People of Michigan v. York Mack

If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.
STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN, UNPUBLISHED
November 7, 2019
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v No. 344881
Wayne Circuit Court
YORK MACK, LC No. 17-010137-01-FC
Defendant-Appellant.
Before: RONAYNE KRAUSE, P.J., and METER and GLEICHER, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
In the early morning hours of June 13, 2017, Keyon Cohen was gunned down in the street
outside his home. Police arrested defendant, York Mack, as he had recently threatened to kill
Cohen, a romantic rival. The prosecution charged defendant with first-degree premeditated
murder, MCL 750.316(1)(a), felon in possession of a firearm, MCL 750.224f, and possession of
a firearm during the commission of a felony, MCL 750.227b. The jury acquitted defendant of
these charges and instead convicted him of the lesser included offense of second-degree murder,
MCL 750.317. Defendant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting his
identification as the perpetrator, contends that the prosecutor improperly elicited testimony
regarding his criminal history, and asserts that the court erred in instructing the jury on the lesser
offense of second-degree murder. We affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
At one point in time, SB was romantically involved with both Cohen and defendant. SB
became frightened of defendant and she ended their relationship. Not to be dissuaded, defendant
told SB’s mother that he wanted to marry SB. And confirming SB’s fears, defendant informed
SB and her mother that he would kill any man that got between them. Unfortunately, defendant
discovered SB’s relationship with Cohen and made good on his threats.
At approximately 2:30 a.m. on the morning of June 13, 2017, a friend dropped Cohen off
at home after work. A half hour later, neighbors heard a loud noise. One ran out and found
Cohen laying the street. Cohen had been shot 12 times and died before the ambulance arrived.
Officers found a trail of .233 caliber shell casings in the street.
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II. SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE
Defendant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting his identification as
Cohen’s killer. We review such challenges de novo, “viewing the evidence in the light most
favorable to the prosecution, to determine whether the trier of fact could have found that the
essential elements of the crime were proved beyond a reasonable doubt.” People v Gaines, 306
Mich. App. 289, 296; 856 NW2d 222 (2014). All conflicts in the evidence are resolved in favor
of the prosecution, and all circumstantial evidence and reasonable inferences drawn therefrom
can establish satisfactory proof of the crime. People v Solloway, 316 Mich. App. 174, 180-181;
891 NW2d 255 (2016). Assessing the credibility of the witnesses is the sole province of the jury
as it, and not the appellate court, has the opportunity to observe the witnesses first-hand. People
v Lemmon, 456 Mich. 625, 642-643; 576 NW2d 129 (1998); People v Mikulen, 324 Mich. App.
14, 20; 919 NW2d 454 (2018).
Identity is an element of every crime. People v Yost, 278 Mich. App. 341, 356; 749 NW2d
753 (2008). Defendant complains that no forensic or eyewitness evidence connects him to the
shooting. However, “[c]ircumstantial evidence and reasonable inferences arising therefrom may
constitute proof of the elements of the crime,” including identity. People v Bennett, 290 Mich
App 465, 472; 802 NW2d 627 (2010); People v Sullivan, 290 Mich. 414, 418; 287 N.W. 567(1939). Moreover, the prosecution was not required to establish that defendant personally held
the gun and pulled the trigger. A defendant can be convicted of second-degree murder based on
an aiding and abetting theory if the prosecution presents evidence that the defendant “performed
acts or gave encouragement that assisted in the commission of the crime” and intended for the
principal to commit the crime or had knowledge that the principal would commit the crime.
People v Carines, 460 Mich. 750, 768; 597 NW2d 130 (1999) (quotation marks and citation
omitted).
The prosecutor in this case presented evidence establishing defendant’s motive and
placing him in the area at the time of the shooting. As noted, defendant advertised that he would
kill any man that interfered with his relationship with SB. Defendant was on notice of Cohen’s
relationship with SB. There was testimony that defendant even visited the club where Cohen
worked to learn more about him. Defendant knew where Cohen lived. The night before the
shooting, defendant called SB and said, “I am on some shit tonight” and was “around big guns.”
Defendant claimed he was at the casino at the time of the shooting. However, defendant’s
cellular telephone location data placed him in the vicinity of the shooting, far from the named
casinos, at that time. This evidence further established that defendant drove away from the area
shortly after the shooting, creating the inference that he was fleeing the scene. The prosecution
also presented a recorded jailhouse telephone call in which defendant denied killing Cohen, but
admitted, “I had a role.” Defendant claimed that he was present during the shooting, did not
know his comrade intended to kill Cohen, and was unaware that his friend possessed a gun until
the friend removed it from their vehicle’s trunk.
This evidence was sufficient for the jury to infer that defendant at least aided and abetted
in the killing of Cohen. Accordingly, defendant is not entitled to relief.
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III. PROSECUTORIAL MISCONDUCT
Defendant next contends that the prosecutor improperly elicited testimony from SB
regarding defendant’s criminal history. Specifically, defendant challenges the following
questions posed by the prosecutor and answered by SB:
Q. Now [defendant]. When did you meet [defendant]?
A. A few weeks after he got out of jail in March I think, March. He got
out in March.
Q. Okay. And that’s March 2017?
A. Yes. Yeah.
* * *
Q. Okay. What did he do when he got to the party [for your son’s
birthday]?
A. He hopped out . . ., gave my son some money, then got back in the car.
And then hanging out the window talking about he just did 10 years and all this
crazy stuff.
