People of Michigan v. Joshua David Harding

STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN, UNPUBLISHED
March 15, 2018
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v No. 335213
Ingham Circuit Court
JOSHUA DAVID HARDING, LC No. 15-000376-FH
Defendant-Appellant.
Before: SAWYER, P.J., and BORRELLO and SERVITTO, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
Defendant appeals as of right his jury conviction of second-degree criminal sexual
conduct (CSC-II), MCL 750.520c(1)(a), for which the trial court sentenced him to 228 to 456
months in prison. We affirm defendant’s conviction and sentence, but remand for a ministerial
correction to the judgment of sentence.
Defendant was charged with CSC-II for sexually touching LG, who was nine years old at
the time of the alleged offense on April 1, 2015. Defendant was also charged with CSC-II for
sexually touching 13-year-old LS on the same date. Defendant allegedly committed the offenses
when he encountered the two children at a cemetery near the children’s homes. After engaging
the children in conversation, defendant picked them up and pretended to throw them into a
nearby stream or river. According to LG, when defendant picked her up, he placed his hand
inside her pants, underneath her clothing, and touched her vagina. LS testified that defendant
engaged in similar conduct with him, placing his hand between his shorts and underpants on his
buttocks.
At trial, the prosecution presented evidence of defendant’s prior sexual misconduct. One
witness, SH, testified that defendant sexually assaulted her in 1999, when she was 15 years old.
SH testified that a friend introduced her to defendant, and she agreed to go for a ride with him.
According to SH, defendant drove to a parking ramp and parked his car. He then placed his hand
under SH’s pants and inserted his finger in her vagina. Later, after they got out of the car,
defendant removed SH’s pants, again put his fingers in her vagina, performed oral sex on her,
and then put his penis in her vagina. The prosecution also presented evidence that, in 2011,
defendant sexually assaulted his two daughters, who were ages nine and seven. These assaults
occurred while the girls were swimming. Defendant’s daughter, AM, testified that defendant
placed his fingers near or in her vagina, underneath her bathing suit, while tossing her into the
-1-
water. The trial court also permitted the prosecutor to introduce evidence of selected sexually
explicit photos of young girls, which were recovered from defendant’s cell phone and computer.
The jury convicted defendant of CSC-II for the charge involving LG, but was unable to
reach a verdict for the charge involving LS.
I. OTHER ACTS EVIDENCE
Defendant first argues that the trial court erred by allowing the prosecutor to present the
other acts evidence involving SH and his daughters, as well as the photographic evidence
recovered from his cell phone and computer. The trial court admitted the testimony regarding
defendant’s prior sexual assaults of SH and his daughters pursuant to MCL 768.27a, and
admitted the photographic evidence pursuant to MRE 404(b)(1). We review the trial court’s
decision to admit this evidence for an abuse of discretion. People v Watkins, 491 Mich. 450, 489-
490; 818 NW2d 296 (2012); People v McGhee, 268 Mich. App. 600, 636; 709 NW2d 595 (2005).
The trial court does not abuse its discretion when it chooses an outcome within the range of
reasonable and principled outcomes. People v Babcock, 469 Mich. 247, 269; 666 NW2d 231
(2003). Any preliminary questions of law involving the admissibility of evidence are reviewed
de novo. People v Mardlin, 487 Mich. 609, 614; 790 NW2d 607 (2010).
MRE 404(b)(1) provides, in pertinent part:
Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the
character of a person in order to show action in conformity therewith. It may,
however, be admissible for other purposes, such as proof of motive, opportunity,
intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or
accident . . . .
“Evidence relevant to a noncharacter purpose is admissible under MRE 404(b) even if it also
reflects on a defendant’s character. Evidence is inadmissible under this rule only if it is relevant
solely to the defendant’s character or criminal propensity.” Mardlin, 487 Mich. at 615-616
(emphasis in original). However, such evidence may be excluded under MRE 403 if the
probative value of the evidence “is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice.”
Id. at 616. A trial court may provide a limiting instruction upon request to alleviate any potential
prejudice arising from the evidence. Id.
