People of Michigan v. Nancy Edna Johnson

STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN, UNPUBLISHED
January 26, 2017
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v No. 329702
Genesee Circuit Court
NANCY EDNA JOHNSON, LC No. 12-030932-FC
Defendant-Appellant.
Before: BECKERING, P.J., and SAWYER and SAAD, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
Defendant, Nancy Edna Johnson, appeals as of right her resentencing to life
imprisonment for her jury trial conviction of carjacking, MCL 750.529a. We vacate only
defendant’s carjacking sentence and remand to the trial court.
This is the second time this matter has come before the Court. On May 2, 2013, a jury
convicted defendant of first-degree murder, MCL 750.316, carjacking, MCL 750.529a, carrying
a concealed weapon, MCL 750.227, and possession of a firearm during the commission of a
felony, MCL 750.227b, and on May 23, 2013, the trial court sentenced her accordingly. People
v Horn, unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of Appeals, issued December 2, 2014
(Docket Nos. 316757; 317352; 319816), p 2, rev’d in part 498 Mich. 903 (2015). Relevant to the
instant appeal, the trial court sentenced defendant to life in prison for the carjacking conviction.
Id. Defendant appealed her convictions and her carjacking sentence, contending with regard to
the latter that the sentence exceeded the recommended guidelines and that the court imposed it
without explanation for the upward departure. Id. at 20-21. This Court affirmed defendant’s
convictions, but remanded the matter to the trial court for explanation or resentencing of
defendant’s carjacking sentence. Id. at 21-22.
In the current appeal, defendant challenges the trial court’s imposition, on resentencing,
of a sentence of life in prison for her carjacking conviction. Defendant contends that the
sentence is unreasonable because it exceeds the applicable guidelines range of 135 to 225
months. She further argues that the factors considered by the trial court in imposing a sentence
that exceeded the guidelines range were adequately addressed and considered by the scoring of
the relevant offense variables.
The Supreme Court has instructed this Court to review “[a] sentence that departs from the
applicable guidelines range . . . for reasonableness.” People v Lockridge, 498 Mich. 358, 392;
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870 NW2d 502 (2015). After Lockridge, this Court, in People v Steanhouse, 313 Mich. App. 1,
47-48; 880 NW2d 297 (2015), lv gtd 499 Mich. 934 (2016), held that the standard of review to be
used by this Court to review sentences for “reasonableness” is the standard identified by our
Supreme Court in People v Milbourn, 435 Mich. 630, 659-660; 461 NW2d 1 (1990)1:
Where there is a departure from the sentencing guidelines, an appellate
court’s first inquiry should be whether the case involves circumstances that are
not adequately embodied within the variables used to score the guidelines. A
departure from the recommended range in the absence of factors not adequately
reflected in the guidelines should alert the appellate court to the possibility that
the trial court has violated the principle of proportionality and thus abused its
sentencing discretion. Even where some departure appears to be appropriate, the
extent of the departure (rather than the fact of the departure itself) may embody a
violation of the principle of proportionality.
The timing of events makes the circumstances of this appeal somewhat unusual. The trial
court originally sentenced defendant on May 23, 2013. This Court issued its unpublished
appellate decision, remanding this matter for the resentencing of defendant’s carjacking
conviction on December 2, 2014. Horn, unpub op at 1. Both events preceded our Supreme
Court’s decision in Lockridge, which was issued on July 29, 2015. Lockridge, 498 Mich. at 358.
Although, as indicated above, Lockridge mandated that appellate courts review a departure
sentence for reasonableness, Lockridge, 498 Mich. at 392, the Lockridge Court failed to delineate
“[t]he appropriate procedure for considering the reasonableness of a departure sentence,”
Steanhouse, 313 Mich. App. at 42. The trial court resentenced defendant on September 30, 2015,
at which time the court explained its reasoning behind the departure sentence according to the
“substantial and compelling” standard discussed in People v Babcock, 469 Mich. 247, 256-258;
