People of Michigan v. Alvin Zarchary Samuel

STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN, UNPUBLISHED
June 21, 2018
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v No. 336499
Wayne Circuit Court
ALVIN ZARCHARY SAMUEL, LC No. 16-006350-01-FC
Defendant-Appellant.
Before: SWARTZLE, P.J., and SHAPIRO and BOONSTRA, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
Defendant appeals by right his convictions, following a jury trial, of two counts of first-
degree criminal sexual conduct (CSC I), MCL 750.520b(1)(b), one count of second-degree
criminal sexual conduct (CSC II), MCL 750.520c(1)(b), and one count of accosting a minor for
an improper purpose, MCL 750.145a. The trial court sentenced defendant to concurrent prison
terms of 19 to 40 years for each of the CSC I convictions, 5 to 15 years for the CSC II
conviction, and 2 to 4 years for the accosting a minor conviction. We affirm.
I. PERTINENT FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Defendant’s three female cousins (who were sisters) accused him of sexually abusing
them multiple times at their mother’s home, their grandmother’s home, and defendant’s home.
The accusations included that defendant had fondled and sexually penetrated each of the girls
multiple times when they were between the ages of 6 to 13 years. One of the girls disclosed
defendant’s abuse to a school counselor, prompting the counselor to inform the police and
Children’s Protective Services (CPS). Defendant (then aged 19) was arrested on June 29, 2016.
Defendant admitted during a police interview that he had had anal sex with each of the girls, and
he signed a written statement admitting that he had sexually penetrated each of the girls multiple
times. At trial, defendant denied having committed the acts described in the statement, and
asserted that he had smoked marijuana before he was arrested, that he had been told that he
would go to prison for life, and that he had told the officers what they wanted to hear believing
that they would help him avoid prison if he did so. The girls testified to the sexual abuse at trial.
During its opening statement, the prosecution noted that there was no physical or DNA
evidence of the sexual abuse because the abuse had not been reported contemporaneously with
the assaults. The prosecution then made certain comments regarding the credibility of the girls
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who would be testifying. During closing arguments, the prosecution again addressed the
credibility of the girls. The prosecution’s comments regarding the girls’ credibility are discussed
in greater detail later in this opinion.
After the jury returned its verdict,1 retired visiting Judge Antonio P. Viviano informed the
parties that he would not be present on November 18, 2016 when sentencing was scheduled to
occur. Judge Viviano asked defendant’s counsel whether defendant would like to be sentenced
before him or whether he would “waive my presence and have another judge sentence him.”
Defendant’s counsel responded, “That would be fine, Judge.” At the sentencing hearing, retired
visiting Judge Dalton A. Roberson stated that defendant “has a right to have the judge who
presided at his trial sentence him. Do you have any objections to me sentencing him?”
Defendant’s counsel responded, “No, judge.” Defendant was not personally asked whether he
had any objection to proceeding before a different judge at sentencing. Defendant’s guidelines
minimum sentence range was 126 to 210 months. Judge Roberson sentenced defendant to a
minimum term of 19 years (228 months) in prison for each of his CSC I convictions, an upward
departure of 18 months.
This appeal followed.
II. PROSECUTORIAL MISCONDUCT2
Defendant argues on appeal that the prosecution committed misconduct by vouching for
the credibility of the girls and that his trial counsel provided ineffective assistance by failing to
object. We disagree. Defendant failed to object or request a curative instruction from the trial
court; accordingly, this issue is unpreserved. People v Solloway, 316 Mich. App. 174, 201; 891
NW2d 255 (2016). Unpreserved claims “are reviewed for plain error affecting substantial
rights.” People v Norfleet, 317 Mich. App. 649, 660 n 5; 897 NW2d 195 (2016). “Reversal is
warranted only when plain error resulted in the conviction of an actually innocent person, or
seriously affected the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings.” People v
Unger (On Remand), 278 Mich. App. 210, 235; 749 NW2d 272 (2008).
1
The jury acquitted defendant of four additional counts of CSC I (including both of the charges
that related to one of the three girls) and one additional count of CSC II.