Unfair prejudice within the meaning of MRE 403 refers to evidence that has the tendency
to affect the objecting party’s position by raising issues extraneous to the case at bar, such as
evoking the jury’s bias, sympathy, anger, or shock, or by creating a danger that marginally
probative evidence will be given undue or preemptive weight by the jury. People v Cameron,
291 Mich. App. 599, 611; 806 NW2d 371 (2011). However, “[e]vidence offered against a party,
by its very nature, is prejudicial, otherwise there would be no point in presenting it.” People v
Fisher, 449 Mich. 441, 451; 537 NW2d 577 (1995). “Exclusion of the evidence is appropriate
only when unfair prejudice outweighs the probative value of the evidence, meaning there is a
danger that the evidence will be given undue or preemptive weight by the jury or it would be
inequitable to allow use of the evidence.” People v Meissner, 294 Mich. App. 438, 451; 812
NW2d 37 (2011) (quotation omitted, emphasis in original).
-2-
In contrast to MRE 404(b)(1), MCL 768.27a(1) provides, in relevant part, that “in a
criminal case in which the defendant is accused of committing a listed offense against a minor,
evidence that the defendant committed another listed offense against a minor is admissible and
may be considered for its bearing on any matter to which it is relevant.” Defendant does not
dispute that CSC-II is a listed offense, or that the prior offenses involving SH and his daughters
qualify as listed offenses. See People v Buie, 298 Mich. App. 50, 71; 825 NW2d 361 (2012).
Evidence admitted under MCL 768.27a(1) may be considered for its bearing on any matter to
which it is relevant, including “the likelihood of a defendant’s criminal sexual behavior toward
other minors.” People v Pattison, 276 Mich. App. 613, 620; 741 NW2d 558 (2007). In other
words, unlike MRE 404(b)(1), MCL 768.27a(1) allows for the admission of propensity evidence.
See People v Duenaz, 306 Mich. App. 85, 99; 854 NW2d 531 (2014). But such evidence remains
subject to MRE 403. Watkins, 491 Mich. at 481-486. However, when applying the MRE 403
balancing test in the context of MCL 768.27a(1), the focus is different than it is when analyzing
evidence offered solely under MRE 404(b)(1). “[O]ther-acts evidence admissible under MCL
768.27a may not be excluded under MRE 403 as overly prejudicial merely because it allows a
jury to draw a propensity inference.” Watkins, 491 Mich. at 487. Rather, the trial court should
consider the probative nature of the evidence, along with other factors. As explained in Watkins,
491 Mich. at 487-488:
There are several considerations that may lead a court to exclude such evidence.
These considerations include (1) the dissimilarity between the other acts and the
charged crime, (2) the temporal proximity of the other acts to the charged crime,
(3) the infrequency of the other acts, (4) the presence of intervening acts, (5) the
lack of reliability of the evidence supporting the occurrence of the other acts, and
(6) the lack of need for evidence beyond the complainant’s and the defendant’s
testimony. This list of considerations is meant to be illustrative rather than
exhaustive.
In this case, the trial court admitted two types of other-acts evidence. The first involved
witness testimony that defendant previously committed acts of sexual misconduct against SH and
his minor daughters. The circumstances involving the offenses against defendant’s daughters
were substantially similar to the charged offenses involving LG and LS. In the prior assaults, as
in the charged ones, defendant sexually touched his young daughters under their clothing while
picking them up and pretending to engage in innocent play. LG and LS both testified that
defendant touched them inappropriately while engaged in similar type of conduct. The evidence
of defendant’s sexual misconduct against his daughters was highly probative of defendant’s
intent when engaging in similar type of play with LG and LS and whether defendant’s touching
of LG’s and LS’s private areas was accidental or purposeful. Although the acts occurred several
years apart, defendant had spent most of the intervening time in prison. Due to the lack of
physical evidence, there was a need for other evidence of defendant’s intent apart from the
children’s descriptions of defendant’s conduct. The fact that defendant was convicted of the
prior acts involving his daughters supports the reliability of their testimony about those acts. The
trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting this evidence. Watkins, 491 Mich. at 487-488.
