People of Michigan v. Keshaun Dante Bailey

STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN, UNPUBLISHED
January 12, 2017
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v No. 329620
Wayne Circuit Court
KESHAUN DANTE BAILEY, LC No. 15-001577-01-FH
Defendant-Appellee.
Before: RIORDAN, P.J., and FORT HOOD and SERVITTO, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
This case is before this Court on remand from the Michigan Supreme Court for
consideration as on leave granted. People v Bailey, ___ Mich ___; 883 NW2d 761 (2016).
Defendant was charged with carrying a concealed weapon, MCL 750.227, possession of less
than 25 grams of heroin, MCL 333.7403(2)(a)(v), possession of a firearm during the commission
of a felony (felony-firearm), MCL 750.227b, and possession of marijuana, MCL 333.7403(2)(d).
Defendant moved to suppress evidence of a firearm and less than 25 grams of heroin that the
police secured following a search of a minivan in which defendant was travelling as a
passenger.1 The prosecution filed a delayed application for leave to appeal the trial court’s
suppression order, and we reverse and remand for proceedings consistent with this opinion.
On appeal, the thrust of the prosecution’s challenges to the trial court’s suppression order
relate to its argument that the search of the minivan that defendant was travelling in and the safe
contained in the minivan were lawful as incident to defendant’s arrest. We agree.
As an initial matter, defendant asserts that the issue of whether the contested search was
lawful as incident to his arrest was not raised in and decided by the trial court. Even accepting
this contention, this Court may review an unpreserved issue where it presents a question of law,
and the facts necessary to resolve the issue have been presented. People v Smart, 304 Mich. App.
244, 274; 850 NW2d 579 (2014).
1
The items were retrieved from a locked safe in the minivan.
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In People v Tavernier, 295 Mich. App. 582, 584; 815 NW2d 154 (2012), this Court
recognized the applicable standards for reviewing a trial court’s findings of fact and ultimate
decision in relation to a defendant’s motion to suppress evidence.
This Court reviews a trial court’s findings of fact at a suppression hearing for
clear error and reviews de novo its ultimate decision on a motion to suppress the
evidence. People v Hyde, 285 Mich. App. 428, 438; 775 NW2d 833 (2009);
People v Mullen, 282 Mich. App. 14, 21; 762 NW2d 170 (2008). Whether the
exclusionary rule should be applied to a violation of the Fourth Amendment is a
question of law reviewed de novo. People v Custer, 465 Mich. 319, 326; 630
NW2d 870 (2001).
In People v Houstina, 216 Mich. App. 70, 74; 549 NW2d 11 (1996), this Court set forth the
following principles of law regarding the right to be free from unreasonable searches and
seizures.
This right to be secure against unreasonable searches and seizures absent a
warrant based upon probable cause is subject to several specifically established
and well-delineated exceptions. Generally, evidence obtained in violation of the
Fourth Amendment is inadmissible as substantive evidence in criminal
proceedings. Thus, in order to show that a search was legal, the police must show
either that they had a warrant or that their conduct fell within one of the narrow,
specific exceptions to the warrant requirement. [Citations omitted.]
In Arizona v Gant, 556 U.S. 332, 338; 129 S. Ct. 1710; 173 L. Ed. 2d 485 (2009), the United
States Supreme Court observed that one of the exceptions to the requirement that a search be
conducted pursuant to a warrant is “a search incident to a lawful arrest.” According to the Gant
Court, “[t]he exception derives from interests in officer safety and evidence preservation that are
typically implicated in arrest situations.” Id. (Citations omitted.) As relevant to this appeal, in
Gant, 556 U.S. at 343-344, the United States Supreme Court held as follows:
Although it does not follow from Chimel [v California, 395 U.S. 752; 89 S
Ct 2034; 23 L. Ed. 2d 685 (1969)], we also conclude that circumstances unique to
the vehicle context justify a search incident to a lawful arrest when it is
“reasonable to believe evidence relevant to the crime of arrest might be found in
the vehicle.” Thornton [v United States, 541 U.S. 615, 632; 124 S. Ct. 2127; 158 L
Ed 2d 905 (2004) (SCALIA J., concurring in judgment). In many cases, as when a
recent occupant is arrested for a traffic violation, there will be no reasonable basis
to believe the vehicle contains relevant evidence. See, e.g., Atwater v Lago Vista,
532 U.S. 318, 324; 121 S. Ct. 1536; 149 L. Ed. 2d 549 (2001); Knowles v Iowa, 525
U.S. 113, 118; 119 S. Ct. 484; 142 L. Ed. 2d 492 (1998). But in others, including
[New York v Belton, 453 U.S. 454; 101 S. Ct. 2860; 69 L. Ed. 2d 768 (1981)] and
Thornton, the offense of arrest will supply a basis for searching the passenger
compartment of an arrestee’s vehicle and any containers therein.