Defendant failed to preserve his challenge by raising a timely objection and our review is
therefore limited to plain error that affected the outcome of the trial. People v Callon, 256 Mich
App 312, 329; 662 NW2d 501 (2003); People v Unger, 278 Mich. App. 210, 235; 749 NW2d 272
(2008). In reviewing defendant’s challenge, we must consider the testimony in its entirety to
place the questions and responses in context. People v Mann, 288 Mich. App. 114, 119; 792
NW2d 53 (2010).
Defendant is correct that references to a defendant’s prior incarceration are generally
inadmissible. People v Spencer, 130 Mich. App. 527, 537; 343 NW2d 607 (1983). “It is well
settled that evidence of a prior conviction may be prejudicial to the accused, the danger being
that the jury will misuse prior conviction evidence by focusing on the defendant’s general bad
character . . . .” People v Griffin, 235 Mich. App. 27, 36; 597 NW2d 176 (1999) (quotation marks
and citation omitted), overruled in part on other grounds by People v Thompson, 477 Mich. 146,
148; 730 NW2d 708 (2007).
It is clear on this record, however, that SB’s responses to the prosecutor’s questions were
unresponsive and the prosecutor was not trying to elicit improper testimony. It was unnecessary
for SB to refer to defendant’s prison time in giving a date for her first meeting with defendant. It
was also unnecessary for SB to describe defendant’s reference to his prior incarceration during
his uninvited appearance at her son’s birthday party. “Unresponsive answers from witnesses are
generally not prosecutorial error.” People v Jackson, 313 Mich. App. 409, 427; 884 NW2d 297
(2015). “As a general rule, unresponsive testimony by a prosecution witness does not justify a
mistrial unless the prosecutor knew in advance that the witness would give the unresponsive
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testimony or the prosecutor conspired with or encouraged the witness to give that testimony.”
People v Hackney, 183 Mich. App. 516, 531; 455 NW2d 358 (1990).
In any event, SB’s reference to defendant’s prior incarceration did not likely affect the
outcome of the trial. Defense counsel actually mentioned defendant’s prior incarceration first in
opening statement, indicating that defendant had only been out of prison for three months when
Cohen was shot. During closing argument, defense counsel reiterated that defendant had only
been out of jail a short period at the time of the shooting. “[A]n appellant may not benefit from
an alleged error that the appellant contributed to by plan or negligence.” People v Witherspoon
(After Remand), 257 Mich. App. 329, 333; 670 NW2d 434 (2003). And SB’s testimony did not
provide surprise information to the jury. Accordingly, defendant is again not entitled to relief.
IV. JURY INSTRUCTION
Finally, defendant challenges the trial court’s decision to instruct the jury on the lesser
included offense of second-degree murder over his objection. Specifically, defendant contends
that the only disputed issue in this case was identity, not “the elements that differentiate” first-
degree premeditated murder from second-degree murder. The prosecution requested the
instruction because in the recorded jailhouse telephone call, defendant admitted to being present
at the shooting, but claimed ignorance of his partner’s plan, thus placing the element of intent in
dispute.
We review de novo claims of instructional error, but review for an abuse of discretion the
trial court’s determination of whether a particular instruction is applicable given the facts of the
case. People v Hartuniewicz, 294 Mich. App. 237, 242; 816 NW2d 442 (2011). “A defendant has
the right to have a properly instructed jury consider the evidence against him or her, and it is the
trial court’s role to clearly present the case to the jury and to instruct it on the applicable law.”
People v Henderson, 306 Mich. App. 1, 4; 854 NW2d 234 (2014) (quotation marks and citation
omitted). “The instructions must include all elements of the charged offenses and any material
issues, defenses, and theories if supported by the evidence.” People v McGhee, 268 Mich. App.
600, 606; 709 NW2d 595 (2005).
“[A] requested instruction on a necessarily included lesser offense is proper if the
charged greater offense requires the jury to find a disputed factual element that is not part of the
lesser included offense and a rational view of the evidence would support it.” People v Cornell,
466 Mich. 335, 357; 646 NW2d 127 (2002), overruled in part on other grounds by People v
Mendoza, 468 Mich. 527 (2003). “An inferior-offense instruction is appropriate only when a
rational view of the evidence supports a conviction for the lesser offense.” Mendoza, 468 Mich
at 545.
“Second-degree murder is always a lesser included offense of first-degree murder. First-
degree murder is second-degree (common-law) murder plus an element, viz., either
premeditation or the perpetration or attempt to perpetrate an enumerated felony. Conversely,
second-degree murder is first-degree murder minus premeditation or the enumerated felony.”
People v Carter, 395 Mich. 434, 437-438; 236 NW2d 500 (1975). Although defendant actively
presented only one defense at trial—that he was not the perpetrator—defendant’s own recorded
words placed the element of intent in question. The prosecution wove a web of circumstantial
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evidence tending to establish that defendant travelled to Cohen’s home with a premeditated plan
to kill Cohen. In a recorded conversation, however, defendant admitted to being outside Cohen’s
home, but denied any preknowledge that his friend planned to kill Cohen. On this record, the
trial court properly determined that the intent element was in dispute and that the lesser included
offense instruction was necessary.
We affirm.
/s/ Amy Ronayne Krause
/s/ Patrick M. Meter
/s/ Elizabeth L. Gleicher
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