Although the circumstances surrounding defendant’s sexual assault of SH were different
from the circumstances of the charged offenses, defendant’s assault of SH was still probative of
his intent, which was a material issue at trial. That assault occurred several years earlier, but it
-3-
showed that defendant has a long-standing pattern of sexually assaulting underage girls, broken
only by periods of incarceration. Because the evidence was admissible under MCL 768.27a(1),
it was not subject to exclusion solely because it showed defendant’s propensity to sexually
assault young girls. Watkins, 491 Mich. at 487. The trial court’s decision to admit the evidence
was not outside the range of reasonable and principled outcomes.
With respect to the photographs and testimony concerning other materials found on
defendant’s phone and computers, the record discloses that the trial court carefully considered
this evidence and excluded several items, but allowed other items to be admitted for the purpose
of showing defendant’s intent, and lack of mistake or accident when touching the children. The
trial court characterized the collection of photos and video evidence as falling into different
groups, and permitted the prosecutor to admit those that it deemed probative due to the nature of
the charge, such as photographs of young girls’ genital regions, while excluding others, such as
photographs and videos depicting young women engaged in bestiality or masturbating, as well as
autopsy photographs of deceased young girls. The trial court’s consideration of this evidence
reflects a reasoned and principled approach to its evaluation of the relevance and probative value
of the different items collected, and their potential for unfair evidence. For example, defendant’s
cell phone photographs of the young girls’ genital areas were substantially probative of whether
defendant’s touching of LG in the same area was done for a sexual purpose. We are satisfied
that the trial court took a reasonable and principled approach to determining which evidentiary
items were substantially more probative and which were more prejudicial and should be
excluded. Defendant has not shown that the trial court abused its discretion in admitting the
challenged evidence.
II. JURY INSTRUCTIONS
Defendant argues that defense counsel was ineffective for failing to object to the trial
court’s jury instructions concerning the limited, permissible use of the other acts evidence.
Defendant argues that the trial court improperly deviated from M Crim JI 4.11, the standard jury
instruction concerning evidence admitted under MRE 404(b)(1), and thereby erroneously
permitted the jury to consider his prior sexual misconduct to determine if he committed the
charged offenses. Defendant’s argument fails to recognize that the trial court gave two different
limiting instructions. The court instructed the jury in accordance with M Crim JI 20.28a with
respect to the evidence involving SH and defendant’s daughters, which was admitted under MCL
768.27a, and the court instructed the jury in accordance with M Crim JI 4.11 with respect to the
photographic evidence, which was admitted under MRE 404(b)(1). Each instruction identified
the evidence to which it applied and properly instructed the jury on the permissible use of each
type of evidence, consistent with the standard jury instructions. Because the instructions were
not improper, defense counsel was not ineffective for failing to object. People v Snider, 239
Mich. App. 393, 425; 608 NW2d 502 (2000).
III. SUFFICIENCY AND GREAT WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE
Defendant also argues that the evidence was insufficient to support his conviction and
that the jury’s verdict was against the great weight of the evidence. We disagree.
-4-
A. SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE
A challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence is reviewed de novo. People v Harverson,
291 Mich. App. 171, 175; 804 NW2d 757 (2010). We must review the evidence in a light most
favorable to the prosecution and determine whether the jury could have found that each element
of the charged crime was proved beyond a reasonable doubt. People v Reese, 491 Mich. 127,
139; 815 NW2d 85 (2012). “Circumstantial evidence and reasonable inferences arising
therefrom may constitute proof of the elements of [a] crime.” People v Bennett, 290 Mich. App.
465, 472; 802 NW2d 627 (2010). “[A] reviewing court is required to draw all reasonable
inferences and make credibility choices in support of the jury verdict.” People v Nowack, 462
Mich. 392, 400; 614 NW2d 78 (2000).
Defendant was convicted of violating MCL 750.520c(1)(a), which provides:
(1) A person is guilty of criminal sexual conduct in the second degree if
the person engages in sexual contact with another person and if any of the
following circumstances exists:
(a) That other person is under 13 years of age.
MCL 750.520a provides the following definition of “sexual contact”:
(q) “Sexual contact” includes the intentional touching of the victim’s or
actor’s intimate parts or the intentional touching of the clothing covering the
immediate area of the victim’s or actor’s intimate parts, if that intentional
touching can reasonably be construed as being for the purpose of sexual arousal
or gratification, done for a sexual purpose, or in a sexual manner for:
(i) Revenge.