666 NW2d 231 (2005).
On October 22, 2015, this Court issued its decision in Steanhouse, identifying the
appropriate standard to use when reviewing a sentence that departs from the applicable
guidelines range. Steanhouse, 313 Mich. App. at 48 (“[T]he principle of proportionality
established under Milbourn and its progeny is now the appropriate standard by which a
defendant’s sentence should be reviewed. . . .”). In Steanhouse, we found that “implementation
of the reasonableness standard requires remand for consideration of the sentence’s
proportionality pursuant to [Milbourn.]” People v Heller, ___ Mich App ___, ___; ___ NW2d
___ (2016) (Docket No. 326821); slip op at 2, citing Steanhouse, 313 Mich. App. at 48. Given
Steanhouse’s directive, we conclude that the trial court in the instant case “must be permitted to
reconsider defendant’s sentence in the light of Milbourn.” Heller, ___ Mich App at ___; slip op
at 2.2
1
Superseded as stated in People v Armisted, 295 Mich. App. 32; 811 NW2d 47 (2011).
2
A remand may seem unnecessary at first glance, given that the trial court sentenced defendant
to life without parole for first-degree murder, which conviction and sentence we confirmed.
Horn, unpub op at 2, 21-22. As recognized in People v Watkins, 209 Mich. App. 1, 5; 530 NW2d
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Remand to the trial court is necessary in the case at bar not only due to the disadvantage
the trial court was operating under at the time of resentencing in lacking the Steanhouse decision
for reference and direction, but also because it does not appear that the trial court properly
considered, or properly articulated, the requirements for sentencing under Lockridge. At
resentencing, despite Lockridge having been issued two months before, the trial court continued
to reference Babcock, and indicated the continued necessity to articulate “substantial and
compelling reasons” for the departure sentence. Given the confusion that ensued following the
issuance of Lockridge, it is understandable that the manner in which that decision was to be
applied was not fully comprehended or appreciated at the time of defendant’s resentencing.
With regard to her specific sentence, defendant contends that the scoring of offense
variables (OVs) 1, 3, 4, and 13 sufficiently considered or accounted for the factors the trial court
relied on to impose its upward-departing sentence, and that the trial court’s life-sentence for
carjacking violated the principle of proportionality.
We first note that defendant did not contest the scoring of the variables either at her
original sentencing or at resentencing. The trial court scored 25 points for OV 1, 100 points for
OV 3, 0 points for OV 4,3 and 25 points for OV 13. Twenty-five points are scored under OV 1
when “[a] firearm was discharged at or toward a human being or a victim was cut or stabbed
with a knife or other cutting or stabbing weapon.” MCL 777.31(1)(a). Under OV 3, 100 points
are scored when “[a] victim was killed.” MCL 777.33(1)(a). And pursuant to OV 13, 25 points
are scored when “[t]he offense was part of a pattern of felonious criminal activity involving 3 or
more crimes against a person.” MCL 777.43(1)(c).
111 (1995), a defendant’s “first-degree murder conviction, with its mandatory life sentence
effectively nullifies the significance of any sentences for the companion convictions.” Thus,
based on her mandatory life sentence, defendant is “not entitled to any relief.” People v Poole,
218 Mich. App. 702, 719; 555 NW2d 485 (1996).
Recently, however, People v Young, unpublished opinion of the Court of Appeals, issued
December 23, 2014 (Docket No. 317981), presented us with issues similar to those in Watkins
and Poole. In Young, this Court affirmed the defendant’s convictions for first-degree murder and
two counts of assault with intent to murder (AWIM) and, relying upon Watkins, reasoned that it
need not address the defendant’s challenge to his sentences for AWIM because the sentences
“would be moot in light of defendant’s mandatory life sentence without parole for his first-
degree murder conviction.” Young, unpub op at 9-10. The defendant filed an application for
leave to appeal the decision and, in a one-page order, our Supreme Court reversed this Court’s
ruling in part and remanded the matter to the circuit court “to determine whether the court would
have imposed materially different sentences” for the lesser charges under the sentencing
procedure described in Lockridge. People v Young, 498 Mich. 903; 870 NW2d 722 (2015). As a
final disposition of an application for leave to appeal, the Supreme Court’s order is binding. See
People v Crall, 444 Mich. 463, 464 n 8; 510 NW2d 182 (1993). To the extent that we understand
the order, it appears to require remand of the instant case for the trial court to consider
defendant’s carjacking sentence in light of Lockridge and Steanhouse.
3
We assume that defendant is not challenging the trial court’s score of zero for OV 4
(psychological injury to the victim) or its impact on the imposition of a departure sentence.