2
This Court noted in People v Cooper, 309 Mich. App. 74, 87–88; 867 NW2d 452 (2015), that
the phrase “prosecutorial misconduct” has become a term of art “often used to describe any error
committed by the prosecution, even though claims of inadvertent error by the prosecution are
‘better and more fairly presented as claims of ‘prosecutorial error,’ with only the most extreme
cases arising to the level of ‘prosecutorial misconduct.’ ” Here, defendant alleges that the
prosecution acted as an unsworn witness and improperly vouched for the victim’s credibility
with the “weight and influence” of the office of prosecuting attorney, see People v Dane, 59
Mich. 550, 553; 26 N.W. 781 (1886). While we ultimately disagree that misconduct occurred, we
will adopt the characterization of defendant’s claim as one for prosecutorial misconduct, not
mere technical or inadvertent error.
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“[T]he test of prosecutorial misconduct is whether a defendant was denied a fair and
impartial trial.” People v Dobek, 274 Mich. App. 58, 63; 732 NW2d 546 (2007). A fair trial for a
defendant “can be jeopardized when the prosecutor interjects issues broader than the defendant’s
guilt or innocence.” Id. at 63-64.
Here, defendant argues that the prosecution impermissibly vouched for the credibility of
the girls’ testimony. The prosecution may not “vouch for the credibility of his witnesses to the
effect that he has some special knowledge concerning a witness’ truthfulness.” People v
Bahoda, 448 Mich. 261, 276; 531 NW2d 659 (1995). Such commentary could influence the jury
to decide the case based on the prosecution’s special knowledge and not on the evidence
presented. People v Bennett, 290 Mich. App. 465, 476-477; 802 NW2d 627 (2010), citing
Bahoda, 448 Mich. at 276. Further, the prosecution may not vouch for a witness’s credibility
based on the prosecution’s integrity or the prestige of the position. People v McGhee, 268 Mich
App 600, 633; 709 NW2d 595 (2005). Statements by the prosecution concerning the credibility
of a witness may infringe on the “exclusive province of the jury” to determine credibility,
particularly given the importance of the prosecution’s position. People v Erb, 48 Mich. App. 622,
631-632; 211 NW2d 51 (1973). However, the prosecution may comment on its “own witnesses’
credibility during closing argument, especially when there is conflicting evidence and the
question of the defendant’s guilt depends on which witnesses the jury believes.” People v
Thomas, 260 Mich. App. 450, 455; 678 NW2d 631 (2004). The prosecution may argue from the
facts that a witness should be believed. Id.
Prosecutorial comments must be read as a whole and evaluated in context, including the
arguments of the defense and the relationship they bear to the evidence. Thomas, 260 Mich. App.
at 454. Prosecutors have “great latitude regarding their arguments” in closing, and are “generally
free to argue the evidence and all reasonable inferences from the evidence as it relates to their
theory of the case.” Unger, 278 Mich. App. at 236, citing Bahoda, 448 Mich. at 282.
Here, during its opening statement, the prosecution explained to the jury that there was no
medical or DNA evidence of sexual abuse and that the allegations were not reported
contemporaneously with the assaults. The prosecution then remarked, “So we don’t have any
medicals. But we do have three very credible girls who will tell you about the different incidents
that happened between them and [defendant].” The prosecution said that the girls would testify
about specific incidents and indicated that while “there is no evidence,” the jurors could observe
the girls while they testified. Additionally, during closing argument, the prosecution, while
discussing a specific incident of sexual abuse described by one of the girls, stated that “the sisters
all kind of corroborate each other’s testimony.” The prosecution then stated, “These girls were
very credible. These [sic] goes to exactly what happened. There was no reason to lie or make it
up. [One of the girls] saw the defendant sexually assault her sisters. There was a giant
conspiracy.[3] That is assault happened [sic].”
3
From context, it is clear that the prosecution meant there was no “giant conspiracy” to make
defendant appear guilty of sexual assault.