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In Tavernier, 295 Mich. App. at 585-586, this Court undertook a thorough analysis of
under what circumstances it will be reasonable for law enforcement to believe that evidence
relevant to the crime of arrest may be yielded from a search of an arrestee’s vehicle:
Several cases, including Gant, provide guidance in determining reasonableness.
In Terry v Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 21–22; 88 S. Ct. 1868; 20 L. Ed. 2d 889 (1968), the
Court stated that in determining reasonableness, the trial court must consider
whether the facts known to the officer at the time of the stop would warrant a
reasonably prudent person to suspect criminal activity. An officer’s conclusion
must be drawn from reasonable inferences based on the facts in light of his
training and experience. Id. at 27. “The reasonableness of an officer’s suspicion
is determined case by case on the basis of the totality of all the facts and
circumstances.” People v LoCicero (After Remand), 453 Mich. 496, 501–502; 556
NW2d 498 (1996). “[T]hose circumstances must be viewed ‘as understood and
interpreted by law enforcement officers, not legal scholars . . . .’” People v
Oliver, 464 Mich. 184, 192; 627 NW2d 297 (2001), quoting People v Nelson, 443
Mich. 626, 632; 505 NW2d 266 (1993). The United States Supreme Court has
said that deference should be given to the experience of law enforcement officers
and their assessments of criminal modes and patterns. United States v Arvizu, 534
U.S. 266, 273; 122 S. Ct. 744; 151 L. Ed. 2d 740 (2002).
The Gant Court did not expressly define the meaning of the phrase
“reasonable to believe,” nor did it expound on when it is reasonable for an officer
to believe that the passenger compartment of a vehicle might contain evidence of
the crime for which the vehicle’s occupant was arrested, but it did provide strong
clues regarding what is reasonable. The Court said that the offenses of arrest in
Belton (unlawful possession of marijuana) and Thornton (unlawful possession of
marijuana and crack cocaine) supplied “a basis for searching the passenger
compartment of an arrestee’s vehicle and any containers therein.” Gant, 556 U.S.
at 344. The Court also gave examples of offenses for which there is no reason to
believe that evidence relevant to the crime of arrest would be found in the vehicle,
such as civil infractions and driving without a valid license. Id. at 343–344. Gant
also specifically stated that “the offense of arrest will supply a basis for searching
the passenger compartment of an arrestee’s vehicle and any containers therein.”
Id. at 344.
In the instant case, the record evidence adduced at the suppression hearing confirms that
it was reasonable for Officer Chad Jagotka to suspect that evidence relevant to the crime of arrest
would be yielded following a search of the minivan and safe. This Court is required to evaluate
the totality of the circumstances leading up to the search, looking at the facts that were available
to Officer Jagotka, and, deferring to his law enforcement experience, determine the legality of
the search he undertook on that basis. Tavernier, 295 Mich. App. at 585-586. Officer Jagotka
testified that he pursued the vehicle defendant was travelling in after receiving a call regarding a
nearby disturbance and where the vehicle matched the description given by the caller to a 911
dispatcher. The minivan defendant was travelling in was stopped because it bore an improper
license plate. Defendant initially lied to Officer Jagotka and gave him an alias of Mark Bailey.
After being confronted by police, defendant admitted that he had multiple outstanding warrants.
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Defendant also admitted to police officers as he got out of the minivan that he was in possession
of marijuana. Under these facts, it was certainly reasonable for Officer Jagotka to conclude that
evidence relevant to the offense of marijuana possession would be retrieved following a search
of the minivan and the safe.
Reversed and remanded for proceedings consistent with this opinion. We do not retain
jurisdiction.2
/s/ Michael J. Riordan
/s/ Karen M. Fort Hood
/s/ Deborah A. Servitto
2
Given our disposition of this issue, we need not consider the alternative arguments presented by
the prosecution in its brief on appeal to support the lawfulness of the search.
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