(ii) To inflict humiliation.
(iii) Out of anger.
Under MCL 750.520a(f), “[i]ntimate parts” include the primary genital area, groin, inner thigh,
buttock, or breast of a human being.
LG testified at trial that when defendant picked her up, he placed his hand inside her
pants, underneath her clothing, and touched her vagina. This testimony was sufficient to allow
the jury to find beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant touched LG’s “intimate parts.”
Defendant argues, however, that the evidence was insufficient to demonstrate that this touching
was done intentionally, for a sexual purpose. We disagree.
Given the difficulty in proving an actor’s intent, “minimal circumstantial evidence will
suffice to establish the defendant’s state of mind, which can be inferred from all the evidence
presented.” People v Kanaan, 278 Mich. App. 594, 622; 751 NW2d 57 (2008). LG testified that
defendant not only placed his hand on her vagina, but did so inside both her jeans and her
underwear. The jury could infer from LG’s description of the manner in which defendant
-5-
touched her that he did so purposefully. Moreover, LS’s testimony that defendant picked him up
in a similar manner, placing his hand under his shorts, supports the inference that defendant’s
placement of his hand on LG’s vagina, under her clothing, was intentional. In addition, the
testimony that defendant engaged in sexual misconduct with his daughters under almost identical
circumstances, which occurred more than once, allowed the jury to infer that defendant has a
pattern of using this particular technique to sexually molest young girls. The evidence of the
photographs of young girls’ buttocks and genital regions also supports the inference that
defendant’s touching of LG’s vagina was done for a sexual purpose. Viewed in a light most
favorable to the prosecution, the evidence was sufficient to enable the jury to find beyond a
reasonable doubt that defendant intentionally touched LG’s vagina for a sexual purpose, and
therefore, was guilty of CSC-II.
B. GREAT WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE
Because defendant did not raise his great-weight claim in an appropriate motion in the
trial court, our review of this claim is limited to plain error affecting defendant’s substantial
rights. People v Danto, 294 Mich. App. 596, 605; 822 NW2d 600 (2011).
A verdict is against the great weight of evidence when the “evidence preponderates so
heavily against the verdict that it would be a miscarriage of justice to allow the verdict to stand.”
People v McCray, 245 Mich. App. 631, 637; 630 NW2d 633 (2001). With respect to whether a
new trial is warranted on the basis that the verdict was against the great weight of the evidence,
“[c]onflicting testimony and questions of witness credibility are generally insufficient grounds
for granting a new trial.” People v Unger, 278 Mich. App. 210, 232; 749 NW2d 272 (2008).
“Absent exceptional circumstances, issues of witness credibility are for the trier of fact.” Id.
Exceptional circumstances include when: (1) the testimony contradicts indisputable physical
facts or laws; (2) the testimony is patently incredible or defies physical realities; (3) the
testimony is so inherently implausible that it could not be believed by a reasonable trier of fact;
or (4) the testimony has been seriously impeached and the case is marked by uncertainties and
discrepancies. People v Lemmon, 456 Mich. 625, 643–644; 576 NW2d 129 (1998).
Apart from announcing his great-weight claim, defendant fails to provide any analysis of
this issue independent of his argument that the evidence was insufficient to prove that his
touching of LG was for a sexual purpose. “An appellant may not merely announce his position
and leave it to this Court to discover and rationalize the basis for his claims, nor may he give
only cursory treatment with little or no citation of supporting authority.” People v Kelly, 231
Mich. App. 627, 640–641, 588 NW2d 480 (1998). Defendant’s failure to separately address the
great weight of the evidence is “tantamount to abandoning” that issue. People v Henry, 315
Mich. App. 130, 149; 889 NW2d 1 (2016), quoting Mitcham v Detroit, 355 Mich. 182, 203; 94
NW2d 388 (1959) (citations omitted). Even if this issue is not deemed abandoned, it is without
merit. As explained previously, the evidence was sufficient to prove that defendant intentionally
touched LG’s vagina for a sexual purpose. Although defendant attacks the reliability and
credibility of LG’s testimony, there are no exceptional circumstances that would permit us to
ignore the jury’s province to resolve such matters. Any initial confusion by LG concerning
whether defendant touched her over or under her clothing did not render her testimony
“inherently implausible” or “seriously impeached.” Moreover, because sexual contact includes
touching the clothing over a victim’s intimate parts, MCL 750.520a(q), it was not necessary for
-6-
the jury to resolve whether defendant touched LG above or underneath her clothing to find that
he intentionally touched her for a sexual purpose. In addition, the other acts evidence strongly
supports that the touching was done for a sexual purpose. Accordingly, the jury’s verdict is not
against the great weight of the evidence.