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Defendant argues that the prosecution’s comments were presented as fact rather than as
comments on the evidence. Defendant cites Erb, 48 Mich. App. at 631, to support his argument
that the prosecution’s comments on the girls’ credibility constituted impermissible, unsworn
testimony. However, in Erb, the prosecution explicitly vouched for the credibility of the witness
and declared personal knowledge of the witness’s truthfulness:
“[I]f I thought a witness would come into court and testify under oath a falsity of
any kind, he would never be called as a witness in behalf of the people, never. It
is my duty to present the truth and I expect the witnesses that I call to present the
truth, and his testimony is that there is no question that the defendant is the man.
[Id.]
The Erb Court stated that, although the jury would undoubtedly know that the prosecution
thought that the defendant was guilty, nonetheless the prosecution could not “vouch for the
defendant’s guilt” by “ ‘attempt[ing] to place the prestige of his office, or that of the police,
behind a contention that the defendant is guilty.’ ” Id. at 632, quoting People v Cowell, 44 Mich
App 623, 628; 205 NW2d 600 (1973).
Unlike in Erb, the prosecution in this case linked its comment regarding the witnesses’
credibility to the evidence. During its opening statement, the prosecution noted that there was a
dearth of physical evidence and described the testimonial evidence as credible, emphasizing that
the jury would hear the testimony and view the witnesses, and implying that the jurors could
assess their credibility themselves. The prosecution did not state or imply that it had special
knowledge of the girls’ credibility. Similarly, the prosecution’s statement in closing argument
that the girls were credible was not premised on any special prosecutorial knowledge. Rather,
the prosecution argued that the testimony was credible because there was no evidence of a
motive to manufacture allegations and that the girls corroborated each other in their testimony.
The prosecution may remark that the evidence supports the conclusion that a witness is credible,
particularly “when there is conflicting evidence and the question of the defendant’s guilt depends
on which witnesses the jury believes.” Thomas, 260 Mich. App. at 455, citing People v Flanagan,
129 Mich. App. 786, 796; 342 NW2d 609 (1983). Here, without physical evidence, the jury had
to determine whether the girls’ or defendant’s version of events was credible. The prosecution
argued that the girls were credible in view of the evidence, and did not interfere with the jury’s
task of deciding credibility by referring to personal knowledge or the prestige of the office of the
prosecuting attorney. Therefore, the prosecution’s remarks were not inappropriate. We also note
that the jury acquitted defendant of four counts of CSC I and one count of CSC II, which
supports the conclusion that the jury weighed the evidence and made its own credibility
determinations rather than being swayed by the prosecution’s remarks.
Defendant also argues that his trial counsel provided ineffective assistance by failing to
object to the prosecution’s statements. However, because there was no misconduct, any
objection to the remarks would have been futile. Counsel will not be deemed ineffective for
failing to make a futile objection. In re Archer, 277 Mich. App. 71, 84; 744 NW2d 1 (2007).
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III. SENTENCING JUDGE
Defendant argues that resentencing is required because he was sentenced by a judge who
did not preside over his trial. We disagree.
“[A] defendant should be sentenced by the judge who presided at his trial, provided that
the judge is reasonably available.” People v Pierce, 158 Mich. App. 113, 115; 404 NW2d 230
(1987), citing People v Clemons, 407 Mich. 939, 939; 291 NW2d 927 (1979). The reason for
having the same judge preside over the trial or plea hearing and the sentencing of the defendant
is to ensure that the sentence is “tailored to fit the particular circumstances of the case and the
offender” as established during the trial or at the plea proceeding. Pierce, 158 Mich. App. at 115-
116. In Pierce, 158 Mich. App. at 116, this Court noted that the sentencing judge had presided
over two sentencing hearings “evolving from defendant’s challenges to the contents of the initial
presentence report,” and was therefore familiar with the relevant circumstances, and stated:
We also note, in passing, that defendant was informed at the plea-taking that
another judge would sentence him, and the original presentence report stated that
the sentencing judge would replace the plea-taking judge; yet he never made any
objection to that procedure. Thus, resentencing is not required. [Id.]
Defendant has waived any challenge to his sentencing by a different judge. Waiver is the
“intentional relinquishment or abandonment of a known right,” and it extinguishes any error.
