for the minor victim is certainly understandable. Nevertheless, precisely because a child victim of sexual abuse evokes such emotion and sympathy, the trial court should not have emphasized the fact that if the jury was unable to reach a verdict, the minor victim would be subjected to the trauma of another trial. Such language was unduly coercive and constituted a substantial departure from ABA Standard 5.4.

In sum, we hold that the trial court's instructions to the jury were coercive because they contained the message that justice would be compromised if the jury failed to reach a verdict and therefore essentially included a call for the jury, as part of its civic duty, to reach a verdict and because the instructions pressured the jury to reach a verdict on the basis of emotion or sympathy for the minor victim. The fact that the instructions were given after the jury had begun deliberations and informed the trial court that it had reached an impasse magnified the coercive effect of the improper supplemental instructions. We therefore hold that the instructions constituted a substantial departure from ABA Standard 5.4 and constituted error requiring reversal. Accordingly, we reverse and remand for a new trial.

Reversed and remanded. We do not retain jurisdiction.

COOPER, J., concurred.

JANSEN, J. (dissenting).

I respectfully dissent. Late in the afternoon of the second day of deliberations, the jury informed the trial court that it was at an impasse. The trial court observed that no rule dictated how long the jury would be allowed to deliberate, but noted that if the jury could not reach a verdict, another trial would be required. The trial court then commented that no juror should change his or her views solely for the sake of reaching a verdict and read CJI2d 3.12, the deadlocked-jury instruction. The jury deliberated for an additional five hours after being instructed to continue deliberating. The jury convicted defendant of two counts of second-degree criminal sexual conduct, MCL 750.520c.

In People v. Sullivan, 392 Mich. 324, 335, 341-342, 220 N.W.2d 441 (1974), our Supreme Court adopted American Bar Association (ABA) Standard 5.4 for the instruction that should be read to a dead-locked jury. The Sullivan Court held that any substantial departure from that instruction would constitute error requiring reversal. Id. at 342, 220 N.W.2d 441. CJI2d 3.12 is based on ABA Standard 5.4.

Before reading CJI2d 3.12 to the jury, the trial court advised the jury that if it did not reach a verdict, a new trial would be required. However, immediately thereafter, the trial court emphasized that no juror should change his or her honest beliefs simply for the sake of reaching a verdict. The trial court then read CJI2d 3.12, which also cautions that a juror should not relinquish his or her honest beliefs simply to reach a verdict. Contrary to defendant's assertion, the jury did not return its verdict shortly after hearing these instructions. Instead, the jury deliberated for approximately five more hours. During this time span, the jury responded to an inquiry from the trial court by indicating that it wished to continue deliberating.

The trial court's remarks did not appeal to the jury's sense of civic duty and did not suggest a failure of purpose. People v. Hardin, 421 Mich. 296, 316, 365 N.W.2d 101 (1984). Nor did the trial court's remarks coerce the jurors by informing them that they were required to reach a verdict. Quite simply, the trial court's statement that another trial would be necessary if the jury could not reach a verdict did not suggest that the jury should take a different approach to its deliberations. Accordingly, the remarks did not constitute a substantial departure from the instruction mandated by Sullivan. People v. Johnson, 112 Mich.App. 41, 48, 314 N.W.2d 794 (1981) (holding that "the court's mention of the possibility of a successor jury was not a departure from the proper instruction mandated in Sullivan"); see also People v. Pollick, 448 Mich. 376, 380-388, 531 N.W.2d 159 (1995); Hardin, supra at 317-318, 365 N.W.2d 101.

Because the jury instructions given in this case were not improperly coercive, and because they did not substantially depart from CJI2d 3.12, I would affirm.

NOTES

[1] CJI2d 3.12 is the instruction for deadlocked juries. This instruction incorporates and adapts the ABA's standard. See People v. Pollick, 448 Mich. 376, 382 n. 12, 531 N.W.2d 159 (1995). The ABA standard, with only stylistic changes made, is currently found at ABA Standards for Criminal Justice, Discovery and Trial by Jury (3d ed.), Standard 15-5.4, p. 255.

[2] The trial court's instruction was nearly verbatim to CJI2d 3.12.