IV. DEFENDANT’S DEPARTURE SENTENCE
Defendant also argues that the trial court erred when it departed from the sentencing
guidelines recommended minimum sentence range of 43 to 172 months and sentenced him to
228 to 456 months in prison. Defendant argues that his sentence is disproportionate and
unreasonable. We disagree.
“A sentence that departs from the applicable guidelines range will be reviewed by an
appellate court for reasonableness.” People v Lockridge, 498 Mich. 358, 392; 870 NW2d 502
(2015). This Court reviews the reasonableness of a trial court’s departure sentence for an abuse
of discretion, applying the “principle of proportionality” set forth in People v Milbourn, 435
Mich. 630; 461 NW2d 1 (1990), “which requires sentences imposed by the trial court to be
proportionate to the seriousness of the circumstances surrounding the offense and the offender.”
People v Steanhouse, 500 Mich. 453, 459-460; 902 NW2d 327 (2017), quoting Milbourn, 435
Mich. at 636.
In Steanhouse, our Supreme Court addressed the role of the sentencing guidelines in a
trial court’s determination of an appropriate sentence, stating:
We repeat our directive from Lockridge that the guidelines “remain a highly
relevant consideration in a trial court’s exercise of sentencing discretion” that trial
courts “ ‘must consult’ ” and “ ‘take . . . into account when sentencing,’ ”
Lockridge, 498 Mich. at 391, quoting [United States v Booker, 543 U.S. 220, 264;
125 S. Ct. 738, 738; 160 L. Ed. 2d 621 (2005)], and our holding from Milbourn that
“the key test is whether the sentence is proportionate to the seriousness of the
matter, not whether it departs from or adheres to the guidelines’ recommended
range,” Milbourn, 435 Mich. at 661. [Steanhouse, 500 Mich. at 474-475.]
Recently, in People v Dixon-Bey, ___ Mich App ____; ____ NW2d ___ (2017) (Docket
No. 331499), lv pending; slip op at 18-19, this Court provided additional guidance for
determining whether a departure sentence satisfies the principle-of-proportionality test from
Milbourn, stating:
Because the guidelines embody the principle of proportionality and trial courts
must consult them when sentencing, it follows that they continue to serve as a
“useful tool” or “guideposts” for effectively combating disparity in sentencing.
Therefore, relevant factors for determining whether a departure sentence is more
proportionate than a sentence within the guidelines range continue to include (1)
whether the guidelines accurately reflect the seriousness of the crime, (2) factors
not considered by the guidelines, and (3) factors considered by the guidelines but
given inadequate weight. When making this determination and sentencing a
defendant, a trial court must justify the sentence imposed in order to facilitate
-7-
appellate review, which “includes an explanation of why the sentence imposed is
more proportionate to the offense and the offender than a different sentence would
have been. [Quotations omitted.]
According to defendant’s presentence report (PSIR), defendant has a substantial juvenile
record consisting mostly of assaultive crimes. As an adult, defendant was charged with third-
degree criminal sexual conduct and pleaded guilty to assault with intent to commit criminal
sexual conduct involving penetration for the 1999 offense involving SH. He was sentenced to
probation, but violated his probation and was sentenced in 2003 to 6-1/2 to 10 years in prison. In
2012, defendant pleaded no contest to fourth-degree criminal sexual conduct for the two 2011
offenses involving his daughters, for which he was sentenced to 20 to 36 months in prison. He
was discharged from prison in September 2014, after serving his maximum terms. The instant
offenses were committed in April 2015.