People v Carter, 462 Mich. 206, 215-216; 612 NW2d 144 (2000). A waiver requires the express
approval of the trial court’s action. People v Loper, 299 Mich. App. 451, 472; 830 NW2d 836
(2013) (citation omitted). “When defense counsel clearly expresses satisfaction with a trial
court’s decision, counsel’s action will be deemed to constitute a waiver.” People v Kowalski,
489 Mich. 488, 503; 803 NW2d 200 (2011). “A defendant may not waive objection to an issue
before the trial court and then raise it as an error on appeal.” Carter, 462 Mich. at 214 (citation
omitted). Because defendant’s trial counsel declined an apparent offer to have Judge Viviano
sentence defendant on a date other than the scheduled sentencing date and twice expressly
approved sentencing by a judge other than Judge Viviano while understanding that defendant
had a right to be sentenced by Judge Viviano, defendant has waived this issue for consideration
on appeal.
Defendant also argues, however, that his trial counsel provided ineffective assistance by
agreeing to have him sentenced by a different judge. To preserve a claim of ineffective
assistance of counsel, a defendant must move the trial court for a new trial or request a Ginther4
hearing in the trial court. People v Payne, 285 Mich. App. 181, 188; 774 NW2d 714 (2009).
Defendant failed to do so. Our review is therefore limited to errors apparent on the record.
People v Unger (On Remand), 278 Mich. App. 210, 235; 749 NW2d 272 (2008). A claim of
ineffective assistance of counsel is a mixed question of fact and law; we review for clear error
4
People v Ginther, 390 Mich. 436; 212 NW2d 922 (1973).
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the trial court’s factual findings, but review de novo the constitutional question of whether a
defendant was deprived of his Sixth Amendment5 right to counsel. Id. at 242.
The right to counsel encompasses the right to the effective assistance of counsel. People
v Cline, 276 Mich. App. 634, 637; 741 NW2d 563 (2007). To establish a claim of ineffective
assistance of counsel, a defendant must show that (1) counsel’s performance was deficient and
(2) counsel’s deficient performance prejudiced the defense. People v Taylor, 275 Mich. App. 177,
186; 737 NW2d 790 (2007). A counsel’s performance is deficient if it fell below an objective
standard of professional reasonableness. People v Jordan, 275 Mich. App. 659, 667; 739 NW2d
706 (2007). A defendant must overcome the strong presumption that counsel’s performance
constituted “sound trial strategy.” Id. at 668. Counsel’s performance will be deemed to have
prejudiced the defense if it is reasonably probable that, but for counsel’s error, the result of the
proceeding would have been different. Id. The effective assistance of counsel is presumed, and
the defendant bears the heavy burden of proving otherwise. People v Rodgers, 248 Mich. App.
702, 714; 645 NW2d 294 (2001).
Here, defendant’s trial counsel did not provide a reason on the record for agreeing to
waive defendant’s right to sentencing by the trial judge. It may be that counsel believed that the
trial judge would be less likely to issue a lenient sentence than would a different sentencing
judge, or that he believed defendant would benefit from having a judge sentence him who had
not observed the three young girls testify. In the absence of a Ginther hearing, defendant has not
carried his burden of overcoming the presumption that defense counsel’s conduct constituted
sound trial strategy. Jordan, 275 Mich. App. at 668.
In any event, even if defense counsel’s conduct fell below an objective standard of
reasonableness, defendant has not demonstrated that he was prejudiced. Id. at 667. The
sentencing judge reviewed the presentence investigation report before sentencing, and heard
brief statements from counsel and the prosecution, who requested a consecutive sentence that
was not imposed. The sentencing judge also heard a statement by one of the girls, and heard a
statement from defendant, who proclaimed his innocence and noted the acquittals on five
charges. Although defendant argues that the sentencing judge “did not know the case,”
defendant presents no evidence that the sentencing judge was uniformed about the evidence
admitted at trial or was unable to tailor a sentence to fit the circumstances of the case and the
offender. See Pierce, 158 Mich. App. at 115-116. Defendant has not established that it was an
improper strategy to waive sentencing by the trial judge, or that the waiver prejudiced him.