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Defendant’s suggestion that these OVs adequately took into consideration the heinous
and callous nature of her crime is without merit. Defendant and her codefendant approached the
victim while she was fueling her vehicle. Her codefendant shot the victim once in the leg.
Given the victim’s incapacity, defendant could have taken the vehicle at that point, without
inflicting further injury. Instead, defendant elected to shoot the victim an additional three times
in the stomach and pitch her out of the vehicle onto the gas station’s pavement, where she lay in
a pool of her own blood, and died shortly thereafter, seemingly aware of the severity and fatal
nature of her injuries. Horn, unpub op at 16. We agree with the trial court that these are factors
beyond the behavior anticipated in the sentencing guidelines. See Milbourn, 435 Mich. at 660 n
27 (indicating that a trial court may depart from the guidelines where “the conduct or criminal
record to be scored under the sentencing guidelines is extraordinary in its degree, and thus
beyond the anticipated range of behavior treated in the guidelines”).
Turning to the issue of proportionality, as discussed in People v Shank, 313 Mich. App.
221, 225; 881 NW2d 135 (2015), held in abeyance ___ Mich ___; 882 NW2d 528 (2016)
(quotation marks, brackets and citations omitted):
Under Milbourn, a given sentence could be said to constitute an abuse of
discretion if that sentence violated the principle of proportionality, which required
sentences imposed by the trial court to be proportionate to the seriousness of the
circumstances surrounding the offense and the offender. In accordance with this
principle of proportionality, trial courts were required to impose a sentence that
took into account the nature of the offense and the background of the offender.
Under the proportionality standard, Michigan courts have previously considered factors
such as “(1) the seriousness of the offense; (2) factors that were inadequately considered by the
guidelines; and (3) factors not considered by the guidelines, such as the relationship between the
victim and the aggressor, the defendant’s misconduct while in custody, the defendant’s
expressions of remorse, and the defendant’s potential for rehabilitation.” Steanhouse, 313 Mich
App at 46 (citations omitted). In the instant case, until the trial court undertakes the requisite
analysis with regard to defendant’s carjacking sentence, we are unable to review the sentence
imposed for proportionality.
[E]ven if this Court believes a defendant’s pre-Lockridge departure sentence is
reasonable and adequately supported by the trial court's record statements, we
must remand to allow the defendant an opportunity to reiterate his or her request
for resentencing and then for continued proceedings consistent with Crosby. We
are not permitted to presume that the lower court would have embarked on the
same reasoning had it been aware that its judgment was controlled by Milbourn’s
reasonableness analysis. Nor are we permitted to disregard the binding precedent
of this Court. [People v Stevens, ___ Mich App ___; ___ NW2d ___, Slip Op 3
(Issued November 29, 2016, Docket No. 328097).]
Finally, defendant suggests on appeal that it is necessary on remand to assign this matter
to an alternative judge, suggesting that the trial judge who conducted both the sentencing and
resentencing would be unable to set aside her previous views. As discussed in People v Hill, 221
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Mich App 391, 398; 561 NW2d 862 (1997), when “determining whether resentencing should
occur before a different judge,” this Court identified the following factors as being relevant:
(1) whether the original judge would reasonably be expected upon remand to have
substantial difficulty in putting out of his or her mind previously-expressed views
or findings determined to be erroneous or based on evidence that must be rejected,
(2) whether reassignment is advisable to preserve the appearance of justice, and
(3) whether reassignment would entail waste and duplication out of proportion to
any gain in preserving the appearance of fairness. [Citations omitted.]
While the trial court has twice imposed the same sentence for defendant’s carjacking conviction,
the necessity of remand was premised on a question of law, i.e., the proper standard to be used in
imposing an upward departure in sentencing, complicated by the interposition of the issuance of
published decisions that altered the standard to be used and applied. Although the trial judge has
consistently deemed a life sentence for this offense to be appropriate, reassignment to an
alternative judge would comprise a waste of time and resources because the sentencing factors to
be considered are more readily ascertainable by the judge who sat through this trial than a judge
unfamiliar with the details of the crime.
We vacate only defendant’s sentence for carjacking and remand to the trial court for
further proceedings consistent with this opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction.
/s/ Jane M. Beckering
/s/ David H. Sawyer
/s/ Henry William Saad
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