At sentencing, the trial court noted that defendant’s guidelines range was 43 to 172
months. The court also considered the next higher ranges. In deciding to impose a 228-month
minimum sentence, the trial court stated that it had considered: (1) the sentencing memorandums
submitted by the parties, (2) the victim’s statement at sentencing and a written victim impact
statement, (3) the predatory nature of the offense, (4) the many failed attempts to rehabilitate
defendant and the court’s belief that he would never be rehabilitated, (5) defendant’s improper
conduct while on probation and parole, (6) the fact that defendant sexually assaulted his young
daughters shortly after he was discharged from his initial prison term, (7) the court’s belief that
defendant’s freedom is a “maximum risk to society” and especially to children, and (8) the fact
that the guidelines do not consider defendant’s sexual attraction to children.
A defendant’s lack of potential for rehabilitation is a legitimate consideration in
determining a proportionate sentence. People v Houston, 448 Mich. 312, 323; 532 NW2d 508
(1995). While the scoring of the prior record variables (PRVs) in the sentencing guidelines
reflects defendant’s criminal history, the guidelines do not reflect the serial nature of defendant’s
sexual offenses when not incarcerated. Also, although the scoring of offense variable (OV) 13,
MCL 777.43, takes into account that defendant has committed a pattern of crimes against a
person, this OV does not take into account the nature of defendant’s crimes, i.e., repeated acts of
criminal sexual conduct with minors. A defendant’s continued commission of the same crime
can be a valid reason for departing from the recommended range under the sentencing
guidelines, as is a trial court’s “legitimate concern for the protection of society” in such
circumstances. See, e.g., People v Solmonson, 261 Mich. App. 657, 669, 671-672, 683 NW2d 761
(2004) (involving an “extensive” history of drinking-and-driving offenses).
In addition, the PSIR discloses that after defendant was placed on probation for his sexual
assault of SH, he was cited for being out of place while on tether, for possession of ecstasy, and
for testing positive for cocaine, and he was terminated unsuccessfully from sex offender
treatment. These violations led to a prison sentence of 6-1/2 to 10 years. After he was paroled
from prison, he violated his parole twice. The first violation involved his possession of
“handwritten sexually explicit stories, provocative sexual photos and random newspaper
clippings of young girls,” and the second involved his possession of sexually explicit
photographs. The guidelines do not account for this pattern of misconduct. People v Harper,
479 Mich. 599, 638; 739 NW2d 523 (2007); Houston, 448 Mich. at 323. Although the trial court
-8-
assessed 10 points for PRV 6 because defendant was on parole or probation when he committed
the instant offense, see MCL 777.56, that score does not take into account defendant’s prior
parole or probation violations, which are reflective of his poor potential for rehabilitation. The
trial court did not abuse its discretion in finding that defendant was unlikely to be rehabilitated
and that his pattern of sexual assaults against minors when not incarcerated made him a danger to
society. Considering the instant offense in light of defendant’s history of repeated sexual
offenses against minors and the past failed efforts at rehabilitation, the trial court did not abuse
its discretion in finding that a 228-month minimum sentence was proportionate to the offense
and the offender.
V. CORRECTION OF THE JUDGMENT OF SENTENCE
Defendant also complains that his judgment of sentence contains an incorrect statutory
citation for his CSC-II conviction. Although the judgment of sentence accurately states that
defendant was convicted of “CRIMINAL SEXUAL CONDUCT – SECOND OR
SUBSEQUENT OFFENSE,” it lists only the corresponding statutory citation for MCL 750.520f
(prescribing a mandatory minimum sentence of five years for a person convicted of a second or
subsequent offense under MCL 750.520b, MCL 750.520c, or MCL 750.520d). Because the
judgment does not specify the applicable statutory citation for defendant’s underlying conviction
of CSC-II, we remand for ministerial correction of the judgment of sentence to include citations
for both defendant’s CSC-II conviction, MCL 750.520c(1)(a), as well as MCL 750.520f.
We affirm defendant’s conviction and sentence, but remand for correction of the
judgment of sentence in accordance with this opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction.
/s/ David H. Sawyer
/s/ Stephen L. Borrello
/s/ Deborah A. Servitto
-9-