Accordingly, he has not established ineffective assistance of counsel.
IV. SENTENCING DEPARTURE
Finally, defendant argues that his sentence, which departed from the recommended
guidelines minimum sentence range, was unreasonable. We disagree. While a court must score
and consider the sentencing guidelines, the court is not compelled to impose a minimum
5
US Const, Am VI.
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sentence within the calculated range. People v Lockridge, 498 Mich. 358, 365; 870 NW2d 502
(2015). A sentencing court may depart from the sentencing guidelines range without stating
substantial and compelling reasons to justify the departure; however, the trial court’s sentence
must be reasonable. Id. at 392. This Court reviews the trial court’s imposition of a departure
sentence for an abuse of discretion. People v Steanhouse, 500 Mich. 453, 471; 902 NW2d 327
(2017); People v Walden, 319 Mich. App. 344, 351, 355; 901 NW2d 142 (2017). The trial court
does not abuse its discretion when it chooses an outcome within the range of reasonable and
principled outcomes. People v Babcock, 469 Mich. 247, 269; 666 NW2d 231 (2003).
The reasonableness of a sentence is determined by evaluating whether the sentence
“violate[d] the principle of proportionality, which require[s] sentences imposed by the trial court
to be proportionate to the seriousness of the circumstances surrounding the offense and the
offender.” Steanhouse, 500 Mich. at 474, quoting People v Milbourn, 435 Mich. 630, 636; 461
NW2d 1 (1990). This Court has recited several factors for consideration regarding the
proportionality of a sentence, such as:
(1) the seriousness of the offense, (2) factors not considered by the guidelines,
such as the relationship between the victim and the aggressor, the defendant’s
misconduct while in custody, the defendant’s expressions of remorse, and the
defendant’s potential for rehabilitation, and (3) factors that were inadequately
considered by the guidelines in a particular case. [People v Steanhouse, 313 Mich
App 1, 46; 880 NW2d 297 (2015) (citations omitted).]
A trial court should also take “into account the nature of the offense and the background of the
offender.” Id. at 45, quoting Milbourn, 435 Mich. at 651.
Here, the trial court sentenced defendant to a minimum of 19 years (228 months) in
prison for his CSC I conviction, whereas the guidelines recommended a minimum sentence
range of 126 to 210 months. Therefore, defendant’s sentence exceeds the upper end of the
guideline minimum sentence range by 18 months. The trial court offered the following rationale
for the sentence imposed:
[Y]ou’re a very smart young man, but you are also a sexual predator. You
knew what you were doing. And I believe you did it based on what the jury has
done. You’ve done all of this research over there. But, in so far, you have no
remorse for what you did and what the jury said that you did. You have not
accepted the fact that your behavior is abnormal. And if you walked out of this
door tomorrow, you’d probably do it again.
The sentencing court properly considered the fact that defendant lacked remorse and had a poor
chance at rehabilitation as reasons for the term of sentence imposed. See Steanhouse, 313 Mich
App at 46. Additionally, defendant’s CSC I convictions resulted from his conduct toward one of
the girls to whom he offered money in exchange for sexual acts and whom he assaulted “too
many times to count” under a threat that he would assault her sisters if she declined. Defendant
was assessed 50 points, the maximum allowed, for offense variable (OV) 13, which provides that
50 points be assessed if “the offense was part of a pattern of felonious criminal activity involving
3 or more sexual penetrations against a person or persons less than 13 years of age.”
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MCL 774.43. But the girl testified that defendant’s abuse of her consisted of “sexual
intercourse” and occurred “more [times] than [she could] count” between the ages of 7 and 13.
The sentencing court thus could have properly concluded that OV 13 was given inadequate
weight. Steanhouse, 313 Mich. App. at 46. Similarly, OV 10 was scored at 15 points, the
maximum possible, for predatory conduct against a victim. See MCL 777.40(a). But in this
case, defendant also exploited both the girls’ youth and domestic relationships, each of which
would have justified a score of 10 points. See MCL 777.40(b). The sentencing court thus could
have properly concluded that OV 10 was thus given inadequate weight. Steanhouse, 313 Mich
App at 46.
