People of Michigan v. Fidel Levis Lopez

STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN, UNPUBLISHED
March 13, 2018
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v No. 336787
Kent Circuit Court
FIDEL LEVIS LOPEZ, LC No. 16-000752-FH
Defendant-Appellant.
Before: O’CONNELL, P.J., and HOEKSTRA and SWARTZLE, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
Defendant appeals as of right his conviction for assault with intent to do great bodily
harm less than murder, MCL 750.84. The trial court sentenced defendant as a fourth-offense
habitual offender, MCL 769.12, to a mandatory 25 to 50 years of imprisonment with sentence
credit of 364 days. We affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
This case involves an assault in Grand Rapids, Michigan. On November 16, 2015, an
officer with the Grand Rapids Police Department was dispatched to the scene and observed “a
black man on the west side of the sidewalk” with a “Hispanic female hovered above him.” The
Hispanic woman was rendering aid to the man who was severely injured. The man, who was
later identified as the victim, had a large knife sticking out of the backside of his skull and a large
laceration in his upper left chest region. After the ambulance arrived and departed with the
victim to the hospital, the responding officers found a knife blade located at the scene in the
parking lot.
Defendant testified at trial that he stabbed the victim. Specifically, defendant admitted
that he intentionally concealed two knives, approached the victim from behind, and stabbed the
victim in the back of the head and chest so hard that the handles broke off. The victim resided
near defendant’s boyfriend, and the victim and defendant had at least one prior physical
altercation. Defendant testified that he attacked the victim because the victim had disciplined
harshly and otherwise treated badly the boyfriend’s adopted son. At the time of the attack, the
son was inside his father’s home, while the stabbing itself took place in the victim’s yard.
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Defendant was found guilty by the jury and sentenced as noted earlier. At the time of his
conviction, defendant had several prior offenses, including two armed robberies, an attempted
escape from incarceration, and an assault. Given this, he was sentenced as a fourth-offense
habitual offender. Absent the habitual-offender aspect, his guidelines sentence would have been
29 to 114 months. Instead, because he was a fourth-offense habitual offender, the trial court
sentenced defendant to 25 to 50 years of imprisonment under MCL 769.12.
Defendant now appeals.
II. ANALYSIS
Defendant’s Sentence Is Not Unconstitutional. Defendant first argues that his sentence
violates the separation of powers between the Judiciary and the Legislature. He makes a related
argument that the length of his sentence is unconstitutional because it is cruel and unusual. We
reject both claims.
The constitutionality of a statute is reviewed de novo. People v Garza, 469 Mich. 431,
433; 670 NW2d 662 (2003). “Statutes are presumed to be constitutional, and the courts have a
duty to construe a statute as constitutional unless its unconstitutionality is clearly apparent.”
People v Benton, 294 Mich. App. 191, 203; 817 NW2d 599 (2011) (internal citation and quotation
marks omitted). “[T]he party challenging the constitutionality of a statute has the burden of
proving its invalidity.” People v Sadows, 283 Mich. App. 65, 67; 768 NW2d 93 (2009).
Unpreserved sentencing errors are reviewed for plain error affecting substantial rights. People v
Meshell, 265 Mich. App. 616, 628; 696 NW2d 754 (2005).
With respect to the separation of powers, we note that by enacting MCL 769.12(1)(a), the
Legislature properly exercised its authority, vested in it by Const 1963, art 4, § 45, to provide
penalties for criminal offenses, and in particular to set punishment for fourth-offense habitual
offenders who have previously committed certain offenses and who subsequently commit serious
crimes. The fact that, in so doing, the Legislature removed the Judiciary’s discretion to impose a
lesser sentence under such circumstances does not render the statute unconstitutional. See
People v Hegwood, 465 Mich. 432, 440; 636 NW2d 127 (2001); People v Hall, 396 Mich. 650,
658; 242 NW2d 377 (1976); People v Conat, 238 Mich. App. 134, 147; 605 NW2d 49 (1999).