More generally, defendant was assessed 160 points for his OV score, placing him at the
highest OV level, OV level VI, where offenders with an OV score of 100 or higher are placed.
See MCL 77.62. The trial court thus could have properly concluded that the fact that defendant’s
OV score “vastly exceeded” the amount necessary to reach the highest OV level justified the
departure, as those additional 60 points had no effect on the recommended minimum sentence.
People v Stewart, 442 Mich. 937, 937; 505 NW2d 576 (1993) (holding that an OV score of 70
points over the amount needed to reach the highest level of offense severity justified the trial
court’s upward departure of five years above the guidelines minimum sentence range).
In sum, we hold that the upward departure from the advisory guidelines range was
“proportionate to the seriousness of the circumstances surrounding the offense and the offender,”
Steanhouse, 500 Mich. at 474, and that the trial court did not abuse its discretion because it
imposed a reasonable sentence, Walden, 319 Mich. App. at 353 (“[c]onsidering the modest nature
of the upward departure, the trial court’s statements in support of the sentence, and the record,
we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion and that the sentence imposed
satisfied the requirement that a sentencing departure be ‘proportionate to the seriousness of the
circumstances of the offense and the offender.’ ”) (Citing to Milbourne, 435 Mich. at 636).
Defendant further argues that the trial court impermissibly based the sentence on
defendant’s refusal to admit his guilt. We disagree. “A sentencing court cannot base a sentence
even in part on a defendant’s refusal to admit guilt.” Payne, 285 Mich. App. at 193-194, quoting
Dobek, 274 Mich. App. at 104. A defendant should not be penalized for exercising his
constitutional right to a trial. People v Mosko, 190 Mich. App. 204, 211; 475 NW2d 866 (1991).
However, this does not preclude a judge from taking a defendant’s lack of remorse into
consideration. See People v Walker, 319 Mich. App. 344, 353; 901 NW2d 142 (2017).
At sentencing, defendant spoke of “how unfortunate it [was] that I couldn’t totally prove
my innocence in this case.” Defendant stated that the jury could see through some of the lies but
that he could not understand how the jury could not see through all of the lies. Defendant
expressed that he was not bitter towards the jury despite its error, and asserted that the jurors
must have been confused or uncertain because their verdict of acquittal on certain counts
demonstrated that they knew that the girls were lying. Defendant expressed his belief that he
should have been acquitted of all charges because the jury should have consistently found that
the girls were lying. Defendant added that he was young and had plans for an education and to
do something great with his life, thanked his family, and asked that God bless the girls.
This Court examines three factors in determining whether the sentencing court
improperly considered a defendant’s refusal to admit guilt: “(1) the defendant’s maintenance of
innocence after conviction; (2) the judge’s attempt to get the defendant to admit guilt; and (3) the
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appearance that had the defendant affirmatively admitted guilt, his sentence would not have been
so severe.” Payne, 285 Mich. App. at 194, citing People v Wesley, 428 Mich. 708, 713; 411
NW2d 159 (1987). Where the three factors are implicated, the “sentence was likely to have been
improperly influenced by the defendant’s persistence in his innocence.” Dobek, 274 Mich. App.
at 104, citing Wesley, 428 Mich. at 713. Here, defendant did continue to maintain his innocence,
which the trial court referenced. However, the trial court did not make any comments suggesting
that defendant should admit his guilt or indicate that the sentence would have been reduced had
he admitted his guilt. The trial court made passing reference to the fact that defendant
demonstrated “no remorse,” and had “not accepted the fact that your behavior is abnormal.” A
fair reading of these comments does not lead to the conclusion that the trial court was insistent
that defendant admit his guilt. A sentencing court may consider a defendant’s lack of remorse in
sentencing without impermissibly considering the defendant’s failure to admit guilt. Dobek, 274
Mich. App. at 104; Wesley, 428 Mich. at 713-714. And, as stated, there was ample support for the
departure even without consideration of defendant’s lack of remorse.
Affirmed.
/s/ Brock A. Swartzle
/s/ Mark T. Boonstra
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