Defendant next argues that MCL 769.12 violates the Eighth Amendment because
defendant’s mandatory 25-year minimum sentence was cruel and unusual punishment. The
Eighth Amendment of the United States Constitution prohibits the infliction of “cruel and
unusual punishments.” US Const, Am VIII. Similarly, the Michigan Constitution prohibits the
infliction of “cruel or unusual punishment.” Const 1963, art 1, § 16. To determine whether a
punishment is cruel or unusual, this Court employs a three-part test: (1) it examines “the severity
of the sentence imposed and the gravity of the offense,” (2) it compares “the penalty to penalties
for other crimes under Michigan law,” and (3) it compares “Michigan’s penalty and penalties
imposed for the same offense in other states.” Benton, 294 Mich. App. at 204.
Defendant has failed to show that the severity of the sentence imposed was
disproportionate to the gravity of the offense. The offense here, assault with intent to do great
bodily harm, was a grave offense. In fact, in accordance with MCL 769.12(6)(c), assault with
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intent to do great bodily harm is defined as a “serious crime.” The evidence at trial showed that
defendant intentionally concealed two knives and stabbed the victim in the back of the head and
chest so hard that the handles broke off the knives. Defendant argues that had he been a first
offender, his maximum sentence would have been 10 years and his minimum would have been
no longer than 6.6 years. Defendant is not, however, a first-time offender, so that argument is
irrelevant. Defendant also concedes in his brief on appeal that he has “serious offenses in his
past.” Overall, defendant’s criminal record establishes a pattern of disregard for others and the
law. Therefore, defendant has not presented any evidence to indicate his 25-year minimum
sentence was disproportionate to his offense.
Defendant has also failed to compare his sentence to penalties for other crimes under
Michigan law. Instead, defendant merely compares his sentence to the sentence he may have
received had he not been a fourth-offense habitual offender. Similarly, defendant has not met the
third prong because he failed to compare his sentence with penalties imposed for similar crimes
in other states. Although defendant does argue that the “three strikes” law in California and
other states has been unsuccessful, this is a political argument for the Legislature to address and
not a legal issue for this Court. See King v R G Indus, Inc, 182 Mich. App. 343, 345; 451 NW2d
874 (1990). Accordingly, defendant has not shown that his sentence was unconstitutionally long.
Defendant Did Not Receive Ineffective Assistance of Counsel. Finally, defendant asserts
that he received ineffective assistance of counsel. He argues that his counsel failed to interview
his boyfriend’s son and call him as a witness to corroborate defendant’s theory that he was
innocent because he was protecting the boy.
Under Michigan law, a person can use deadly force against another, without the duty to
retreat, when that person “honestly and reasonably believes” that such force “is necessary to
prevent the imminent death of or imminent great bodily harm to” another individual. MCL
780.972(1)(a). Force less than deadly force can be used to protect another “from the imminent
unlawful use of force by another individual.” MCL 780.972(2). Because defendant failed to
move for a new trial or an evidentiary hearing, this Court’s review of his ineffective assistance of
counsel claim is limited to errors apparent on the record. People v Sabin (On Second Remand),
242 Mich. App. 656, 659; 620 NW2d 19 (2000).
Here, defendant did not have a valid defense-of-others claim. There is nothing in the
record that supports that defendant honestly and reasonably believed that it was necessary to stab
the victim in order to prevent imminent great bodily harm to the boy. In fact, the boy was inside
his father’s home at the time of the stabbing. Thus, the fact that defendant’s trial counsel
declined to call the boy as a witness did not deprive defendant of a substantial defense. See
People v Chapo, 283 Mich. App. 360, 371; 770 NW2d 68 (2009).
Affirmed.
/s/ Peter D. O'Connell
/s/ Joel P. Hoekstra
/s/ Brock A. Swartzle
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